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40
2 Anatomy oftheHand andFoot
will be exed. The proximal phalanx joint could not be
straightened when the middle band is broken, and when the
two lateral bands are ruptured, the distal phalangeal joint
could not be extended.
Partition ofExtensor Digitorum
According to The Verdan method, the extensor digitorum is
divided into eight regions (Fig.2.46). From far to near is:
distal interphalangeal joint region (E I), middle phalanx
region (E II), proximial interphalangeal joint region (EIII),
proximial phalanx region (EIV), metacarpophalangeal joint
region (EV), metacarpal region (EVI), carpal reigion (EVII),
with forearm region (EVII).
Thumb is divided into four regions, which are interphalangeal joint region (TEI), proximial interphalangeal joint
region (TEII), metacarpophalangeal joint region (TEIII), and
metacarpal region (TEIV). Among them, the odd region corresponds to the joint, and the even region corresponds to the
nger shaft. Extensor tendon injuries at different sites, bone
and joint dysfunction, deformity, and treatment measures are
not the same. Therefore, it is of clinical signicance to subdivide extensor digitorum.
2.2.4 Bones ofHand
Bones of hand are divided into carpal bones, metacarpal
bones, and phalanges (Fig.2.47).
Carpal Bones
At the wrist, there are eight pieces, arranged in two rows.
The proximal carpal bones are scaphoid bone, lunate bone,
triquetral bone, and pisiform bone from outside to inside.
The distal carpal bones are trapzium bone, trapezoid bone,
capitate bone and hamate bone. All carpal bones are short
bones, which are covered with a layer of dense outside, and
cancellous inside. Generally cube, there are six sides, palm
and dorsum are attached with ligament, appear rough, and
the other four are connected to each other in a joint. Except
that the palmar surface of lunate is wider and the dorsal surface is narrower, the others are opposite.
Fig. 2.46 Partition of extensor digitorum
Metacarpal Bone
There are ve metacarpal bones which are tubular bones,
each with a base, shaft, and head.
The base is an enlarged end, and the proximal side is
related to the distal carpal bone, forming capometacarpal
joint, but the articular surface is not consistent. The rst,
third, and fth metacarpal bones are only connected to one
carpal bone respectively; the second metacarpal bone is connected to trapezium and trapezoid bones and capitate bone;
the fourth metacarpal bone is connected to capitate bone and
hamate bone; therefore, capitate bone has articular surfaces
that are connected to second to fourth metacarpal bones. The
base of rst metacarpal is sella-like and forms capometacarpal joint of thumb with trapezium bone. The two sides of
metacarpal base are connected with the adjacent metacarpal
base to form intermetacarpal joint, except for rst metacarpal bone.
The transverse section of shaft is triangular. Anterior
margin of second, fourth, and fth metacarpals are attached
with palmar interossei. Anterior margin of third metacarpal
is attached to transverse head of adductor pollicis. The adjacent margin of ve metacarpal bodies is attached to dorsal
interossei. The shaft of metacarpal is relatively thin and can
easily cause fracture. Because of the strong strength of
2.2 Applied Anatomy oftheHand
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41
a
b
Fig. 2.47 Bones of hand. (a) Palmar side. (b) Dorsal side. (1) Scaphoid
bone. (2) Lunate bone. (3) Triquetral bone. (4) Pisiform bone. (5)
Trapezium bone. (6) Trapezoid bone. (7) Capitate bone. (8) Hamate
bone. (9) First metacarpal. (10) Second metacarpal. (11) Third metacar-
exor muscle, the fracture piece often forms an angle to dorsal side.
The head is round and its spherical articular surface is connected with the base of proximal phalanx to form metacarpophalangeal joint. Most of the joint surface is located on palmar
side, while a small part is located in dorsal side. The convexity
in the front and rear direction of the joint is greater than that in
the transverse direction. When metacarpophalangeal joint
exed, proximal phalanx base sides forward, and metacarpal
head is exposed and palpable on the body surface.
pal. (12) Fourth metacarpal. (13) Fifth metacarpal. (14) Base of metacarpal. (15) Shaft of metacarpal. (16) Head of metacarpal. (17) Proximal
phalanx. (18) Middle phalanx. (19) Distal phalanx. (20) Base of phalanx. (21) Shaft of phalanx. (22) Head of phalanx
Phalanges ofFinger
Total of 14 pieces, except two thumb sections, the other for
three sections, which are named proximal phalanx, middle
phalanx, and distal phalanx. Each phalanx divides into three
parts, namely base, shaft, and head. Base is broad with
depressed ovoid articular surface; shaft is thin, with a at and
depressed palm, as a part of bone brous tube, abaxial surface is convex, which is covered by aponeurosis dorsalis
digiti. Head is narrow, in the shape of a pulley, and there are
two small condyles on the articular surface.
