Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_764_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
78
https://t.me/medicina_free
A. Greco et al.
Enzymatic debridement involves the use of
chemical agents capable of dissolving collagen
or devitalized tissues present on the wound bed.
Collagenase derives from a bacterium,
Clostridium histolyticum, and is used in the form
of ointment on ulcers with low exudation, with
eschar or adhering brin [17, 18].
Debridement can also be favored by the
mechanical function of some products that
exploit the desloughing capacity of polyester
monolaments rubbed on the lesion [19].
Other products perform mechanical debridement through the property of special anchoring
and absorbent polyacrylate bers with silver
that also provide a vicarious antiseptic function
[20, 21].
8.1.2 Dressings that Promote
Granulation Tissue
At the start of the inammatory process, broblasts and vascular endothelial cells commence
proliferating. In particular, when healing takes
place by secondary intention, the bigger the
extent of tissue damage and the intensity of the
inammatory response, the larger the amount of
granulation tissue that will be necessary to cover
the substance loss [22].
The repair process in chronic wounds is
altered. The most evident clinical markers that
express such alterations are excessive or insufcient production of exudate with variable viscosity and/or the presence of an unhealthy-looking
(dystrophic) granulation tissue [23].
The primary function of dressings in this
group consists of promoting, protecting, or stimulating these granulation processes consisting of
macrophages broblasts, and vessels proliferating and invading wound space to obtain a typically pink o red wound bed lled to reach the
level of surrounding intact skin.
There are two major modes of action through,
which these dressings carry out their functions:
by homeostasis of uids and by bio-interaction
(Fig.8.3).
8.1.2.1 Homeostasis ofFluids
In wounds with scarce amounts of moisture, exudate balance can be obtained using occlusive
dressings (hydrocolloids). Occlusive dressings
act by increasing the level of moisture in the
microenvironment and stimulating angiogenesis
by reducing the pO2 [24, 25].
Fig. 8.3 Category and subcategories of dressings that promote granulation
8 Advanced Moist Wound Dressing: Classication by Function
https://t.me/medicina_free
79
Hydrocolloids are cross-linked polymers in a
colloidal state made up of water and various gelling substances dispersed inside them such as
gelatin, pectin, or carboxymethylcellulose. The
structure of these dressings is then completed
with the presence of elastomers and adhesives
applied on support (generally polyurethane lm).
They are commercially available, as well as on
support, also in the form of pastes and powders.
These dressings are impermeable to water and
bacteria but allow the exchange of water vapor. In
contact with exudate, they absorb a minimum
quantity by changing their gel state. They are
characterized not only by their ability to stimulate granulation, which represents their primary
function, but also by their ability to stimulate
autolytic debridement, which we consider as a
secondary function [26]. For a long time, they
represented the most used advanced dressings.
In exuding wounds that have no clinical sign
of infection or critical colonization, the homeostasis of the uids is determined by the ability of
some dressings to remove the excess exudate.
These dressings act by simply absorbing
(alginates or polyurethane foams) and/or by
retaining the exudates (cellulose bers, superabsorbent polymers, etc.), thus balancing the local
moisture on the wound surface (passive absorbency) [27]. Passive absorbency is dened as
the intrinsic capacity of some dressings to
absorb and/or retain the uids without the use of
external energy [10].
In the case of lesions with abundant exudate,
but no clinical signs of infection, dressings can
absorb and remove excess liquids from the
lesion. Based on the type of absorption, we distinguish dressings that act by passive or active
absorption. The dressings that are characterized
by passive absorption of exudate exploit the
intrinsic ability to absorb and/or retain uids
without the use of external energy, and we will
distinguish them into simple, retaining exudate,
or hemostatic [10].
Examples of “simple” dressings favoring uid
granulation by homeostasis through passive
absorption include polyurethane foams, alginates, and polyester with hydrated cellulose.
