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58 Part III&Safety
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS
4. If planning to proceed with an aesthetic procedure on a patient who is an active smoker, how long before and
after the operation should the patient refrain from smoking?
C. 4 weeks.
Cigarette smoking negatively affects surgical outcomes, having a well-established negative effect on the wound-healing process, resulting in tissue hypoxia and ischemia from microvascular insufficiency. buffer, smoking cessation is recommended 4 weeks prior to and immediately after the procedure.
1
As a
REFERENCE
1. Jensen JA, Goodson WH, Hopf H, et al. Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. Arch Surg 1991;126:1131
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS
5. Which of the following is a potential effect(s) of alcohol consumption?
A. Decreased hemostasis and cardiac function.
Alcohol consumption has been shown to negatively affect multiple systems and processes within the human body, including the liver, pancreas, nervous system, cardiovascular system, and metabolism. There is a dose-dependent response to perioperative morbidity, such that the complication rate is about 50% higher in patients who drink 3 to 4 times per day compared with 0 to 2 per day. ommendation to alleviate the effects of alcohol consumption on surgical outcomes is to ask the patient to decrease or abstain from consumption about 1 to 2 weeks prior to and following the operation.
1
A common rec-
REFERENCE
1. Tønnesen H, Nielsen PR, Lauritzen JB, et al. Smoking and alcohol intervention before surgery: evidence for best practice. Br J Anaesth 2009;102:297
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS
6. A patient comes to your office to request a bilateral silicone implant breast augmentation. The patient is a
good surgical candidate but works as a night float nurse at a local community hospital. How would you pro­ceed with preoperative precautions to avoid surgical site infection in this patient?
C. Screen for S. aureus nasal carriage.
An association between nasal carriage of S. aureus and subsequent surgical site infection is well estab-
1,2
lished. (i.e., health care workers) for developing postoperative infections. If the patient's screen is positive for S. aureus, instruct the patient to apply 2% mupirocin nasal ointment twice daily to both nares and to bathe with chlorhexidine (40 mg/mL Hibiclens) daily for 5 days immediately before the scheduled surgery.
Screening is a relatively easy and inexpensive way to identify patients at potentially higher risk
REFERENCES
1. Bode LG, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus
aureus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:9
2. Wenzel RP, Perl TM. The significance of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of postoper­ative wound infection. J Hosp Infect 1995;31:13
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS
7. A patient is curious about what they can do about the scars after aesthetic surgery. Which of the following is
the best option regarding postoperative early scar treatments?
D. Silicone gel sheeting.
Taping or silicone gel sheeting is probably the most effective and proven means to modulate scar maturation favorably. There is less evidence that silicone gel ointments (e.g., Kelo-cote) are as effective in preventing scarring. Topical vitamin E, cocoa butter, onion extract cream (e.g., Mederma), allantoin– sulfomucopolysaccharide gel, glycosaminoglycan gel, and creams containing extracts from plants such as Bulbine frutescens and Centella asiatica have not been shown to consistently improve scar appearance as single agents.
1
Chapter 10&Decreasing Complications in Aesthetic Surgery 59
REFERENCE
1. Khansa I, Harrison B, Janis JE. Evidence-based scar management: how to improve results with technique and technology. Plast Reconst Surg 2016;138:1655
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS
8. Which of the following antimicrobial agents has been shown to be most effective?
E. 4% CHG with 70% IPA.
It has been demonstrated that 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and 4% CHG (Hibiclens) have inferior antimicrobial activity to isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (70%) or 2% CHG combined with IPA (ChloraPrep). Cochrane analysis suggested 4% CHG with 70% IPA likely has the highest probability of being effective.
Alcohol-based antiseptics are likely more effective than those with an aqueous base. WORD OF CAUTION: Alcohol-based antiseptics have been associated with surgical fires and should be allowed to dry before draping. Note: ChloraPrep has been shown to be superior to povidone-iodine for preoperative cleansing.
