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37 Etiology, Mechanism, andAnatomopathology ofPenile Injury
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a ‘hidden’ penis after pelvic trauma. Int J Impot Res. 1999;11(1):53–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/
sj.ijir.3900362. PMID: 10098955.
19. Masuda H, Azuma H, Segawa N, Iwamoto Y, Inamoto T, Takasaki N, Katsuoka Y.Surgical
correction of buried penis after trafc accident—a case report. BMC Urol. 2004;4:6. https://
doi.org/10.1186/1471- 2490- 4- 6. PMID: 15182380; PMCID: PMC434514.
20. Maruschke M, Lehr C, Hakenberg OW. Traumatic penile injuries—mechanisms and treatment. Urol Int. 2008;81(3):367–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000151421. Epub 2008 Oct 16.
PMID: 18931560.
21. Barros R, Hampl D, Cavalcanti AG, Favorito LA, Koifman L.Lessons learned after 20 years’
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S1677- 5538.IBJU.2019.0367. PMID: 32167705; PMCID: PMC7088490.
22. http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/satire/Martial/livre11.htm
23. Amer T, Wilson R, Chlosta P, AlBuheissi S, Qazi H, Fraser M, Aboumarzouk OM.Penile fracture: a meta-analysis. Urol Int. 2016;96(3):315–29. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444884. Epub
2016 Mar 9. PMID: 26953932.
24. Falcone M, Garaffa G, Castiglione F, Ralph DJ. Current management of penile fracture: an
up-to-date systematic review. Sex Med Rev. 2018;6(2):253–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sxmr.2017.07.009. Epub 2017 Sep 2. PMID: 28874325.
25. Zargooshi J.Sexual function and tunica albuginea wound healing following penile fracture: an
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andr.12043. PMID: 26013107.
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315

Symptoms, Signs, Diagnostic Means,
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Differential Diagnosis, andGrading
38
ofPenile Injury
38.1 Symptoms andSigns
Once again, as open penile injury or constricting devices are readily observed in
physical examination, more attention will be given to penile fracture in this discussion. The diagnosis of a penile fracture can be made from the classic clinical triad
of an audible crack during sexual activity, detumescence, and the appearance of
hematoma [1].
Hematoma is present in all cases*, and in the majority of patients, there is detumescence (82.6%), a history of a snapping sound (76.3%), and pain (66.3%).
Urethral bleeding is rare (12.8%) and urinary retention is exceptionally observed,
both of these signs being correlated with some degree of urethral injury [2, 3].
*
We have encountered an exceptional case in our practice that presented with
sudden onset of bleeding per urethra and mild pain immediately after a sexual intercourse. The 38-year old patient did not have any obvious penile hematoma
(Fig.38.1a) and there was no palpable defect on palpation. Based on the suspicious
history, an ultrasonography was requested, revealing a defect on the ventral aspect
of the right corpus cavernosum at the mid penile shaft (Fig.38.1b). On exploration,
no hematoma was seen on either aspect (dorsally and ventrally) (Fig.38.1c, d).
After mobilizing the urethra from the ventral aspect of the corpora, a 2-cm tear was
noted at the dorsal urethra (UC: Urethral catheter) and another 2-cm tear was noted
at the ventral aspect of the right corpus cavernosum (CT: Cavernosal tear)
(Fig.38.1e). The absence of a noticeable hematoma in this case can be explained by
the perfect apposition of the two tears (closely facing each other) allowing direct
outside drainage of the blood from the corpus through the urethra.
If Buck’s fascia remains intact, the presence of hematoma remains circumscribed
resulting in the characteristic “aubergine or eggplant deformity” [4–7] (Fig.38.2).
When the Buck’s fascia ruptures, the eggplant deformity remains present, but it
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte
Ltd. 2023
S. A. AL-Mamari, Urogenital Trauma: A Practical Guide,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6171-9_38
317