42
a
Fig. 2.48 Joints and ligaments of hand. (a) Palmar side. (b) Dorsal side
2 Anatomy oftheHand andFoot
b
Joints andLigaments ofHand
Joints of hand include radiocarpal, intercarpal, mediocarpal,
capometacarpal, intermetacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and
interphalangeal joints (Fig.2.48).
trapezoid bones on the outer side form concave surface to
connect with scaphoid bone, while the medial cephaloid
bone and humate bone form convex surface to connect with
scaphoid bone, lunate bone, and triquetral bone. The joint
cavity is very large, and the left and right sides are com-
Radiocarpal Joint
It is a biaxial elliptic joint consisting of the radial wrist surface, lower surface of articular disc, and upper surface of
scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones. The capsule is thin
pletely connected. It can also be communicated with the
proximal and distal carpal interarticular cavities. The capsule
is enhanced by carpal radiate ligaments and dorsal intercar-
pal ligaments.
and loose which is enhanced by the around volar carpal ligament, dorsal carpal ligament, carpal radial collateral ligament, and carpal ulnar collateral ligament. Thin layers of
cartilage cover the articular surface and articular head. The
joint space is broad. The radiocarpal joint is a unied functional whole during movement.
Intermetacarpal Joint
There are three intermetacarpal joints, which are located at
the bottom of the second to fth metacarpal bones. They are
fretter plane joints that are related to the capsule respectively.
The joint cavity is communicated with the carpal metacarpal
joint. The joint capsule is enhanced by metacarpal, dorsal
Intercarpal Joint
and interosseous ligaments of metacarpal.
The proximal intercarpal joint is composed of scaphoid,
lunate and triquetral bones and belongs to fretter plane joint
which is enhanced by intercarpal volar ligament, intercarpal
dorsal ligament, and intercarpal interosseous ligament. In
addition, pisiform bone joint is formed with pisiform bone
and triquetral bone, with an independent joint capsule and
joint cavity, and is enhanced by pisiform palm ligament and
pisiform lunate ligament.
The distal intercarpal joint is composed of trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate bone, and hamate bones and belongs to
fretter plane joint which is also enhanced by intercarpal volar
ligament, intercarpal dorsal ligament, and intercarpal interosseous ligament.
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
It is a ball and socket joint composed of the metacarpal head
and the proximal phalanx bottom can do exion and extension, retraction and rotation, but the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint is exion joint, and can only do exion and
extension movement. The volar ligaments around the capsule are also called palmar plate and collateral ligaments.
The second to fth metacarpal heads are connected by deep
transverse ligament.
Interphalangeal Joint
Interphalanx joint is composed of proximal phalanx bones
and middle phalanx bones and distal phalanx bones, a total
Mediocarpal Joint
This joint is a deformed plane joint between two rows of
carpal bones, which is actually an elliptical joint. The articular surface is curved in the shape of ~. The trapezium and
of nine, belonging to axial trochlear joint. The capsule is
loose and thin, and the capsule is surrounded by enhanced
volar ligaments (i.e., palmar plate), collateral ligaments, and
collateral ligaments.
2.3 Applied Anatomy oftheFoot
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43
2.3 Applied Anatomy oftheFoot
2.3.1 Dorsum oftheFoot
Supercial Structures
The dorsum of foot is similar to that of hand, thinner and
more mobile, with loose supercial fascia and lack of fat.
Therefore, the supercial veins, tendons, and other structures
in the deep surface of the skin are clearly visible. When
edema occurs, the subcutaneous tissue of dorsal foot is swollen, especially in front of and around the medial malleolus.
Supercial veins: The abundant supercial veins in the
supercial fascia form dorsal venous arch of foot, whose
a
inner and outer ends back along the two sides of the foot
dorsal edge to the ankle on both sides, gradually proceed
upward to great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein
(Fig. 2.49a). Great saphenous vein passes in front of the
medial malleolus in the premalleolus region and is accompanied by saphenous nerve.