Polyurethane foams, like hydrocolloids, are also
used a lot in particular on pressure ulcers. The
foam dressings are composed of polyurethane
coated with a semi-exclusive external layer and
guarantee adequate absorption for medium–high
exudates while allowing an exchange of gas
between the wound bed and the external environment. They are transpiring to water vapor but are
impermeable to water and bacteria while maintaining the right degree of humidity and optimal
thermal insulation (35–37°C) on the wound bed
[28].
Thanks to their thickness and non-rigid structure, they are extremely comfortable on particularly difcult-to-treat wound sites such as bony
prominences. They are divided into adhesive or
non-adhesive, requiring in this second case
adherent secondary dressings. In recent years,
polyurethane foams have evolved into technically and structurally complex products that
require further differentiation into simple with
open and/or isomorphic single- or double-layer
cells, complex with atraumatic, multilayer, and
mixed cell interface or edges, and interconnected
and nally composite, or multilayer combined
with other technologies such as cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydrocolloids, or
superabsorbent polymers (SAP).
In the group of dressings stimulating granulation for homeostasis of uids through passive and
“retention of exudate” absorption, we include
cellulose bers, superabsorbent polymers
(SAPs), CMC, and polyurethane foam combination dressings, cellulose, SAP, and foam combination dressings, polyurethane and nally
dextranomer.
Dressings made of chemically modied cellulose bers include hydrobers made up of
100% CMC and similar, made up of 80% ethyl
sulfonated cellulose bers and 20% cellulose.
Hydrobers (100% sodium CMC) represent
highly absorbent dressings composed of sodium
carboxymethylcellulose. When they absorb the
exudate, its ber gel allowing the maintenance of
a humid environment on the wound bed favors
autolytic debridement and granulation [29].
The absorption capacity is three times greater
than for alginates, particularly useful in highly
exuded lesions and partial thickness burns. Their
80
https://t.me/medicina_free
A. Greco et al.
soft and conformable structure allows their use
on cavitary and underlined lesions. The peculiar
feature of these dressings is to ensure vertical
absorption by preventing lateral propagation of
exudates and maceration of the peri-wound skin
[30, 31].
Dressings based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
bers capable of absorbing exudate through a
gelation mechanism have also recently been
introduced on the market. PVA is a linear synthetic polymer produced by partial or complete
hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. PVA is used as a
biomaterial due to its biocompatibility and nontoxic and non-carcinogenic properties [32].
The dressings based on polyacrylates, or
superabsorbent polymers, are characterized by a
high hydrocapillary absorption capacity and a
non-adherent cross-linked interface. Also, in this
case, a high absorption and retention capacity of
the exudate is guaranteed with the absence of
leakage. This ability resides in the structure that
constitutes the central pad (hydrocapillary superabsorbent pad) composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and superabsorbent particles
(SAPs) consisting of polymers of sodium polyacrylate). Gelling foams, on the other hand, consist
of a combination of hydrober, hydrocolloid, and
polyurethane foam. They are characterized by a
low prole of the structure and a high capacity
for absorption and retention in a structure that
can be adhesive or not according to the needs.
Hydrophobia with different textures in contact
with the wound bed guarantees these properties.
Some of the dressings also have a combined
homeostatic property (calcium alginates and collagen) [33].
“Hemostatic”: Two are the technologies that
make up this subgroup, namely alginates and collagen dressings. Alginates are a family of dressings composed of polysaccharides derived from
various species of brown seaweed or
Phaeophyceae, characterized by a wide variety of
chemical composition, molecular weight, and
functional properties. Chemically, they are made
up of non-branched copolymers of β-D-
mannuronic acid and its α-L-guluronic acid epimer. Thanks to their ability to absorb uids up to
20 times their weight, they are considered highly
absorbent dressings indicated for abundantly
exuded ulcers. The calcium ions released also
have a hemostatic effect thanks to the promotion
of the coagulation cascade [34].
Other dressings transport the exudate away
from the wound by suction with negative pressure (active absorption). Active absorption refers
to the ability of some dressings to absorb uids
thanks to a process activated by an external
energy source.
The negative pressure therapy dressing positively affects the granulation tissue by stimulating cellular mitosis [35–37].
