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Fig. 102.2. Trichosporon inkin culture.
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Physiological tests: (+ Positive, - Negative, v Variable, w Weak, s Slow. n not done).
Fermentation: Absent.
Growth reactions:
Glucose + Cellobiose + D-Mannitol +
Sucrose + L-Sorbose v D-Glucitol –
Raffinose – L-Rhamnose – myo-Inositol +
Melibiose – D-Xylose + DL-Lactate +
Galactose + L-Arabinose – D-Gluconate +
Lactose + D-Arabinose v 2-Keto-D-gluconate +
Trehalose + D-Ribose + D-Glucosamine –
Maltose + Glycerol v N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine n
Melezitose + Erythritol + D-Glucuronate +
Methyl-α-D-glucoside + Ribitol – 0.1% Cycloheximide –
Soluble starch + Galactitol – Growth at 42oC +
Antifungal susceptibility: (Table 102.3).
Table 102.3. Trichosporon inkin (Australian national data); MIC μg/mL.
Antifungal No. ≤0.016 0.03 0.06 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 ≥64
AmB 5 2 1 1 1
FLU 5 1 2 1 1
VORI 5 1 2 2
POSA 5 1 1 2 1
ITRA 5 1 2 2
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 286
102.4. Trichosporon ovoides Behrend
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RG-2 organism
Morphological description: Colonies are restricted, white, granular, folded at the centre, with a flat marginal
zone. Budding cells and lateral conidia absent. Arthroconidia are cylindrical. Appressoria present in slide
cultures. This species does not assimilate melibiose but tolerates 0.1% cycloheximide. Growth at 37
variable. Uncommon species usually associated with superficial infections, like white piedra.
o
C is
Physiological tests: (+ Positive,
– Negative, v Variable, w Weak, s Slow. n not done).
Fermentation: Absent.
Growth reactions:
Glucose + Cellobiose + D-Mannitol +
Sucrose + L-Sorbose v D-Glucitol v
Raffinose v L-Rhamnose + myo-Inositol +
Melibiose – D-Xylose + DL-Lactate +
Galactose + L-Arabinose v D-Gluconate +
Lactose + D-Arabinose v 2-Keto-D-gluconate +
Trehalose + D-Ribose + D-Glucosamine v
Maltose + Glycerol v N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine n
Melezitose v Erythritol v D-Glucuronate +
Methyl-α-D-glucoside + Ribitol – 0.1% Cycloheximide +
Soluble starch + Galactitol – Growth at 37oC v
DOI: 10.1079/9781800622340.0102
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 287
(Persoon) Link
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Trichothecium roseum has a worldwide distribution and is often isolated from decaying plant substrates, soil,
seeds of corn, and food-stuffs (especially flour products). It is occasionally isolated as a saprophyte in the
clinical laboratory.
RG-1 organism
Morphological description: Colonies are moderately fast growing, flat, suede-like to powdery, initially white
but becoming rosy-pink or orange with age. The conidiophores are indistinguishable from the vegetative
hyphae until the first conidium is produced. They are erect, unbranched, often septate near the base, more or
less rough-walled, bearing basipetal zig-zag (alternating) chains of conidia at the apex. Note: The conidiophore is progressively shortened with the formation of each conidium i.e. retrogressive conidial development.
Conidia are two-celled ellipsoidal to pyriform, with an obliquely truncate basal scar, hyaline, smooth to delicately roughened and thick-walled (Fig. 103.1).
Comment: Trichothecium roseum should not be confused with Nannizzia nana. Colonies of the latter may
be pinkish-buff in colour and also produce ovoid to pear-shaped, mostly two-celled macroconidia with thin,
verrucose walls. However, N. nana usually produces a red-brown reverse pigment, and the two-celled
macroconidia are sessile and formed singly, they are not produced in basipetal chains as in T. roseum.
Molecular identification: Summerbell et al. (2011) revised the genus using D1/D2 sequences for phylogenetic
analysis and sequence-based identification. ITS sequencing may not differentiate Trichothecium from
Fusarium and other species of the Hypocreales (Inacio et al., 2011).
Key features: Basipetal, zig-zag chains of two-celled conidia showing with retrogressive development where
the conidiophore becomes progressively shorter.
References: McGinnis (1980); Rippon (1988); Samson et al. (1995); Domsch et al. (2007); Summerbell et al.
(2011).
© CAB International 2023. Descriptions of Medical Fungi (eds S. Kidd, C.Halliday and D. Ellis) 288
20 ˜m
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Fig. 103.1. Trichothecium roseum conidiophores showing retrogressive conidial development. Note: The long
conidiophores that progressively shortened with the formation of each conidium (arrow).
DOI: 10.1079/9781800622340.0103
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 289
104 Ulocladium Preuss
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Ulocladium is a ubiquitous genus containing common saprophytes from soil, wood and decaying plants.
Some species are plant pathogens and food spoilers. Human infections are rare, although a human case of
keratitis has been reported (Badenoch et al., 2006).
