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HANDBOOK
OF
VENOUS
AND
LYMPHATIC
DISORDERS
FIFTH
EDITION
of
the
American
Edited
Peter
Associate
Michael Fedor
and
by
Gloviczki
Editors
Dalsing
.
C
Lurie
Thomas
,
W
Gregory
Venous
,
.
Wakefield
Monika
.
L
Moneta
Forum
L
Gloviczki
Cynthia
,
,
.
K
Shortell
,
CRC
&
Taylor
Press
Frands
Group
HANDBOOK OF VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
Renowned as the essential reference for all venous specialists, phlebologists, vascular surgeons, and vascular medicine physicians, the fth edition of the
Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum covers the investigation, prevention, evaluation, and treatment
of venous and lymphatic disorders.
The full spectrum of acute and chronic venous disorders, chronic lymphedema, and chylous complications are included. New or entirely revised chapters discuss in detail basic considerations, diagnostic evaluation, management of acute venous thrombosis, and chronic venous disorders, including deep venous disease and venous ulcers. Medical treatments, including compression therapy, veno-active compounds, and new oral antithrombotic medications, are discussed. Minimally invasive endovascular techniques to treat deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with catheter-directed thrombolysis, pharmaco-mechanical, mechanical thrombectomy, and venous stenting are presented.
Few areas in medicine have progressed as fast as minimally invasive outpatient treatment of chronic venous disease. Endovenous therapies include laser and radiofrequency ablation, liquid and foam sclerotherapy, minimally invasive surgery, cyanoacrylate embolization, and mechanico-chemical or ultrasonic ablations, among others.
Written by the world’s foremost venous experts, leaders of the American Venous Forum, and international authorities, the Handbook has become the most important reference for both day-to-day management and investigation of venous and lymphatic disorders.
HANDBOOK OF
HANDBOOK OF VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
HANDBOOK OF VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
Edited by
Peter Gloviczki MD PhD FACS
Joe M. and Ruth Roberts Professor of Surgery, Consultant and Chair, Emeritus, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Director, Emeritus, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Associate Editors
Michael C. Dalsing MD FACS
E. Dale and Susan E. Habegger Professor of Surgery and Chair, Emeritus, Division of Vascular Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Monika L. Gloviczki MD PhD
Research Fellow, Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine and the Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Fedor Lurie MD PhD
Adjunct Research Professor University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, and Associate Director, Jobst Vascular Institute, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Gregory L. Moneta MD FACS
Professor of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University. Portland, OR, USA
Cynthia Shortell MD FACS
Professor of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Executive Vice Chair, USA Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham North Carolina USA
Thomas W. Wakeeld MD FACS
Professor Emeritus of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Guidelines of the American Venous Forum
FIFTH EDITION
VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
FIFTH EDITION
Guidelines of the American Venous Forum
Edited by
Peter Gloviczki, MD, PhD, FACS
Joe M. and Ruth Roberts Professor of Surgery and Chair, Emeritus, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Director, Emeritus, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Associate Editors
Michael C. Dalsing, MD, FACS
E. Dale and Susan E. Habegger Professor of Surgery and Chair, Emeritus, Division of Vascular Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Monika L. Gloviczki, MD, PhD
Research Fellow, Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine and Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Fedor Lurie, MD, PhD
Adjunct Research Professor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Associate Director, Jobst Vascular Institute, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Gregory L. Moneta, MD, FACS
Professor of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Cynthia K. Shortell, MD, FACS
Professor of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Executive Vice Chair, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Thomas W. Wakefield, MD, FACS
Professor Emeritus of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Fifth edition published 2024 by CRC Press 2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Peter Gloviczki; individual chapters, the contributors First edition published by Willan 1996 Fourth edition published by CRC Press 2017 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While
all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientic or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently veried. The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microlming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identication and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-35567-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-35851-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-32897-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003328971 Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
This book is dedicated to
https://t.me/med1917
D. Eugene Strandness Jr., MD, FACS
1928–2002
Pioneer vascular surgeon, researcher, and innovating scholar,
Professor, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
Past President, Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum,
for his extraordinary accomplishments and legacy as the
father of the vascular laboratory and developer of Duplex ultrasonography
Contents
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Foreword xiii Preface xv Contributors xvii Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines xxv Abbreviations xxix
Part 1: Basic considerations of venous disorders
Edited by Michael C. Dalsing
1 A historical review of venous and lymphatic disease 3
Thomas F. O’Donnell Jr.
2 Development and anatomy of the venous system 13
Peter Gloviczki
3 The physiology and hemodynamics of the normal venous circulation 25
Frank T. Padberg Jr.
