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24 Viral Meningitis inChildren andHearing Loss
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Table 24.3 Characteristics of viral vaccines associated with hearing loss
Duration between
Frequency Vaccine type
Hepatitis BExtremely
Inuenza Extremely
Measles Extremely
Mumps Rare Mostly
Rabies Rare Unilateral
HL hearing loss, SNHL sensorineural hearing loss
of hearing
loss
rare
rare
rare
Type of hearing loss
Unilateral SNHL
Bilateral SNHL
Unilateral or bilateral SNHL
unilateral, rarely bilateral SNHL
SNHL
vaccination and hearing loss
Within 48h Not known
14–24h Not known
22days– 14months
13–18days Not known No response to
Within 24h Not known Responsive to
Cause of hearing adverse effects
Autoimmunity? Mercury salts?
Thimerosal? Gentamycin?
Not known No response to
349
Treatment of hearing loss
HL and tinnitus may be reversible in 6months or persist Cochlear implantation may be helpful if HL persists
Responsive to corticosteroids
corticosteroids Cochlear implantation may be helpful
corticosteroids Cochlear implantation may be helpful
systemic or intratympanic corticosteroids
24.16 Conclusion
Viral infections may cause HL directly affect the auditory structures, or HL may occur during meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Viral infection-related HL is mainly sensorineural, ranges from mild to severe, and is unilateral or bilateral. The patients or parents usually notice severe HL, but mild or unilateral HL may be over­looked. Hearing loss may cause cognitive disabilities and lower longitudinal educa­tional attainment, even in mild or unilateral cases when not treated. Therefore, hearing functions should be monitored during VM or meningoencephalitis and viral infections that cause HL frequently. Early intervention for hearing impairment will positively affect cognitive performance. Some of the viral infections that cause acquired HL are also preventable diseases with vaccination. Widespread vaccina­tion against viruses that can cause HL will signicantly contribute to public health in terms of hearing.
350
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B. Kara et al.
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Meningoencephalitis inChildren
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andHearing Loss
HülyaMaraş Genç, BülentKara, EminSamiArısoy, andAnkhiDutta
25.1 Introduction
Encephalitis is the inammation of the brain parenchyma. The most common signs and symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, altered mental status, seizures, and focal neurologic decits. Altered mental status is the main feature differentiat­ing encephalitis from uncomplicated meningitis, which usually presents fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity. Since encephalitis is often accompanied by meningi­tis, the term meningoencephalitis is generally used interchangeably with encephali­tis [1, 2].
25
H. Maraş Genç (*) Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Türkiye e-mail: hulyamaras@gmail.com
B. Kara Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye e-mail: bkuskudar@gmail.com
E. S. Arısoy Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye e-mail: emin.sami.arisoy@gmail.com
A. Dutta Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Infectious Disease Service, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA e-mail: ankhi.dutta@bcm.edu
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 A. E. Arısoy et al. (eds.), Hearing Loss in Congenital, Neonatal and Childhood Infections, Comprehensive ENT, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38495-0_25
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