Supercial lymph vessels: Lymph vessels are also similar to veins, forming a rich network of lymphatic vessels.
The supercial lymphatic network of distal palm of foot
ows into dorsal lymphatic network at the webs.
Cutaneous nerves: There are four cutaneous nerves in
dorsal area of foot (Fig.2.49b): (1) Saphenous nerve (terminal branch of femoral nerve) distributes in medial dorsal
b
Fig. 2.49 Dorsal supercial structures of foot. (a) Supercial veins.
(b) Cutaneous nerves. (1) Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis. (2) Great
saphenous vein. (3) Small saphenous vein. (4) Dorsal digital vein of toe.
(5) Medial cutaneous nerve of foot. (6) Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
of foot. (7) Middle dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot. (8) Lateral dorsal
cutaneous nerve of foot. (9) Deep peroneal nerve. (10) Dorsalis pedis
artery. (11) First dorsal metatarsal artery
44
2 Anatomy oftheHand andFoot
a
b
c
Fig. 2.50 Dorsal deep structures of foot. (a) Superior layer of dorsal
foot; (b) Deep layer of dorsal foot; (c) Schematic of dorsal deep structures. (1) Superior extensor retinaculum. (2) Inferior extensor retinaculum. (3) Extensor longus tendon of great toe. (4) Extensor digitorum
margin of foot; (2) Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot and
middle dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot (the terminal branch
of supercial peroneal nerve) distribute in the medial dorsal
and middle part of foot; (3) Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
(the terminal branch of sural nerve) distributes in lateral dorsopart of foot; (4) The terminal branch of deep peroneal
nerve penetrates the fascia to the skin at the web between
rst and second toe and distributes in the skin at the opposite
edge.
Deep Structures
Extensor retinaculum Continuation from deep fascia of
the lower leg, local thickening in the anterior malleolus
region, formed two extensor retinaculums, which are: (1)
superior extensor retinaculum (also called ligamentum
transversum cruris): It is a wide band located at the junction of lower end of the calf and ankle, between the lower
end of tibia and bula, formed by thickening of the transverse bers of deep fascia in front of the lower leg. There
are two spaces in deep surface, tibialis anterior, anterior
tibial vessels, and deep peroneal nerve passing through
longus tendon. (5) Third peroneus muscle. (6) Dorsal artery of foot. (7)
Extensor brevis tendon of great toe. (8) Deep peroneal nerve. (9) First
dorsal metatarsal artery. (10) Extensor digitorum brevis. (11) Tendinous
sheath
the medial one; extensor longus tendon of great toe, extensor digitorum longus tendon, and third peroneus muscle
passing through the lateral one (Fig. 2.50); (2) inferior
extensor retinaculum (also called cruciate ligament): distal to superior extensor retinaculum, located at the junction of anterior ankle region and dorsum of foot, also
formed by local thickening of deep fascia. The lateral end
is attached to the lateral surface of calcaneus. The medial
end is divided into upper and lower bands attached to the
medial malleolus and rst cuneiform bone respectively.
Inferior extensor retinaculum gives off brous septum to
deep bone surface and forms three osteobrous canals:
medial, middle, and lateral. Tibialis anterior in medial
canal, extensor longus tendon of great toe, dorsal vessels
of foot and deep peroneal nerve in middle canal, extensor
digitorum longus tendon, and third peroneus muscle in
lateral canal.
Dorsal facial and facial spaces of foot: Dorsal fascia of
foot can be divided into supercial and deep layers. The
supercial layer is the continuation of inferior extensor retinaculum, which is attached to periosteum of medial and lat-
2.3 Applied Anatomy oftheFoot
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45
a
b
Fig. 2.51 Dorsal muscles and tendons of foot. (a) Dorsal external ten-
dons of foot. (b) Dorsal intrinsic muscles of foot. (1) Extensor brevis of
great toe. (2) Extensor digitorum brevis. (3) Dorsal vein of foot. (4)
eral edges of foot. The deep layer is also known as dorsal
interosseous fascia, which is attached to the surface of interosseous dorsal muscle and periosteum of metatarsal bones.
The dorsal fascia space between the supercial and deep layers accommodates extensor digitorum longus tendon and
tendinous sheath, extensor digitorum brevis and its tendinous
sheath, dorsal artery and its branches, associated veins, and
deep peroneal nerve.