4 The epidemiology, genetics, and risk factors for acute venous thrombosis 37
Samuel Jessula and Anahita Dua
5 Pathogenesis and new insights into acute and chronic venous thrombosis 45
Andrea T. Obi, Peter K. Henke, and Thomas W. Wakeeld
6 Epidemiology, genetics, and risk factors for chronic venous disease 61
Eri Fukaya
7 Pathogenesis and hemodynamics of varicose veins and chronic venous insufciency of the lower limb 69
John Blebea
8 Molecular mechanisms of chronic venous disease and its progression to venous leg ulcer 79
Joseph D. Raffetto and Raouf A. Khalil
9 Classication of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs 87
Fedor Lurie and Patrick Sullivan
Part 2: Diagnostic evaluations and venous imaging studies
Edited by Fedor Lurie
10 Evaluation of hypercoagulable states and molecular markers of acute venous thrombosis 95
Iva Minga, Alfonso J. Tafur, and Joseph A. Caprini
11 Duplex ultrasound scanning for acute venous disease 105
Rhusheet Patel and Timothy K. Liem
12 Duplex ultrasound scanning for chronic venous obstruction and valvular incompetence 115
Pedro J. Furtado Neves, Rafael D. Malgor, and Nicos Labropoulos
13 Evaluation of venous function by indirect noninvasive testing (plethysmography) 129
Kate Gates, Fedor Lurie, and Thom W. Rooke
vii
viii Contents
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14 Direct contrast venography 133
Haraldur Bjarnason
15 Intravascular ultrasound 141
Paul J. Gagne
16 Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in venous disease 149
Thanila A. Macedo, Terri J. Vrtiska, and James F. Glockner
Part 3: Management of acute thrombosis
Edited by Thomas W. Wakefield
17 The clinical presentation and natural history of acute deep venous thrombosis 177
Jake F. Hemingway and Mark H. Meissner
18 Diagnostic algorithms for acute deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 191
Joann M. Lohr
19 Medical treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 209
Henry Han and Geoffrey D. Barnes
20 Catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis 219
Brian G. DeRubertis and Rowza T. Rumma
21 Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis 229
Kayla J. Krause, Ahsan Zil-E-Ali, Faisal Aziz, and Peter Gloviczki
22 Open and hybrid surgical interventions for the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis 237
Ahsan Zil-E-Ali, Kayla J. Krause, Faisal Aziz, and Peter Gloviczki
23 Endovascular and surgical management of acute pulmonary embolism 243
Armin Farazdaghi and Randall R. DeMartino
24 Treatment algorithms for acute venous thromboembolism 253
Salim G. Habib and Rabih A. Chaer
25 Prevention of deep venous thrombosis 259
Jeffrey J. Siracuse and David McAneny
26 Management of venous thoracic outlet syndrome 267
Chandu Vemuri
27 Acute central venous thrombosis in the setting of central lines, pacemaker wires,
and dialysis catheters 271
Justin M. Robbins, Anil Hingorani, and Enrico Ascher
28 Indications, techniques, and results of inferior vena cava lters 279
Courtney E. Morgan and John E. Rectenwald
29 Supercial thrombophlebitis 295
Suman Wasan
30 Mesenteric vein thrombosis 301
Elizabeth A. Andraska and Mohammadreza Zaris
Part 4: Management of chronic venous disorders Sub-Part A: General considerations
Edited by Michael C. Dalsing
31 Clinical presentation and assessment of patients with venous disease 311
Sarah Onida, Tristan R. A. Lane, and Alun H. Davies
Contents ix
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32 Diagnostic algorithm for chronic venous disorders 321
Amani D. Politano and Robert B. McLafferty
33 Compression therapy for chronic venous disease and venous ulceration 327
Sergio Gianesini, Leo J. Daab, Erica Menegatti, Yung-Wei Chi, Hugo Partsch, and Gregory L. Moneta
34 Drug treatment for chronic venous disease 339
Monika L. Gloviczki and Joseph D. Raffetto
Sub-Part B: Superficial and perforating veins
Edited by Cynthia K. Shortell
35 Liquid sclerotherapy for telangiectasia and varicose veins 353
Edward G. Mackay
36 Percutaneous laser therapy of telangiectasia and varicose veins 361
Thomas M. Proebstle
37 Physician-compounded foam sclerotherapy for ablation of supercial truncal veins and varicose tributaries 371
Claudine Hamel-Desnos and Peter Gloviczki
38 Endovenous microfoam sclerotherapy for ablation of supercial truncal veins and varicose tributaries 387
Juan Carlos Jimenez and Peter F. Lawrence
39 Phlebectomy 395
Mikel Sadek and Lowell S. Kabnick
40 Open surgical treatment for supercial truncal incompetence 405
Michael C. Dalsing
41 Saphenous-preserving surgical interventions: CHIVA and ASVAL 417
Tristan R. A. Lane, Sarah Onida, and Alun H. Davies
42 Radiofrequency treatment of the incompetent saphenous vein 423
Alan M. Dietzek and Emilia Krol
43 Endovenous laser treatment of supercial truncal veins 437
Alessandra Puggioni