Thanks to mechanical forces inducing physical macro and biological micro-responses, this
therapy is able to play a major role in promoting
tissue reconstruction.
8.1.2.2 Bio-Induction
In the presence of devitalized tissue without clinical signs of infection or critical colonization, the
stimulation of granulation tissue is induced by
dressings that interact with the wound bed and
release bioactive components (Fig. 8.3). These
products act as reservoirs for growth factors
(platelet gel) or as matrix scaffolds allowing the
formation of new tissue (collagen or hyaluronic
acid) by attracting broblasts and macrophages
into the wound bed. In fact, the granulation process can be promoted and stimulated by biomaterials that play an important role in the healing
process. These dressings are known for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxic
nature and are generally derived from natural tissues or articial sources such as collagen [38,
39], hyaluronic acid [40–42], and chitosan [43].
Polymers of these materials are used alone or in
combination depending on the nature and type of
wound. Biological dressings are sometimes
incorporated with growth factors and antimicrobials to enhance the wound healing process.
Collagen initiates broblast formation and
accelerates endothelial migration upon contact
with wound tissue [44].
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan
component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
with unique biological and physicochemical
characteristics. Similar to collagen, HA is also
8 Advanced Moist Wound Dressing: Classication by Function
https://t.me/medicina_free
81
biocompatible, biodegradable, and naturally
immunogenic [45].
Chitosan promotes granulation tissue formation during the proliferative phase of wound healing [46, 47].
Dressings with technology lipid-colloid
(TLC) is a jellied matrix of CMC and fatty particles, and octasulfate salt of potassium (TLCNOSF) shows special activity in stimulating
broblast proliferation and reducing matrix
metalloproteinases. The activity of TLC on broblast proliferation was determined by the presence or absence of increased incorporation of
tritiated thymidine into the DNA of replicating
normal human dermal broblasts [48].
The effectiveness of TLC-NOSF in reducing
MMP activity has been demonstrated in vitro
[49].
The polyacrylate ber chassis of these dressings has absorbent, retention, and partial debridement capabilities.
8.1.3 Antimicrobial Dressings
Infection is one of the main factors that compromise healing in the wound, especially in chronic
ulcers [50]. The correct use of dressings that contain antimicrobial agents can be helpful in controlling critical colonization and local infections
and in promoting healing [51].
Antimicrobial dressings include products that
incorporate an antiseptic agent, which is a biocide
used to kill the microorganisms present in the
wound or on intact skin or inhibit their growth.
Recent advances in technology have led to the
development of a large number of antiseptic
products that are less harmful to healthy tissue
while being extremely effective in pathogens
colonization. These antiseptics include silver,
zinc oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide, and
iodine. Dressings that incorporate such antiseptics can be successfully used to avoid microbial
contamination [52–55].
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) exhibit
attractive antibacterial properties due to increased
specic surface area as the reduced particle size
leads to enhanced particle surface reactivity.
Particular emphasis was given to bactericidal and
bacteriostatic mechanisms with a focus on the
generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ·OH
(hydroxyl radicals), and ·O
−2
(peroxide anion)
2
[56].
Any capable of killing bacteria is said to be a
bactericide. Bactericides can be of physical and
chemical type [57].
Most of the antimicrobial dressings contain
topical chemical agents (chemical bactericide):
metals such as silver and copper or antiseptic surfactants (PHMB). All these substances perform
their antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and
antiviral) function by inducing the denaturation
of the proteins of the bacterium or the rupture of
the cell wall by mechanical stress, thus causing
the death of the microorganism. However, some
antimicrobial dressings have only bacteriostatic
activity. Bacteriostatic is any physical or chemical agent capable of partially or completely
inhibiting the reproduction of bacteria (keep
them in the stationary phase of growth) [58, 59].
Some examples of chemical agents of natural
polymers with bacteriostatic action are dialkyl
carbamoyl chloride (DACC) [60] and chitosan
[46, 61].
Silver has been shown to be very effective in
reducing biolms in and on medical devices [62].