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38 Symptoms, Signs, Diagnostic Means, Dierential Diagnosis, andGrading…
Fig. 38.1 (a) Urethral bleeding with no visible hematoma. (b) Ultrasonography showing a focal
defect (x) at the ventral aspect of the right corpus cavernosum in the mid-distal shaft of the penis.
(c) Dorsally intact corpora cavernosa seen after penile degloving, no hematoma seen. (d) No obvious hematoma seen ventrally. (e) Both tears of the right corpus cavernosum (CT Cavernosal tear)
and the urethra (UC Urethral catheter) seen after mobilization of the ureter
might sometimes be less marked since the hematoma would spread through the
Dartos fascia plane toward the pubic and scrotal regions (Fig.38.3).
Many authors believe that there is no need for radiological investigations of
penile fracture as the history and clinical presentation are sufcient for making the
diagnosis [8]. Indeed, the typical history, signs, and symptoms are enough clues to
make a correct decision in almost all cases and proceed to surgical exploration and
repair. Herein, explorations of penile fracture based solely on clinical evaluation in
an Iranian University Hospital conrmed the diagnosis in 97% of patients, and the
three-percent error was attributed to inexperienced Junior residents who confused
penile fracture with penile venous injury [9].

38.1 Symptoms andSigns
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Fig. 38.2 Typical
eggplant aspect in a patient
with penile fracture and
urethral injury. (From
Barros R etal. [7],
Creative Commons
Attribution License)
319
Fig. 38.3 Penile fracture.
Penile eggplant deformity
with hematoma expanding
to the scrotal and pubic
regions. (Courtesy Kurian
George, Retiree from the
Urology Department, The
Royal Hospital, Muscat,
Oman)

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38 Symptoms, Signs, Diagnostic Means, Dierential Diagnosis, andGrading…
38.2 Imaging Means
As mentioned above, history and clinical examination are the cornerstones in making the diagnosis of penile fracture and imaging means are seldom required.
However, in reality, there might well be some presentations susceptible to confuse
even experienced practitioners (see the paragraph on differential diagnosis below),
calling for radiological investigations. Therefore, many other authors suggest the
use of various image modalities to conrm the diagnosis and the site of penile fractures, such as ultrasonography, cavernosography, retrograde urethrography, and
MRI [1, 8].
1. Ultrasonography: The detection rate of penile fractures using Ultrasonography
has been found to be 88% which is an interesting value considering the low cost
and the rapid completion of this study [10]. Ultrasonography with a 7.50 to
12 MHz linear probe is regarded as the preferred imaging modality by
many authors, being non-invasive contrary to cavernosography, not expensive
and less time consuming than MRI, and readily available in all the modern medical centers. It can be performed in the Emergency Department and provides in
expert hands an accurate diagnosis, extent, and location of the tunica rupture,
and was even proposed by some investigators as a reliable means to grade the
injury [11, 12]. The use of ultrasonography is also supported by expert pan-
els in equivocal signs and symptoms of penile fracture and has the additional
advantage to locate the tunical tear and help plan an adequate surgical approach
[3, 13].
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI accurately detects a discontinuity of
the tunica albuginea and also demonstrates the eventual presence of associated
injuries to adjacent structures (corpus spongiosum, urethra) [14]. It was shown
to have 100% sensitivity, 77.8–87.5% specicity, a high negative predictive
value of 100%, and a positive predictive value of 90.5–96.7% in the diagnosis of
penile fracture [10, 15, 16].
3. Cavernosography: This investigation is rarely used, being considered invasive.
However, with the exclusion of patients with allergy or hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media, it is a rather safe and simple procedure performed preoperatively by injecting 15–30 cc of diluted contrast material through a
25-gauge buttery needle into the dorsolateral uninvolved corpus cavernosum, under uoroscopic guidance. The diagnosis of penile fracture is made
when there is extravasation of the contrast and hematoma is seen as a lling
defect adjacent to the leak [17–19] (Fig.38.4).
4. Urethrocystography: This study might be indicated only if there is a suspicion
of urethral injury.

