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Novel Pathogenesis and Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease
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primordial prevention, which refers to the prevention of risk factor development.
Additionally, important is primary prevention, which is the management of risk
factors in patients who have not yet manifested clinical CVD. The AHA considers
persons with risk factors who have received optimal treatment to have intermediate
cardiovascular health [96].
Primordial prevention looks to be the higher selection in addressing CVD, and
this involves preventing risk factors from occurring by optimizing lifestyles related
to smart management of vital signs, low levels of cholesterol, optimum body weight,
physical activities and exercise, and elimination of tobacco use. Associate degree
intervention of this type involves promoting positive health behaviors, effecting
healthy lifestyle policies, and establishing a physical setting that ends up in incorporating and sustaining lifelong heart-healthy lifestyles, from infancy to old age. The
American Heart Association guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level provides a comprehensive list of goals, strategies, and recommendations
that may be adopted and domesticated by both developed and developing countries to
control cardiovascular diseases. The guide targets not solely health professionals but
also government parastatals, nonprofit organizations, community-based organizations, institutions, public health practitioners, and the community [97].
The following strategies could be used to mitigate cardiovascular diseases among
adolescents and youths in Nigeria.
. Health promotion and education strategies
Action on the determinants of health is the prime focus of health promotion.
It intends to promote efficient and involved public engagement. It integrates a
number of different, yet complementary strategies. Included in this are community
development, communication, education, legislation, organizational and community improvements, and unscheduled local health hazard prevention actions.
Government, both at the provincial and federal levels, and different sectors, all have
a part to play, by enhancing CVD prevention efforts through health promotion, environmental change, dietary treatments, and behavioral and lifestyle adjustments [98].
Health education is designed to enhance health literacy through communication
to boost knowledge and develop life skills. Health education on the risk factors of
CVDs and the ways to improve the health determinants ought to be advocated for.
This includes information on the implications of tobacco use, alcohol, unhealthy diet,
and lack of physical activities among others. This can be done through mass media
campaigns, media adverts, radio chat show programs, bulk SMS, and alternative
social networks including social media. This additional could be done by mobilizing
communities through advocacy to community leaders and stakeholders and community sensitization meetings. Additionally, public campaigns and social-promoting
initiatives to educate and encourage the target audience about healthy dietary habits
should be conducted from the states down to the communities using appropriate and
acceptable cultural methods. The benefits of physical activity should be taught, and
various methods of undertaking them should be demonstrated [99].
. Health-promoting schools
Schools at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels should be mandated to have
research-based, comprehensive, and age-appropriate curricula about cardiovascular
health and ways in which to boost health behaviors and scale down CVD risk factors.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases among the Nigerian Population: A New…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/.108180
The school curriculum should include lessons on the risk factors for CVD and stroke
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and also the extent of cardiopathy and stroke in the community. Research-based curriculum regarding effective ways of changing health behaviors can be implemented.
Students should learn skills needed to achieve the regular practice of healthful
behaviors, and parents should learn how to support their children’s healthful behaviors. All schools should be mandated to implement an age-appropriate curriculum on
changing dietary, physical activity, and smoking behaviors [97].
. Environmental modifications
Strategies to address occupational risks should be primary to the establishment
of any workplace. The government should also enact and implement policies that
promote smoke-free environments in all work sites, institutions, indoor public
places, and other public places. More importantly, policy measures on the creation of
health-promoting environments should be implemented before the licencing of any
establishment, and means to effectively monitor the adoption of these policies should
be put in place [100].
. Nutritional interventions
The effective implementation of WHO recommendations on the marketing of
foods and nonalcoholic beverages to children should be a top priority, including
adequate mechanisms for monitoring. Effective guidelines should be developed with
policy measures that engage different relevant sectors, such as food producers and
processors and other relevant commercial operators to produce foods and drinks
according to the appropriate terms. The government should effectively collaborate
with the agricultural sector to supply policies and reforms for improvement within
the provision of fruits and vegetables such that affordability is ensured. Promotion
and provision of healthy food and food products should be encouraged by all public
institutions including schools and workplaces [101].
. Quality health care delivery
The National Academic Press (US), in 2010, recommends that along with select
population-based approaches, a key step in addressing CVD is to strengthen health
systems to deliver high-quality, responsive care for the prevention and management
of CVD. This can be achieved by implementing provider-level strategies, health
financing, and integration of care, workforce development, and access to essential
medical products [102].
. Policy change/reform
The primary population approach for the control of CVDs among adolescents
and youths is largely dependent on the development and effective implementation
of policies and regulations, especially those related to food, physical inactivity, and
tobacco. These policy changes may include taxation and regulations on tobacco
production and sales; regulations on tobacco and food marketing and labeling;
and alterations in subsidies for foods and other food and agricultural policies.
Implementation on a sufficient scale and adequate resources for evaluation is highly
recommended [103].
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. Challenges to the development and implementation of these strategies
Major obstacles to the development and implementation of effective strategies
to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease among adolescents and youth in
Nigeria is as a result of lack of knowledge, ineffective use of available and accessible
resources, a dearth of sturdy population-level health and mortality data, insufficient
financing for health and health care, suboptimal deployment of available health
funding to support health services, and large population inequities [104]. According
to Obansa and Orimisan, [105] inadequate laboratory facilities, a lack of basic infrastructure and equipment, poor human resource management, poor pay and motivation, a lack of fair and sustainable health care financing, and unequal and unjust
economic and political relations between Nigeria and developed nations are just a few
of the major factors that have an impact on the health system’s overall contribution to
economic growth and development in Nigeria.
. Conclusion
Since the prevalence of NCDs and their avoidable causes have been documented
in Nigeria, the national health system requires targeted individual and populationwide prevention-oriented initiatives. Additionally, the health care system has to be
improved in order to effectively handle all types of NCD prevention and control. This
should serve as a wake-up call for all sectors, including the government, the general
public, nongovernmental organizations, and funding agencies, to adopt an integrated
and coordinated preventative strategy [106]. Individualized health education and skill
development should be prioritized in order to help people choose and adopt a healthy
lifestyle, which includes managing one’s nutrition, being active, and abstaining from
tobacco and alcohol usage. People and communities should take the appropriate supporting steps to aid in the maintenance of individual choices with the ultimate goal of
triggering a good communal impact. This is because individual behavior is influenced
by common group practices and beliefs.
Additionally, stakeholder participation in promoting NCD prevention through
community participation is also essential to the success of this drive, which may then
be gradually integrated into the national health system. In light of the fact that welldesigned community programs depend on successful basic and operations research,
extensive public health interventions, and government policymaking, it is urgent to
increase research funding and ensure that this research has a significant impact on
policymaking. This is only achievable if the government is more devoted to providing
strong leadership and coordinating the resources required for the prevention and
treatment of NCDs [106].
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