1
Also, a
REFERENCES
1. Hibbard JS. Analyses comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agents: a review. J Infus Nurs 2005;28:194
2. Dumville JC, McFarlane E, Edwards P, et al. Preoperative skin antiseptics for preventing surgical wound infections
after clean surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;2015:CD003949
2

11. Venous Thromboembolism and the Aesthetic Surgery Patient

Ara A. Salibian, Anmol Chattha See Essentials of Aesthetic Surgery, pp. 160–167
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
1. A 62-year-old obese massive- weight-loss patient is undergoing a 6-hour belt lipectomy and bilateral brachio-
plasty under general anesthesia at the hospital with postoperative plans to be on bed rest for 72 hours. The patient's venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk is calculated using the 2005 Caprini Risk Assessment Model (RAM) and is determined to be 7. Which of the following regimes is the most appropriate method of VTE pro­phylaxis in this patient?
A. Placement of sequential compression devices (SCDs) prior to surgery. B. Placement of SCDs prior to surgery and postoperative screening by lower extremity ultrasound. C. Chemoprophylaxis prior to surgery for 3 days. D. Placement of SCDs prior to surgery and chemoprophylaxis for 1 month after surgery. E. Chemoprophylaxis for 10 weeks after surgery.
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
2. Which of the following recommendations is true for plastic surgery patients undergoing aesthetic surgery as
stated by the American Association of Plastic Surgery (AAPS)?
A. All patients undergoing body contouring should receive postoperative VTE chemoprophylaxis. B. All plastic surgery patients should be risk-stratified for VTE using the 2005 Caprini RAM. C. All patients should have elastic compression stockings for mechanical VTE prophylaxis. D. Patients with a Caprini score of >5 should be considered for chemoprophylaxis on an individualized basis. E. All plastic surgery patients should receive general anesthesia.
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
3. A 66-year-old female is undergoing abdominoplasty and bilateral brachioplasty. The patient has past medical
history of breast cancer and prior lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after a 6-hour plane flight 5 years ago. What is the patient's total risk factor score based on the 2005 Caprini RAM?
A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. E. 7.
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
4. Which of the following procedures has the highest risk of VTE?
A. Medial thigh lift. B. Truncal liposuction. C. Circumferential abdominoplasty. D. Bilateral brachioplasty. E. Facelift.
Chapter 11&Venous Thromboembolism and the Aesthetic Surgery Patient 61
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
5. A patient undergoing panniculectomy with a planned postoperative inpatient stay has a preoperative Caprini
risk score of 8. What is the 60-day risk for VTE for this patient if VTE chemoprophylaxis is not given?
A. 0.3%. B. 1%. C. 2.5%. D. 5%. E. 10%.
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
6. Which of the following factors has been shown to decrease the risk of VTE?
A. Having plastic surgery in a different country. B. Performing multiple procedures at the same time to limit number of operations. C. Wearing below-knee compression stockings. D. Taking aspirin before and after the procedure. E. A patient between 41 and 60 years old.
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
7. A 62-year-old female is undergoing a facelift, necklift, and bilateral upper blepharoplasty. She has a past med-
ical history of breast cancer that was treated with bilateral mastectomy and implant reconstruction 10 years ago as well as varicose veins. Which of the following measures can be done to decrease the risk of periopera­tive VTE in this patient without significantly increasing the risk of other complications?
A. Have the patient start 81 milligrams of aspirin 1 month prior to the procedure. B. Administer 40 milligrams of enoxaparin, 30 minutes prior to starting the case. C. Perform a subcutaneous instead of a dual-plane facelift. D. Perform the procedure under sedation instead of general anesthesia. E. Monitor the patient in the hospital the night after surgery.
62 Part III&Safety
Answers
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
1. A 62-year-old obese massive- weight-loss patient is undergoing a 6-hour belt lipectomy and bilateral brachio-
plasty under general anesthesia at the hospital with postoperative plans to be on bed rest for 72 hours. The patient's venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk is calculated using the 2005 Caprini Risk Assessment Model (RAM) and is determined to be 7. Which of the following regimes is the most appropriate method of VTE pro­phylaxis in this patient?