Extensor longus of great toe. (5) Extensor digitorum longus. (6) Third
peroneus muscle. (7) Tibialis anterior. (8) Tibialis posterior. (9) Dorsal
metatarsal artery
Table 2.2 Dorsal muscles of foot
Name Origin Insertion Function Innervation
Extensor
brevis of
great toe
Extensor
digitorum
brevis
Dorsal muscles of foot: They are extensor brevis of great
toe and extensor digitorum brevis (Fig.2.51, Table2.2).
Anterior
upper and
lateral sides
of calcaneus
Anterior
upper and
lateral sides
of calcaneus
The base of
the proximal
phalange of
great toe
The base of
the proximal
phalanges of
second to
fourth digits
Extend
great toe
Extend
second to
fourth
toes
Deep
peroneal
nerve
(L4–S2)
46
2 Anatomy oftheHand andFoot
a
c
b
d
Fig. 2.52 Lateral dorsal vessels of foot. (1) Dorsal artery of foot. (2) Lateral supramalleolar artery. (3) Lateral tarsal artery. (4) Second lateral
tarsal artery. (5) Arcuate artery. (6) Dorsal perforator of plantar arc. (7) Dorsal metatarsal artery
Dorsal artery of foot: It is the main source of blood sup-
2.3.2 Planta Pedis
ply for toes and continues to anterior tibial artery at the lower
margin of superior extensor retinaculum. Usually, it goes
down the lateral side of extensor longus tendon of great toe
and reaches the rst metatarsal space through the deep
surface of MU extensor brevis of great toe, which is divided
into two terminal branches: deep plantar branch and rst dorsal metatarsal artery. The former reaches the plantar and
anastomoses with lateral plantar artery to form plantar arch.
The latter is distributed on dorsal part of great toe and medial
part of dorsal part of second toe. Branches of dorsal artery of
foot include lateral tarsal artery, medial tarsal artery, arcuate
Supercial Structures
The skin is thick, dense, and tough, with small mobility,
especially in the following parts, such as the heel, rst and
fth metatarsal bones that are weight support points, which
is easy to form callose due to friction thickening. Dense
brous bundles in supercial fascia connect the skin to deep
plantar fascia closely, and there is a lot of fat between the
bundles, forming brous fat pads, which can play the role of
seismic buffer. In addition, the plantar skin is hairless, but the
sweat glands are rich and sensitive.
artery, and cutaneous perforator (Fig.2.52).
Deep peroneal nerve: In dorsal area of foot most line at
the inside of dorsal artery of foot, gives off muscle branches
that dominate dorsal muscles of foot. The terminal branch
becomes a cutaneous branch, divided into two dorsal digital
nerves of toe that distribute to the skin on dorsal side of the
opposite edge of rst and second toe after coming through
the rst metatarsal space. Once the deep peroneal nerve is
injuried, the muscle cannot extend ankle joint and toes.
Deep Structures
Deep structures are mainly plantar fascia, plantar nerves, and
blood vessels. The deep fascia is divided into two layers: The
plantar aponeurosis is formed by the supercial layer covering the plantar muscle surface, which is thin on both sides
and thick in the middle, just like palmar aponeurosis. The
deep layer covers the plantar side of interosseous muscle,
also known as plantar interosseous fascia (Fig.2.53).
ac
bd
2.3 Applied Anatomy oftheFoot
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47
Fig. 2.53 Structures of plantar pedis. (a) Morphology of aponeurosis
plantaris. (b) Plantar nerve, arteries, and veins at the supercial layer.
(c) Plantar nerve, arteries, and veins at the middle layer. (d) Plantar
nerve, arteries, and veins at the deep layer. (1) Middle bund (plantar
aponeurosis). (2) Lateral bund (plantar aponeurosis). (3) Medial bund
(plantar aponeurosis). (4) Abductor pollicis of toe. (5) Abductor digitorum minimi. (6) Proper nerve at the base of rst toe. (7) Transverse
bund. (8) Common nerves, arteries, and veins at the base of toes. (9)
Plantar aponeurosis: It is a long triangle with narrow
posterior end, attached to the medial part of the anterior margin of calcaneal tubercle, and its front end is fan-shaped into
5 bands to the tendon sheath of each toe. It gives off two
muscular spaces, ending at rst and fth metatarsals respectively, which divide the plantar pedis into three osteofascial
sheaths: medial, middle and lateral. (1) Medial osteofascial
sheath: It is medial to rst metatarsal bone, accommodating
abductor pollicis of toe, exor pollicis brevis of toe, exor
pollicis longus of toe, and its blood vessels and nerves; (2)
middle osteofascial sheath: It is located between the lateral
side of rst metatarsal and the medial side of fth metatarsal,
accommodating exor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantar,
adductor pollicis of toe, exor digitorum longus, lumbricals,
lateral plantar nerve and branches, plantar artery arch and
branches, etc. (3) Lateral osteofascial sheath: Lateral to fth
metatarsal bone, accommodating abductor digitorum minimi, exor digitorum brevis minimi, as well as its blood vessels and nerves.