38.4 Grading ofPenile Injury
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Fig. 38.4 Cavernosography lm showing massive
extravasation and depicting
the extent of a right-sided
tunical rupture. (From
Beysel M etal. [19], with
permission from Elsevier)
38.3 Differential Diagnosis ofPenile Fracture [18, 20, 21]
– Deep dorsal vein rupture: The mechanism of its occurrence is the same as for
the rupture of corpora cavernosa (sexual activity, forceful bending), and its clini-
cal presentation is almost the same (with the exception of the cracking sound).
Moreover, the hematoma here remains contained beneath Buck’s fascia and
within the penile shaft like for penile fracture.
– Supercial dorsal vein rupture: Here the hematoma spreads through the sub-
cutaneous tissue of the external genitalia, and the ecchymosis may extend up to
the scrotal wall.
– Dorsal artery injuries
– Dartos bleeding
– Penile suspensory ligament injuries
– Isolated urethral injury [22].
321
In a retrospective series, isolated vascular injuries were the sole ndings in 18%
of patients who presented with acute penile pain, swelling, and blueish discoloration following coitus [1].
38.4 Grading ofPenile Injury
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) has proposed the following scale for penile injury [23] (Table 38.1).
Other more specic classications have been proposed, either limited to the
description of the penile fracture using ultrasonography [12] (Table38.2), describing lesions related to penile constricting ring injuries [24, 25] (Table 38.3), or
describing avulsion injuries of the external genitalia according to the location of the
native urethra at presentation [26] (Table38.4; Fig.38.5).

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38 Symptoms, Signs, Diagnostic Means, Dierential Diagnosis, andGrading…
Table 38.1
Grade
Penile injury scale
a
Description of injury
I Cutaneous laceration/contusion 1
II Buck’s fascia (cavernosum) laceration without tissue loss 1
III Cutaneous avulsion
Laceration through glans/meatus
Cavernosal or urethral defect <2cm
IV Partial penectomy
Cavernosal or urethral defect >2cm
V Total penectomy 3
From Moore EE, etal. [23], with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health
a
Advance one grade for multiple injuries up to grade III
Table 38.2
graphic grading criteria for
penile fractures
Ultrasono-
Grade Description of injury
0 Normal tunica albuginea
I Defect in tunica albuginea. Defect in corpora
Cavernosa
II Perialbugineal and Cavernosal hematoma
III Hematoma of deep fascia. Involvement of
Corpus spongiosum
IV Urethral injury. Vascular malformation
From Shukla et al. [12], with permission from JCDR
Research and Publications Private Limited
AIS-90
3
3
Table 38.3 Grading of penile strangulation injury
Grade Description of the injury
Grade 1 Oedema of distal penis. No evidence of skin ulceration or urethral injury
Grade 2 Injury to skin and constriction of corpus spongiosum but no evidence of urethral
injury. Distal penile oedema with decreased penile sensation
Grade 3 Injury to skin and urethra but no urethral stula. Loss of distal penile sensation
Grade 4 Complete division of corpus spongiosum leading to urethral stula and constriction
of corpus cavernosum with loss of distal penile sensation
Grade 5 Gangrene, necrosis, or complete amputation of the distal penis
From Bhat AL etal. [25], with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Table 38.4
Grading of penile avulsion
Type Description
Type I Meatus was at the corporal stump
Type II Loss of corpora with preservation of the crura leaving the meatus near the pubic
symphysis
Type III Perineal urethrostomy
Type IV Urinary diversion via a supra-pubic catheter is required
Adapted from Rashid etal. [26], with permission from Elsevier

ab
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323
c d
Fig. 38.5 Penile injury types: (a) Type I avulsion injury; (b) Type II avulsion injury; (c) Type III
avulsion injury; (d) Type IV avulsion injury. (From Rashid et al. [26], with permission from
Elsevier)
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38 Symptoms, Signs, Diagnostic Means, Dierential Diagnosis, andGrading…
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