D. Placement of SCDs prior to surgery and chemoprophylaxis for 1 month after surgery.
The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) VTE Task Force made recommendations in 2012 for aesthetic surgery patients undergoing general anesthesia based on the 2005 Caprini RAM:
*
For patients with a Caprini score 3, mechanical prophylaxis should be considered.
*
For patients with a Caprini score of 3 to 6, postoperative low-molecular-weight or unfractionated heparin should be considered.
*
For patients with a Caprini score of 6, extended-duration low-molecular-weight heparin should be considered.
This patient has a Caprini risk score of 7; therefore, both mechanical prophylaxis and postoperative extended chemoprophylaxis should be considered (1–4 weeks).
REFERENCES
1. Caprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon 2005;51:70
2. Murphy RX Jr, Alderman A, Gutowski K, et al. Evidence-based practices for thromboembolism prevention: sum-
mary of the ASPS Venous Thromboembolism Task Force Report. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130:168e
1,2
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
2. Which of the following recommendations is true for plastic surgery patients undergoing aesthetic surgery as
stated by the American Association of Plastic Surgery (AAPS)?
B. All plastic surgery patients should be risk-stratified for VTE using the 2005 Caprini RAM.
In 2016, the AAPS published recommendations for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis based on a systematic review and meta-analysis, as well as a consensus panel. The reviewed data was mainly based on inpatient surgery, but the recommendations are largely applicable to aesthetic surgery patients. The panel recommended stratifying all plastic surgery patients for VTE risk based on the 2005 Caprini RAM. Routine chemoprophylaxis in the general non-risk-stratified plastic surgery population was not recommended. The use of intermittent pneumatic compression stockings in plastic surgery patients was recommended as a superior means of mechanical prophylaxis compared to compression stockings. Patients with a Caprini score >8 were recommended to be considered for chemoprophylaxis on an individualized basis. The AAPS also recommended using local anesthesia for procedures, when appropriate.
1
REFERENCE
1. Pannucci CJ, Barta RJ, Portschy PR, et al. Assessment of postoperative venous thromboembolism risk in plastic
surgery patients using the 2005 and 2010 Caprini Risk score. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130:343
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
3. A 66-year-old female is undergoing abdominoplasty and bilateral brachioplasty. The patient has past medical
history of breast cancer and prior lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after a 6-hour plane flight 5 years ago. What is the patient's total risk factor score based on the 2005 Caprini RAM?
E. 7.
The 2005 Caprini RAM is a venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment model that has been validated in more than 20,000 patients. The simple one-page questionnaire assigns an aggregate risk factor score based on a patient's personal medical history and family history (Fig. 11.1). The described patient has several risk factors that should be taken into consideration. She is between the age of 60 and 74 years (2 points), has a prior history of malignancy (2 points), and most importantly has a prior history of DVT (3 points) constituting a total risk factor score of 7.
1
Chapter 11&Venous Thromboembolism and the Aesthetic Surgery Patient 63
Fig. 11.1 Caprini risk assessment model. (Source: Reprinted from Disease of the Month, Vol. 51, Caprini JA, Thrombosis
risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care, 2005, with permission from Elsevier.)
REFERENCE
1. Caprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon 2005;51:70
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
4. Which of the following procedures has the highest risk of VTE?
C. Circumferential abdominoplasty.
Risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is multifactorial and includes a combination of patient- and procedure-specific variables. Abdominoplasty, alone or in combination with other procedures, has been found to have the highest risk of VTE among cosmetic surgery procedures. Circumferential abdominoplasty in particular has been shown to have the absolute highest risk of VTE at 3.40%. Importantly, both the number of surgical procedures and the length of the surgery has been associated with a higher risk of VTE.
1,2,3
REFERENCES
1. Hatef DA, Trussler AP, KenkelJM. Procedural risk for venous thromboembolism in abdominal contouring surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;125:352
2. Kim JY, Khavanin N, Rambachan A, et al. Surgical duration and risk of venous thromboembolism. JAMA Surg
2015;150:110
3. Howland WS, Schweizer O. Complication associated with prolonged operation and anesthesia. Clin Anesth
1972;9:1
64 Part III&Safety
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
5. A patient undergoing panniculectomy with a planned postoperative inpatient stay has a preoperative Caprini
risk score of 8. What is the 60-day risk for VTE for this patient if VTE chemoprophylaxis is not given?