Studies on the effects of silver on biolms have
been carried out highlighting positive anti- biolm
capabilities of ionic silver specically when used
in combination with specic platforms, actives,
and chassis [63].
Antimicrobial dressings can be divided into
simple and composite dressings [10]. Simple
antimicrobial dressings exert antimicrobial activity, whereas composite dressings, besides exerting antimicrobial action, have other functions,
including maintaining moisture balance, debridement, or bioactivity (Fig. 8.4). For example,
novel antimicrobial wound dressings impregnated with copper oxide micro-particles seem to
play a key role in angiogenesis and the expression and stabilization of extracellular skin proteins and also exhibit biocidal properties [64, 65].
82
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 8.4 Category and subcategories of antimicrobial dressings with bactericidal and bacteriostatic actions
A. Greco et al.
The accessory function of composite antimicrobial dressings is chosen mainly based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the
exudate present. The moisture balance of infected
exudate refers to the accessory capability of some
dressings to act on the quantitative (volume) and
qualitative (viscosity) restoration of exudate [10].
There are antimicrobial dressings, which have
an accessory function of deslough through the
hyperosmotic action of the main constitutive
matrix, which favors the debridement of the
wound. (manuka honey) [66–68].
8.1.4 Re-Epithelializing Eudermal
Dressings
Re-epithelialization, which is the proliferation by
advancement of the epithelial margins, is a very
delicate moment in the end process of the healing
of chronic wounds. In this particular stage, the
priority is not disrupting the epithelialized
wound. Many factors can inuence or interfere
with this process: maceration, xerosis, hyperkeratosis, micro-trauma, dermatitis, infection, etc.
The main functional objectives of dressings
belonging to this category are to ensure the right
level of moisture in a protected microenvironment, so that proliferation and migration of keratinocytes may be facilitated, to maintain or
re-establish the physiological parameters of the
surrounding skin. We dened dressings in this
category as eudermal dressings. Eudermic is a
denition that indicates that substance or preparation that is able to improve the physiological
state of the skin.
Eudermal dressings are characterized by the
ability to improve the physiological condition of
the skin [10].
Two main subgroups belong to this category:
protective dressings and maceration prevention/lenitive dressings (Fig. 8.5). In the rst
group, we can place atraumatic mesh silicone
and lipo-colloidal dressings and moistureretaining dressings (e.g., polyurethane lm and
thin foams, thin hydrocolloids, and patches). In
the latter, we include dressings with lenitive
effect (zinc oxide bandages and liquid acrylate
lms) or prevent maceration (modied cellulose bers dressing able to absorb and retain
exudate)
• Protective dressings are capable of maintain-
ing an adequate moisture level in a protected
8 Advanced Moist Wound Dressing: Classication by Function
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 8.5 Category and subcategories of dressings that promote epithelialization and protect surrounding skin
83
wound microenvironment where proliferation
and migration of keratinocytes are promoted.
We further distinguish them into atraumatic
dressings and dressings favoring the moist
environment. Atraumatic products include
simple silicone mesh, hydrophobic polyester
mesh, acetates, Vaseline and petrolatum
gauze, and lipo-colloidal gauze. Protective
agents favoring a moist environment include
thin hydrocolloid plates, hydrogel plates, thin
polyurethane foams, and polyurethane lms.
The latter are thin transparent polyurethane
lms permeable to gases and water vapor but
impermeable to uids and bacteria. Their
main function is to maintain an optimal moist
environment in supercial and granule-like,
poorly exuding lesions that are close to reepithelialization [69].
• An ancillary function of them is to prevent
maceration when applied as a protectant on
perilesional skin or sealant when combined
with NPWT.
• Soothing or preventing maceration dressings
can maintain or restore physiological conditions on perilesional skin. These include
polyurethane foams, acrylate liquid lms,
modied cellulose bers, zinc oxide or zinc/
Ichthyol bandages or hydrocolloids, and alginate gels or soothing gauze with active
ingredients.