44 Cyanoacrylate glue treatment of incompetent supercial truncal veins 449
Raghu Kolluri and Andrew Pollard
45 Mechanical occlusion chemically assisted ablation (MOCA) and high intensity focused
ultrasound (HIFU) for chronic venous disease 457
Raymond Kennedy and Steve Elias
46 The management of incompetent perforating veins 469
Mary A. Binko, Misaki M. Kiguchi, Peter F. Lawrence, and Eric S. Hager
47 Management of thrombotic complications of endovenous ablations 479
Peter F. Lawrence, Juan Carlos Jimenez, and Kellie R. Brown
48 Treatment algorithm for management of varicose veins 485
Christopher Montoya, Christopher Chow, and Jose I. Almeida
49 Etiology and management of recurrent varicose veins 495
Tina Koutsos, Connie Koutsos, Pamela S. Kim, Angela A. Kokkosis, and Antonios P. Gasparis
Sub-Part C: Deep venous disease
Edited by Gregory L. Moneta
50 Surgical repair of primary and post-thrombotic valvular incompetence 503
Oscar Maleti and Marcia Lugli
x Contents
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51 Articial valves and endovascular techniques for treatment of venous valvular incompetence 513
Jorge H. Ulloa and Sebastian Cifuentes
52 Endovascular reconstruction for primary iliac vein obstruction 521
Erin H. Murphy
53 Endovascular treatment of post-thrombotic iliofemoral venous obstruction 533
Arjun Jayaraj and Seshadri Raju
54 Endovascular reconstruction of iliocaval venous obstructions 543
Young Erben, Roberta Lozano Gonzalez, Ana Fuentes Perez, and Haraldur Bjarnason
55 Open and hybrid surgical reconstructions for nonmalignant obstructions of the iliofemoral
veins and the inferior vena cava 553
Arjun Jayaraj and Peter Gloviczki
56 Surgical and endovenous treatment of superior vena cava syndrome 563
Manju Kalra, Indrani Sen, Haraldur Bjarnason, and Peter Gloviczki
Sub-Part D: Venous leg ulcers
Edited by Gregory L. Moneta
57 Local treatment of venous ulcers 581
William A. Marston and Thomas F. O’Donnell Jr.
58 Management algorithm for patients with venous ulcers 591
Marc A. Passman and Thomas F. O’Donnell Jr.
Sub-Part E: Pelvic venous disorders
Edited by Gregory L. Moneta
59 Classication and clinical presentation of pelvic venous disorders 599
Mark H. Meissner
60 Evaluation and treatment of pelvic venous disorders 613
John V. White, Constance E. Ryjewski, Hani Ghandour, and Lewis B. Schwartz
61 Management of vulvar-, perineal, and pelvic-origin lower extremity varicosities 625
Kathleen D. Gibson
62 The management of nutcracker syndrome 633
Ana Fuentes Perez, Roberta Lozano Gonzalez, Young Erben, and Peter Gloviczki
Part 5: Special venous problems
Edited by Fedor Lurie
63 Management of venous trauma: Civilian and military injuries 643
Xzabia A. Caliste and David L. Gillespie
64 Primary and secondary tumors of the inferior vena cava and the iliac veins 651
Richard T. Rogers, Jill J. Colglazier, and Thomas C. Bower
65 Management of arteriovenous malformations 667
Byung-Boong Lee, James Laredo, and Anton N. Sidawy
66 The management of venous malformations 681
Jovan N. Markovic and Cynthia K. Shortell
67 The management of venous aneurysms 693
Victor J. Davila and Samuel R. Money
Contents xi
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Part 6: Lymphedema
Edited by Monika L. Gloviczki
68 Pathophysiology of lymphedema 703
M. Mark Melin and Michael J. Davis
69 Classication and clinical evaluation of patients with lymphedema 711
Thom W. Rooke and Cindy L. Felty
70 Imaging modalities for diagnosis and treatment of lymphedema 717
Balazs Mohos, Chieh-Han John Tzou, and Peter Gloviczki
71 Lymphedema: Medical and physical therapy 731
Gillian M.E. Belnavis and Steven M. Dean
72 Principles of surgical treatment of chronic lymphedema 743
Francisco R. Avila, Ricardo A. Torres-Guzman, Karla C. Maita, and Antonio J. Forte
73 Treatment of chylous disorders 753
Audra A. Duncan and Peter Gloviczki
Part 7: Critical issues in venous and lymphatic disease
Edited by Monika L. Gloviczki
74 Disparities in management and outcome of venous disease 767
Helen Potter, Linda M. Harris, and Ruth L. Bush
75 Standards of accredited ofce-based venous ultrasonography laboratories and vein centers 777
John Chuback and Jacqueline Sasek
76 Coding and reimbursement for venous disease treatment 783
Harold J. Welch
77 Outcomes assessment in acute venous disease 787
Adario Chirgwin-Dasgupta and Susan R. Kahn
78 Outcome assessment of treatments for chronic venous disease 797
Manj S. Gohel
79 Appropriate use criteria for management of lower extremity chronic venous disease 805
Elna M. Masuda, Kathleen J. Ozsvath, Daniel L. Monahan, and Thomas W. Wakeeld
80 Summary of guidelines of venous and lymphatic disorders of the American Venous Forum 817
Monika L. Gloviczki, Michael C. Dalsing, Fedor Lurie, Gregory L. Moneta, Cynthia K. Shortell, Thomas W. Wakeeld, and Peter Gloviczki
Index 841