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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5802_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf


MEASUREMENT
IN
ULTRASOUND

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MEASUREMENT
IN
ULTRASOUND
A practical handbook
2nd edition
Paul S. Sidhu BSc MBBS MRCP FRCR DTM&H
Consultant Radiologist
Department of Radiology
King’s College Hospital
London, UK
Wui K. Chong MBBS MRCP FRCR
Associate Professor
University of North Carolina Hospital
Department of Radiology
Chapel Hill
North Carolina, USA
Keshthra Satchithananda BDS, FDSRCS, MBBS, FRCS, FRCR, CON
Consultant Radiologist
Department of Radiology
King’s College Hospital
London, UK

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CONTENTS
Editors xi
Contributing authors xiii
ADULTS
1 UPPER ABDOMINAL 3
Anu E. Obaro, Venus Hedayati, ColinR. Deane,
KeshthraSatchithananda, and PaulS.Sidhu
Liver size 4
Liver brosis assessment 6
Biliary tree 8
Gallbladder and gallbladder wall 12
Spleen 14
Pancreas 18
Pancreatic duct (adult) 20
Adrenal glands (adult) 22
Diaphragm 24
Portal vein 26
Hepatic veins 30
Hepatic artery 32
Celiac and superior mesenteric arteries 36
Doppler ultrasound measurement of post-prandial intestinal
blood ow 38
Inferior mesenteric artery 40
2 URINARY TRACT 43
Venus Hedayati, Colin R. Deane, Keshthra
Satchithananda, and PaulS.Sidhu
Kidneys 44
Evaluation of acute renal obstruction with intrarenal Doppler 48
Renal circulation and renal artery 50
Retroperitoneal lymph nodes 54
Bladder volume and residual volume 56
Bladder wall 60
Functional bladder imaging 62

Contents
vi
3 ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION 65
Anu E. Obaro, Venus Hedayati, ColinR. Deane,
KeshthraSatchithananda, and PaulS.Sidhu
Liver transplantation 66
Renal transplantation 70
Renal artery stenosis in transplantation 74
Pancreas transplantation 78
4 GENITAL TRACT 81
Venus Hedayati, Dean Y. Huang, Keshthra
Satchithananda, and PaulS.Sidhu (Male Genital Tract);
Induni Douglas, Anthony E. Swartz, and Wui K. Chong
(Female Genital Tract)
Male Genital Tract 82
Testes 82
Epididymis 86
Varicoceles 88
Prostate (transrectal sonography) 92
Seminal vesicles (transrectal sonography) 94
Penis 98
Female Genital Tract 102
Ovarian volume (transvaginal sonography) 102
Ovarian follicles (transvaginal sonography) 104
Uterus (transvaginal sonography) 106
Endometrial stripe thickness (transvaginal sonography) 108
5 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 111
Anu E. Obaro and Suzanne M. Ryan
Appendix 112
Upper gastrointestinal tract wall (endoscopic ultrasound) 114
Gastrointestinal tract wall (transabdominal ultrasound) 118
Anal endosonography 122
6 SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES 125
Keshthra Satchithananda and PaulS.Sidhu
Parathyroid glands 126
Submandibular salivary glands 128
Parotid salivary glands 130
Thyroid gland 132
Lymph nodes in the neck 136

Contents
Orbits (extraocular muscles) 140
Orbits (optic nerve) 142
7 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR (ARTERIAL) 143
Colin R. Deane and
Paul S. Sidhu
Upper limbs (peripheral arteries) 144
Abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries 148
Lower limbs (peripheral arteries) 152
Lower limbs (peripheral artery bypass grafts) 156
Hemodialysis access stulas and grafts 160
Extracranial arteries 164
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound 172
8 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR (VENOUS) 179
Colin R. Deane and PaulS.Sidhu
Inferior vena cava (IVC) 180
Neck veins 182
Leg veins 184
9 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 187
Bhavna Batohi, KeshthraSatchithananda, and DavidElias
General considerations 188
Upper Limb: Shoulder 190
Long head of biceps 190
Subscapularis tendon 192
Supraspinatus tendon 194
Infraspinatus tendon 196
Upper limb: elbow 198
Anterior joint space and distal biceps tendon 198
Olecranon fossa, ulnar nerve, and distal triceps 202
Lateral elbow 204
Medial elbow 206
Upper limb: wrist 208
Dorsal tendons 208
Carpal tunnel 210
Lower limb: hips 214
Hip effusion 214
Developmental dysplasia of the hip 216
vii

Contents
viii
Lower limb: knee 220
Anterior knee 220
Posterior knee 224
Lower limb: ankle 226
Anterior, medial, and lateral tendons 226
Achilles tendon 230
Lower limb: foot 232
Plantar fascia 232
Interdigital web spaces 234
PEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL
10 UPPER ABDOMEN 237
Annamaria Deganello, Maria E. Sellars, and Paul S. Sidhu
Liver (pediatric) 238
Gallbladder (neonatal) 240
Gallbladder (pediatric) 242
Common bile duct (pediatric) 246
Spleen (pediatric) 248
Pancreas (pediatric) 252
Adrenal glands (neonatal) 254
Adrenal glands (infant) 258
Pyloric stenosis 260
11 RENAL TRACT 263
Annamaria Deganello and MariaE.Sellars
Renal size (pediatric) 264
Renal size (neonates and infants) 268
Renal pelvic diameter (fetus and neonate) 274
Ureterovesical jets (infants and children) 278
12 PEDIATRIC UTERUS, OVARY, AND TESTIS 281
Induni Douglas, Anthony E. Swartz, Wui K. Chong, and
Paul S. Sidhu
Uterus (transabdominal sonography) 282
Ovarian volume (transabdominal sonography) 284
Testis 286

Contents
13 NEONATAL BRAIN 289
Annamaria Deganello and PaulS.Sidhu
Neonatal brain (ventricular size) 290
Neonatal brain (Doppler ultrasound) 294
OBSTETRICS
14 OBSTETRICS 299
Induni Douglas, Anthony E. Swartz, and Wui K. Chong
Gestational sac 300
Embryonic/fetal heart rate (1
Crown rump length 308
Discriminatory levels for diagnosis of pregnancy failure in rst
trimester (transvaginal ultrasonography) 310
Nuchal translucency thickness measurement 312
Nuchal fold thickness measurement 314
Biparietal diameter 316
Head circumference 320
Abdominal circumference 324
Fetal femur length 328
Multiple fetal parameters in the assessment of gestational age 332
Multiple fetal parameters in the assessment of fetal weight 336
Fetal humerus length 354
Transcerebellar diameter 358
Head to abdominal circumference ratio 362
Transcerebellar diameter to abdominal circumference ratio 364
Systolic/diastolic ratio in the umbilical artery 366
Cerebral Ventricular Measurements 368
Lateral ventricle transverse atrial measurement (atrial size) 368
Cisterna magna measurements 370
Thoracic circumference 372
Renal pelvis diameter 374
Mean renal lengths for gestational ages 376
Outer orbital diameter 380
Nasal bone length 382
Fetal stomach diameter measurements 386
Fetal colon measurement 388
Fetal small bowel measurements 390
st
trimester) 304
ix
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