8.2 Symptom-Based Dressings
The symptom is a feeling reported by the patient
that can cause an alteration of the normal felt
sense of oneself and of one’s body in relation to a
pathological condition.
Symptoms such as pain and odor accompany
the inammatory or infective state of a lesion
[70].
In some specic cases, the symptom intrusion
can prevail over the clinical state and become the
main criteria for dressing choice, for example,
with palliative dressings for a fungating neoplastic wound (malodor) or the choice of dressings
for Martorell’s ulcers (pain).
This type of clinical decision is made after an
appropriate assessment of the symptom and the
patient’s priorities to allow for a more acceptable
quality of life.
However, also in these cases it is important not
to overlook the local treatment based on the condition (status) of the wound, which will in perspective allow for the clinical improvement of the
wound.
We can distinguish two groups of dressings
based on symptoms (Symptom-based dressing):
dressings with analgesic and/or anti- inammatory
function (polyurethane foams with non-steroidal
anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [71] and
dressings for odor control (activated charcoal)
84
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 8.6 Category and subcategories of dressings that control malodour and pain
A. Greco et al.
[72]. The latter can be simple or have combined
functions, such as additional features for the control of exudate and/or bacterial load (activated
charcoal dressing impregnated with silver) [73]
(Fig.8.6).
8.3 Conclusions
The constant flow of new products and new
technologies creates more and more disorientations for clinician in choosing the most suitable device for a given wound. The common
classification of dressings based on their
chemical composition is of little utility in clinical practice where instead a functional clinical classification of dressings is much more
useful and usable.
The aim of our work is to simplify this choice
in such a way as to provide clinicians with an
immediate and simplied tool for choosing the
dressing not only based on this composition but
also on its function.
Dressing selection demands the healthcare
professionals’ ability to “read” the wound and the
capacity to respond to the clinical predominant
sign through a correct choice of modern wound
dressing.
The aim of classication by function is to provide the clinician with a tool that will allow him/
her to identify in a simple manner the appropriateness of the specic dressing in correspondence
with the clinical condition and symptoms of a
lesion (Fig.8.7).
It is the hope of the author that the continuous
use and reference to this classication, especially
in its primary indication, will provide the clinician with a tool that is simple to use. The application of an approach that clearly prioritizes the
prevalent sign of the wound and accordingly indicates the choice of dressings will in time validate
this tool.
In addition, since classication by function is
not based on the dressing product category, this
means that the inclusion of new products with
innovative technologies will be much easier in
the future. The products will in any event have to
be based on the tissue repair processes and will
need to have a therapeutic effect.
8 Advanced Moist Wound Dressing: Classication by Function
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 8.7 Overview of main categories and subcategories of dressings classied according to their functions
85
References
1. Bolton L, van Rijswijk L. Wound dressings: meeting clinical and biological needs. Dermatol Nurs.
1991;3:146–61.
2. van Rijswijk L. Ingredient-based wound dressing
classication; a paradigm that is passé and in need of
replacement. J Wound Care. 2006;15:11–4.
3. Cutting KF.Revising wound dressing classication.
Wounds UK. 2011;7:4.
4. Dabiri G, Damstetter E, Phillips T.Choosing a wound
dressing based on common wound characteristics.
Adv Wound Care. 2014;5(1):32–41.
5. Goossens A, Cleenewerck MB. New wound dressings: classication, tolerance. Eur J Dermatol.
2010;20:24–6.
6. Fan K, Tang J, Escandon J, Kirsner RS.State of the
art in topical wound-healing products. Plast Reconstr
Surg. 2011;127(Suppl):44 S.
7. Skórkowska-Telichowska K, Czemplik M, Kulma A,
Szopa J.The local treatment and available dressings
designed for chronic wounds. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2013;68:e117-26.
8. Moura LI, Dias AM, Carvalho E, de Sousa HC.Recent
advanced on development of wound dressings for diabetic foot ulcer treatment—a review. Acta Biomater.
2013;9:7093–114.
