Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3701_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

In particular, hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is gaining interest as a promising biomarker for cardiometabolic risk [7]. However, research investigating the direct association between HCC and cardiometabolic risk factors is still in its infancy, and more extensive prospective cohort studies are needed to gain further insight into the relationship between HCC, CMR, and the development of CVD. Unhealthy lifestyles such as physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol use also result in elevated cortisol levels and are associated with cardiometabolic risk and cardiovascular disease [4]. However, this review focuses on biological factors linked to high cortisol levels and stress that are activated through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis pathway, including hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes.

emotional, or psychological strain. It impairs both physical and physiological health [6], resulting in a higher risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases [5, 6]. Stress can be the result of psychosocial factors like anxiety, social isola­tion, and traumatic life events. Although some stress is beneficial and helps the body cope (e.g., with inflammation), excessive/prolonged stress can be harmful [12–15]. The response to stress is mediated by the “stress hormone” cortisol, which is released in higher doses under an excessive amount of stress [12]. Cortisol is a lipid-soluble glucocorticoid hormone that regulates a wide range of basal processes throughout the body, including metabolism, and immune response, and, most importantly, it helps the body to respond to stress and to maintain homeostasis. Cortisol does this by increasing blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppressing the immune system, and increasing the metabolism of fat, glucose, protein, and carbohydrates [13]. The production of cortisol is housed in the cortex of the adrenal glands and then released into the bloodstream, which transports it throughout the body [12]. Cortisol is an end product of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis; its secretion in response to biochemical stress may influence health and cognitive events [12, 13].

vessels have persistently raised pressure. A patient is diagnosed with hypertension when the systolic blood pressure (SBP) is above or equal to 140mm Hg and/or dia­stolic blood pressure (DBP) is above or equal to 90mm Hg [20]. If left unmanaged, hypertension can lead to a heart attack, an enlarged heart, and heart failure [21]. Hypertension can also result in kidney failure, blindness, rupture of blood vessels, and cognitive impairment. Hypertension is a critical public health and clinical condi­tion affecting billions worldwide, including approximately the 2 million Americans diagnosed annually [22]. Hypertension is one of the most prevalent risk factors for almost all cardiovascular diseases [23].