Supercial branch (lateral plantar nerve). (10) Flexor pollicis brevis of
toe. (11) Flexor digitorum minimi. (12) Flexor digitorum brevis. (13)
Lumbricals. (14) Plantar metatarsal artery. (15) Quadratus plantae. (16)
Lateral plantar artery. (17) Medial plantar artery. (18) Flexor digitorum
longus. (19) Oblique head (adductor pollicis of toe). (20) Transverse
head (adductor pollicis of toe). (21) Plantar interosseous fascia. (22)
Proper nerve, arteries, and veins at the base of toes. (23) Flexor digitorum brevis
These muscles in fascia sheath and tendons from calf posterior muscle group are arranged in four layers on plantar to
maintain arch of foot. Abductor pollicis of toe, exor digitorum brevis, and abductor digitorum minimi are in the rst
layer. Quadratus plantae, lumbricals, exor digitorum longus
and exor pollicis longus of toe are in the second layer. Flexor
pollicis brevis of toe, adductor pollicis of toe, exor digitorum brevis minimi are in the third layer. Three plantar interossei and four dorsal interossei are in the fourth layer (Table2.3).
Blood vessels and nerves of plantar pedis Posterior
tibial artery and tibial nerve are divided into medial and lateral plantar arteries and medial and lateral plantar nerves
respectively when they cross malleolar canal. Medial plantar
artery is the smaller of the two terminal branches, which runs
along plantar pedis with the eponymous vein and nerve,
moves forward along the medial margin and distributes in
adjacent tissues, and its end is anastomosed with rst to third
plantar arteries digital. Lateral plantar artery is larger, accompanied by the eponym vein and nerve oblique forward, pen-
48
2 Anatomy oftheHand andFoot
Table 2.3
Muscle
groups Name Origin Insertion Function Innervation
The
median
group
The
middle
group
The
lateral
group
Plantar muscles
Abductor pollicis
of toe
FLexor pollicis
brevis of toe
Adductor pollicis
of toe
Quadratus plantae Under calcaneal and long plantar
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Lumbricals Flexor digitorum longus Aponeurosis dorsalis
Plantar interossei Medial surface of third to fth
Drosal interossei Opposite sides of metatarsal
Abductor
digitorum minimi
Flexor digitorum
brevis minimi
Medial process of calcaneal
tuberosity, Tuberositas ossis
navicularis
Plantar surface of medial
cuneiform bone and tibialis
posterior
Oblique head: Long plantar
ligament, tendon sheath of
peroneus longus: Second to
fourth metatarsal base
Transverse head: Third to fth
metatarsophalangeal joint
capsule
ligament
Medial process of calcaneal
tuberosity and plantar
aponeurosis
metatarsal bones
bones
The bottom of calcaneal
tuberosity
Fifth metatarsal base Flex little toe
The plantar and medial
surfaces of proximal
phalange base of great toe
Medial side of the plantar
surface of proximal
phalange base of great toe
The plantar surface of
proximal phalange base of
great toe
Flexor digitorum longus Flex second to fth toes
Middle phalange bases of
second to fth toes
digitorum
Proximal phalange bases
of third to fth toes,
aponeurosis dorsalis
digitorum
Proximal phalange bases
of second to fourth toes,
aponeurosis dorsalis
digitorum
Proximal phalange base of
little toe
Abduce great toe, Maintain
plantar arch of foot
Flex great toe
Adduct and ex great toe Lateral plantar
Flex second to fth toes Medial plantar
Flex second to fth
metatarsophalangeal joints,
extense interphalangeal joints
Adduct third to fth toes Lateral plantar
Abduce second to fourth toes
Flex and adduct little toe
Medial plantar
nerve (L4, 5)
nerve (S1–2)
nerve (S4–5)
Medial and
lateral plantar
nerves (L4–S2)
nerve (S1–2)
a
Fig. 2.54 Blood vessels of plantar pedis. (a) Composition and branches
of plantar arc of foot. (b) Anastomosis of plantar artery and dorsal
artery of foot. (1) Medial plantar artery. (2) Lateral plantar artery. (3)