9. European Wound Management Association (EWMA).
Position document: wound bed preparation in practice. London: MEP Ltd; 2004.
10. Greco A, Mastronicola D, Magnoni C. Functional
classication of wound dressings—AIUC POSITION
DOCUMENT ON WOUND DRESSING. ACTA
Vulnol. 2014;12:143–52.
11. Whiteside MCR, Moorehead RJ. In: Leaper DJ,
Harding KG, editors. Wounds: biology and management. Oxford University Press; 1998. p.89.
12. Hofman D, etal. The role of larvae in delayed wound
healing. Wound Healing: past, present and future
(European Tissue Repair Society Focused Meeting,
Venice, Italy) 1997, p.28.
13. Mulder G, Jones R, Cederholm-Williams S, Cherry
G, Ryan T.Fibrin cuff lysis in chronic venous ulcers
treated with a hydrocolloid dressing. Int J Dermatol.
1993;32(4):304–6.
14. Surowiecka A, Struzyna J, Winiarska A, Korzeniowski
T. Hydrogels in burn wound management—a
review. Gels. 2022;8:122. https://doi.org/10.3390/
gels8020122.
15. Holbert MD, Kimble RM, Chateld M, Grifn
BR.Effectiveness of a hydrogel dressing as an analgesic adjunct to rst aid for the treatment of acute
paediatric burn injuries: a prospective randomised
controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e039981.
16. De Decker I, De Graeve L, Hoeksema H, Monstrey
S, Verbelen J, De Coninck P, Vanlerberghe E, Claes
KEY. Enzymatic debridement: past, present, and
future. Acta Chir Belg. 2022;122(4):279–95. https://
doi.org/10.1080/00015458.2022.2068746. Epub 2022
May 4. PMID: 35440290
17. Ramundo J, Gray M. Collagenase for enzymatic
debridement: a systematic review. J Wound Ostomy
Continence Nurs. 2009;36(6 Suppl):S4–11. https://
doi.org/10.1097/WON.0b013e3181bfdf83.
18. Patry J, Blanchette V. Enzymatic debridement with
collagenase in wounds and ulcers: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Int Wound J. 2017;14(6):1055–65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12760. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
PMID: 28440050; PMCID: PMC7950028
86
https://t.me/medicina_free
A. Greco et al.
19. Meads C, Lovato E, Longworth L. The debrisoft(®) monolament debridement pad for use
in acute or chronic wounds: A NICE Medical
Technology Guidance. Appl Health Econ Health
Policy. 2015;13(6):583–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s40258-015-0195-0. PMID: 26315567; PMCID:
PMC4661219.
20. Dalac S, Sigal L, Addala A, Chahim M, etal. Clinical
evaluation of a dressing with poly absorbent bres
and a silver matrix for managing chronic wounds at
risk of infection: a non-comparative trial. J Wound
Care. 2016;25(9):531–8. https://doi.org/10.12968/
jowc.2016.25.9.531.
21. Percival SL, Suleman L.Slough and biolm: removal
of barriers to wound healing by desloughing. J Wound
Care. 2015;24(11):498–510. https://doi.org/10.12968/
jowc.2015.24.11.498.
22. Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V. The wound healing
process: an overview of the cellular and molecular
mechanisms. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(5):1528–42.
23. Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker
MT. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature.
2008;453(7193):314–21.
24. Knighton D, Silver IA, Hunt TK. Regulation of
wound-healing angiogenesis: effect of oxygen gradients and inspired oxygen concentration. Surgery.
1981;90:262–70.
25. Varghese MC, Balin AK, Carter DM, Caldwell
D.Local environment of chronic wounds under synthetic dressings. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:52–7.
26. Romagnolo SC, Benedetto AV.Wound dressings. In:
Snow SN, Mikhail GR, editors. Mohs micrographic
surgery. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press;
2004. p.219–31.
27. World Union of Wound Healing Societies (WUWHS).
Principles of best practice: wound exudate and the
role of dressings. A consensus document. London:
MEP Ltd; 2007.