C. 2.5%.
The Plastic Surgery Foundation–sponsored Venous Thromboembolism Prevention Study compared venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates in patients with a Caprini score of 3 or higher who received postoperative enoxaparin prophylaxis to historical control patients. The study included 3,334 patients and demonstrated that postoperative enoxaparin prophylaxis was protective against 6-day VTE in high­risk plastic surgery patients. Patients who did not receive chemoprophylaxis and had a Caprini risk of 7 to 8 had around a 2.55% risk of VTE.
1
REFERENCE
1. Pannucci CJ, Dreszer G, Wachtman CF, et al. Postoperative enoxaparin prevents symptomatic venous thrombo­embolism in high-risk plastic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:1093
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
6. Which of the following factors has been shown to decrease the risk of VTE?
C. Wearing below-knee compression stockings.
During air travel, the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been shown to be significantly decreased by wearing below-knee compression stockings (4.5 to 0.24%). Plastic surgery tourism actually increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to air travel. Performing multiple procedures at the same time also increases the risk of VTE. For example, combining abdominoplasty with different procedures can increase the risk of VTE multifold.
1,2
REFERENCES
1. Hatef DA, Trussler AP, KenkelJM. Procedural risk for venous thromboembolism in abdominal contouring surgery:
a systematic review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;125:352
2. Philbrick JT, Shumate R, Siadaty MS, et al. Air t ravel and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:107
WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY?
7. A 62-year-old female is undergoing a facelift, necklift, and bilateral upper blepharoplasty. She has a past med-
ical history of breast cancer that was treated with bilateral mastectomy and implant reconstruction 10 years ago as well as varicose veins. Which of the following measures can be done to decrease the risk of periopera­tive VTE in this patient without significantly increasing the risk of other complications?
D. Perform the procedure under sedation instead of general anesthesia.
Using the 2005 Caprini RAM, this patient has a risk score of around 5 (2 points for age, 2 points for history of malignancy, and 1 point for history of varicose veins). General anesthesia has been shown to increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), likely primarily due to loss of muscle tone in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and subsequent venous stasis. Procedures under IV sedation have a lower risk of VTE. Facelift, necklift, and blepharoplasty can all be performed under sedation with good local anesthesia. The use of perioperative chemoprophylaxis has been shown to decrease the rate of VTE. However, the use of preoperative or intraoperative chemoprophylaxis has been shown to significantly increase the risk of bleeding in facelift surgery as well as body contouring surgery. Although increased operative time has been shown to raise the risk of VTE, elevating a superficial musculoaponeurotic system(SMAS) flap is unlikely to add a significantamount of operative time to the case and is an important component for achieving and maintaining long-term facial rejuvenation. When performed efficiently, all three components of this case should be accomplished in under 6 hours, a time limit recommended by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).
1,2,3,4
REFERENCES
1. Hafezi F, Naghibzadeh B, Nouhi A H, et al. Epidural anesthesia as a thromboembolic prophylaxis modality in plas-
tic surgery. Aesthet Surg J 2011;31:821
Chapter 11&Venous Thromboembolism and the Aesthetic Surgery Patient 65
2. Haeck PC, Swanson JA, Iverson RE, et al. Evidence-based patient safety advisory: patient selection and procedures in ambulatory surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124(4, Suppl):S6
3. Hatef DA, Kenkel JM, Nguyen MQ, et al. Thromboembolic risk assessment and the efficacy of enoxaparin prophy­laxis in excisional body contouring surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;122:269
4. Durnig P, Jungwirth W. Low-molecular-weight heparin and postoperative bleeding in rhytidectomy. Plast
Reconstr Surg 2006;118:502; discussion 508
PART IV
Skin Care