etrating the deep surface of exor digitorum brevis to the
lateral plantar margin, branches distributed in adjacent tissues. The terminal branch curves inwards to the rst metatarsal space and anastomose with the deep plantar branch of
dorsal artery of foot to form plantar arch of foot, from which
plantar arch gives off four plantar arteries distributed in each
toe. Medial plantar nerve runs with the eponymous artery,
b
Plantar deep arc. (4) Plantar arc of foot. (5) Plantar artery digital. (6)
First plantar artery digital. (7) Toe base proper artery. (8) Perforator. (9)
Lateral tarsal artery. (10) Dorsal artery of foot
and the muscular branches supply the muscles of medial
plantar group and rst and second lumbricals. Cutaneous
branches supply the skin on medial half of plantar pedis and
medial three-and-a-half toes. Lateral plantar nerve runs with
the eponymous artery, and muscular branches supply the lateral group muscles, the skin on lateral half of plantar pedis,
and lateral one-and-a-half toes (Fig.2.54).
ab
bd
2.3 Applied Anatomy oftheFoot
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Fig. 2.55 The structures of a toenail. (a) Sagittal plane. (b) Horizontal plane. (1) Nail body. (2) Nail root. (3) Free edge. (4) Nail bed. (5) Nail
stroma. (6) Distal phalange of toe. (7) Eponychium. (8) Nail fold. (9) Hyponychium. (10) Nail sinus
49
a
Fig. 2.56 Plantar hierarchical structure of great toe. (a) Cutaneous
plantar venous network. (b) Supercial transverse metacarpal ligament
and plantar nerve and vessels. (c) Plantar tendons, nerve, and vessels of
great toe. (d) Transverse head and oblique head of adductor hallux. (e)
Plantar interosseous muscles. (1) Interphalangeal veins. (2) Cutaneous
plantar venous arch. (3) Cutaneous plantar venous network. (4) Plantar
proper nerve, arteries, and veins. (5) Plantar cutaneous venous arch. (6)
2.3.3 Toes
ce
Deep branch of medial plantar artery. (7) Common plantar nerve. (8)
Flexor digitorum longus tendon. (9) Flexor digitorum brevis tendon.
(10) Lumbrical muscles. (11) Flexor hallucis longus tendon. (12)
Hallux abductor. (13) Transverse head of hallux adductor. (14) Oblique
head of hallux adductor. (15) Plantar artery. (16) Flexor digitorum brevis. (17) Flexor hallucis longus tendon. (18) Plantar interosseous
muscles
phalangeal periosteum and tendinous sheath. Toe dorsal subcutaneous fat is thin and loose, with a greater glide.
Supercial Structrues
Veins ofToe
Skin
The plantar skin of toes is thicker, rich in sweat glands and
toe prints, but without hair and sebaceous glands, so it is not
easy to cause pain and swelling. In toe pulp, nerve endings
are very rich, especially sensitive to touch to distinguish the
Each toe has two dorsal digital veins of toe, which originate
from nail bed vein plexus, run backward along, and connect
to form dorsal metatarsal vein at toe web. There are three to
four shorter ones, and then they ow into dorsal venous arch
of foot (Fig.2.56).
shape and texture of objects. Dorsal skin of toe is thinner,
subcutaneous fat is less, and activity is bigger than plantar.
The blood supply to the skin of toes is rich.
Nerves ofToe
Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve of foot originates from supercial peroneal nerve and distributes the skin of the medial
Toe Nail
It is similar to nail (Fig.2.55).
margin of foot and great toe.
Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot originates from
supercial peroneal nerve and distributes the skin of dorsal
Subcutaneous Tissue
The subcutaneous fat in plantar of toes is thick and accumulates into a ball, with ber bundles in, connecting the skin to
foot and second toe web.
Deep peroneal nerve divides into two terminal branches
in front of the ankle. The medial branch travels along the rst
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