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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5864_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2 (Second Edition)
nanomaterials and nanosystems (PNNS) with diverse properties offering various
specialized applications owing to the unique characteristics of different proteins. By
employing protein engineering, one can customize native enzymes, thereby generating enzyme variants with improved catalytic activity and broadened or altered
substrate specificity. This trend significantly enhances the development and functionality of nanoscale materials and systems for many bio-applications [119].
10.25.1 Protein-based nanocarriers
Protein-based nanocarriers have emerged as a promising platform in the field of
nanotechnology. Utilizing proteins as the fundamental building blocks, these nanocarriers are engineered to encapsulate or attach various therapeutic agents, including
drugs, genes, or imaging agents, enabling their targeted delivery or controlled release
within biological systems. The unique advantage of protein-based nanocarriers lies in
the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional versatility of proteins, which
canbeengineeredforspecific interactions with biological entities or stimuli-responsive
behaviors. One of the notable applications of protein-based nanocarriers is in the field
of drug delivery, where they can significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy and
reduce the systemic toxicity of encapsulated drugs. For instance, utilizing genetically
engineered cell membranes expressing specific anchors can further modulate the
interaction of these nanocarriers with biological systems, thereby promoting immune
evasion and prolonged circulation. Such modular approaches demonstrate the
potential of protein engineering in advancing the design and functionality of
protein-based nanocarriers for various biomedical applications [120].
10.25.2 Biosensors
To convert a biological reaction into an electrical signal, biosensors use integrated
receptor–transducer devices. To identify pathogenic organisms, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic compounds, or to report a biological impact, they are basically
intended to integrate biological materials with appropriate platforms. Together, they
make it possible to track and analyze a wide range of chemical and biological
compounds in real time. Biosensors have been around since the 1960s, when they
were first developed by Clark and Lyons. In 1967, the first enzyme-based sensor was
described by Updike and Hicks [121]. Over the years, biosensor technology has
witnessed substantial growth and progress, including the development of nanostructured materials-enabled biosensors, significantly enhancing their sensitivity and
specificity [122]. Biosensors come in many forms, including those based on enzymes,
tissues, immunosensors, DNA, heat, and piezoelectric forces [123]. The receptors
and transducers may also be used to categorize them, with newer methods making
use of nanomaterials such noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles,
nanowires, nanorods, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and dendrimers to advance
biosensing technologies. Biosensors have found many of applications in medical
fields for detecting pathogenic organisms and various hazardous chemicals. They are
instrumental in reporting biological effects and pivotal for real-time monitoring and
analysis in numerous bio-applications [123].
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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2 (Second Edition)
10.25.3 Protein nanowires and nanotubes
Protein nanowires and nanotubes are at the line of biotechnology and nanotechnology, using the inherent properties of proteins to create nanoscale structures
with potential applications in various fields. Protein nanowires and nanotubes
synthesized from multiple sources. Protein nanotubes are often constructed through
a self-assembly process where peptides act as building blocks, forming the final
nanotube structure. For example, α-lactalbumin is utilized in a mechanism where
divalent cations act as bridging agents between peptides to create the final tubular
structure. Proteins emerge as valuable biotemplates for nanomaterials due to their
assembly under physiologically relevant conditions and ease of manipulation via
protein engineering [124]. In comparison to conventional nanowire materials,
protein nanowires may be extracted from microorganisms and provide benefits in
terms of functionality and sustainability. New electronic devices are already being
produced for neuromorphic memory and sustainable power generation. Protein
nanotubes (PNTs) are being studied for usage as molecular imaging biosensors,
conducting wires for microelectronics, fuel cells, and drug delivery systems because
of their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. PNTs and their composites
with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being studied extensively for their electrical and
mechanical properties, despite concerns regarding CNT toxicity and biodegradability [124]. Protein nanowires have several potential uses in bioelectronics,
including renewable energy generation and neuromorphic memory storage. As a
bottom-up strategy for creating innovative bionanosystems, protein nanowires and
PNTs are being investigated for use in biosensors due to their promising properties.
Advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to encode synthetic chemistries
in genes with monomeric precision, opening the door to the production of programmable materials with adjustable properties. This has enormous implications for the
field of protein nanowires and PNTs. These materials open doors for groundbreaking applications in medicine, electronics, and other domains, reflecting the translational potential of protein nanowires and PNTs in modern nanobiotechnology [ 125].
10.25.4 DNA–protein hybrid structures
DNA–protein hybrid structures are fascinating constructs that influence the unique
properties of both DNA and proteins. They have received attention in nanotechnology and molecular biology for various applications. Protein–DNA hybrid
sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins may be used to build structures. DNA
origami, in which small single-stranded ‘staples’ are used to fold a long singlestranded bacteriophage M13 ‘scaffold’ strand into specified forms, was described in
2017 by Dietz and Praetorius [126]. Potentially useful in simulating nucleoprotein
complexes like those seen in viruses, transcription factors, and ribosomes, these
hybrid structures offer great promise. Gene delivery systems and low-fidelity models
of viruses made from viromic hybrid materials have been created for use in
structural biology and biophysics research. Hybrid structures’ attachment may be
done by either chemical conjugation or protein domains that bind specifically to
DNA or RNA. Proteins have been conjugated to small strands of single-stranded
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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2 (Second Edition)
DNA using a variety of chemical techniques [127]. DNA is the genetic information
carrier, while proteins are the functional components executing most biological
processes. The hybrid complexes of DNA and proteins cooperatively and efficiently
conduct sophisticated biological functions, demonstrating their potential in advancing molecular biology and bioengineering [128]. Over the last decade, several
researchers have investigated the potential of artificial DNA–protein hybrid
structures. Particularly, DNA nanotechnology has greatly increased nanoscale
molecule manufacturing and led to the exact spatial organization of protein
components, which in turn has allowed for the construction of innovative nanoarchitectures [129].
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