RG-1 organism
Morphological description: Colonies are rapid growing, brown to olivaceous-black or greyish and suede-like
to floccose. Microscopically, numerous, usually solitary, multi-celled conidia (dictyoconidia) are formed
through a pore (poroconidia) by a sympodially elongating geniculate conidiophore (Fig. 104.1). Conidia are
typically obovoid (narrowest at the base), dark brown and often rough-walled. Seven species have been
described, all being saprophytes.
Molecular identification: ITS sequencing is sufficient for genus identification to genus level (Badenoch et al.,
2006; Woudenberg et al., 2013).
Antifungal susceptibility: (Table 104.1).
Table 104.1. Ulocladium spp. limited data (Australian national data); MIC μg/mL.
Antifungal No. ≤0.016 0.03 0.06 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 ≥64
AmB 2 1 1
VORI 2 1 1
POSA 1 1
ITRA 2 1 1
© CAB International 2023. Descriptions of Medical Fungi (eds S. Kidd, C.Halliday and D. Ellis) 290
10 ˜m
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Fig. 104.1. Ulocladium spp. culture, conidiophore and conidia. Note: Sympodially elongating geniculate conidiophore
(arrow).
References: Ellis (1971, 1976); Rippon (1988); Samson et al. (1995); Domsch et al. (2007); de Hoog et al.
(2015).
DOI: 10.1079/9781800622340.0104
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 291
105 Veronaea botryosa Ciferri &
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Montemartini
infections have been reported.
RG-2 organism
Morphological description: Colonies grow rapidly and are suede-like to downy, greyish-brown to blackishbrown. Conidiophores are erect, straight or flexuose, occasionally branched and are usually geniculate, due
to the sympodial development of the conidia (Fig. 105.1). They are smooth-walled, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, up to 250 μm long and 2-4 μm wide. Conidia are pale brown, two-celled, cylindrical with a
truncated base, smooth-walled or slightly verrucose, 5-12 x 3-4 μm.
Molecular identification: Arzanlou et al. (2007) used D1/D2 and ITS sequence data in a phylogenetic
revision.
Antifungal susceptibility: (Table 105.1).
Table 105.1. Veronaea botryosa limited data (Australian national data); MIC μg/mL.
Antifungal No. ≤0.016 0.03 0.06 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 ≥64
AmB 2 2
VORI 2 2
POSA 2 1 1
ITRA 2 1 1
© CAB International 2023. Descriptions of Medical Fungi (eds S. Kidd, C.Halliday and D. Ellis) 292
10 ˜m
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Fig. 105.1. Veronaea botryosa culture, conidiophores and sympodial development of conidia.
References: Ellis (1971); Revankar and Sutton (2010); Badali et al. (2013); de Hoog et al. (2020).
DOI: 10.1079/9781800622340.0105
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 293
106 Verruconis gallopava (W.B.
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Cooke) Samerpitak & de Hoog
Synonymy: Ochroconis gallopava (W.B. Cooke) de Hoog.
Verruconis species are thermophilic, with Verruconis gallopava occurring in hot environments, such as
thermal soils, broiler house litter, hot springs and self-heated waste (Samerpitak et al., 2014). Verruconis gallopava is neurotropic and is a recognised agent of human brain infections, as well as in poultry, wild birds,
dogs and cats (Seyedmousavi et al., 2014). Occasional human pulmonary infections in immunocompetent
hosts have also been reported (Giraldo et al., 2014b; Samerpitak et al., 2014; Seyedmousavi et al., 2014).
RG-2 organism
Morphological description: Colonies are smooth to suede-like, dry, flat, tobacco-brown to brownish-black
with a dark brown diffusible pigment (Fig. 106.1). Hyphae are brown with relatively thick walls.
Conidiophores are mostly cylindrical to acicular, sometimes poorly differentiated, bearing a few conidia at
the tip. Conidia are two-celled, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled to verrucose, cylindrical to clavate,
constricted at the septum, 11-18 x 2.5-4.5 μm in size, with the apical cell wider than the basal cell (Fig.106.1).
A remnant of a denticle may also be seen at the conidial base. Optimum growth at 35
Molecular identification: ITS sequencing can identify species. Additional loci include β-tubulin, ACT and the
D1/D2 region (Giraldo et al., 2014b; Seyedmousavi et al., 2014).
Antifungal susceptibility: (Table 106.1).
o
C, tolerant to 40oC.
Table 106.1. Verruconis gallopava (Australian national data); MIC μg/mL.
Antifungal No. ≤0.016 0.03 0.06 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 ≥64
AmB 20 1 3 4 8 4
ISAV 3 1 2
VORI 20 2 4 4 6 2 2
POSA 19 4 2 6 6 1
ITRA 20 3 3 11 3
References: McGinnis (1980); de Hoog (1983); Domsch et al. (2007); Giraldo et al. (2014b); Samerpitak
etal. (2014); Seyedmousavi et al. (2014).
© CAB International 2023. Descriptions of Medical Fungi (eds S. Kidd, C.Halliday and D. Ellis) 294
10 ˜m
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10 ˜m
Fig. 106.1. Verruconis gallopava culture, conidiophores and conidia. Note: Conidia are two-celled, constricted at the septum
(arrows), with the apical cell wider than the basal cell and a remnant of a denticle may also be seen at the conidial base.
DOI: 10.1079/9781800622340.0106
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 295
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