28. Derwin R, Patton D, Avsar P, Strapp H, Moore Z.The
impact of topical agents and dressing on pH and temperature on wound healing: a systematic, narrative
review. Int Wound J. 2022;19(6):1397–408. https://
doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13733. Epub 2021 Dec 20.
PMID: 34931445; PMCID: PMC9493238
29. Naik G, Harding KG. Assessment of acceptability and ease of use of gelling ber dressings in the
management of heavily exuding wounds. Chronic
Wound Care Manag Res. 2019;6:19–26. https://doi.
org/10.2147/CWCMR.S162687.
30. Walker A, Brace J. A multipurpose dressing: role of
a Hydrober foam dressing in managing wound exudate. J Wound Care. 2019;28(Sup9a):S4–S10. https://
doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2019.28.Sup9a.S4. PMID:
31536459
31. Mennini N, Greco A, Bellingeri A, De Vita F,
Petrella F. Quality of wound dressings: a rst step
in establishing shared criteria and objective procedures to evaluate their performance. J Wound
Care. 2016;25(8):428–37. https://doi.org/10.12968/
jowc.2016.25.8.428.
32. Mogoşanu GD, Grumezescu AM. Natural and
synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressing. Int J Pharm. 2014;463(2):127–36. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.015. Epub 2013 Dec
22
33. Wang L, Hao F, Tian S, Dong H, Nie J, Ma
G. Targeting polysaccharides such as chitosan, cellulose, alginate and starch for designing hemostatic
dressings. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;291:119574.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119574. Epub
2022 May 7. PMID: 35698393
34. Yu P, Zhong W. Hemostatic materials in wound
care. Burns. Trauma. 2021;9:tkab019. https://doi.
org/10.1093/burnst/tkab019. PMID: 34541007;
PMCID: PMC8445204
35. Morykwas MJ, Faler BJ, Pearce DJ, Argenta
LC. Effects of varying levels of subatmospheric
pressure on the rate of granulation tissue formation
in experimental wounds in swine. Ann Plast Surg.
2001;47:547–51.
36. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber
D, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast
Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1086–96.
37. Greene AK, Puder M, Roy R, Arsenault D, Kwei S,
Moses MA, etal. Microdeformational wound therapy:
effects on angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases
in chronic wounds of 3 debilitated patients. Ann Plast
Surg. 2006;56:418–22.
38. Ramshaw JAM, Werkmeister JA, Glatteur
V. Collagen based biomaterials. Biotechnol Rev.
1995;13:336–82.
39. Rao KP. Recent developments of collagen-based
materials for medical applications and drug delivery. J
Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 1995;7:623–45.
40. Doillon CJ, Silver FH.Collagen-based wound dressing: effect of hyaluronic acid and bronectin on
wound healing. Biomaterials. 1986;7:3–8.
41. Graça MFP, Miguel SP, Cabral CSD, Correia
IJ. Hyaluronic acid—based wound dressings: a
review. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;116364 https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116.
42. Cortes H, Caballero-Florán IH, Mendoza-Muñoz
N, Córdova-Villanueva EN, Escutia-Guadarrama
L, Figueroa-González G, Reyes-Hernández OD,
González-Del Carmen M, Varela-Cardoso M,
Magaña JJ, Florán B, Del Prado-Audelo ML, LeyvaGómez G. Hyaluronic acid in wound dressings.
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand). 2020;66(4):191–8.
PMID:32583795
43. Ishihara M, Nakanishi K, Ono K, Sato M, Kikuchi M,
Saito Y, etal. Photo crosslinkable chitosan as a dressing for wound occlusion and accelerator in healing
process. Biomaterials. 2002;23:833–40.
44. Mathew-Steiner SS, Roy S, Sen CK. Collagen in
wound healing. Bioengineering. 2021;8:63. https://
doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050063.
45. Supp DM, Boyce ST. Engineered skin substitutes: practices and potentials. Clin Dermatol.
2005;23:403–12.
8 Advanced Moist Wound Dressing: Classication by Function
https://t.me/medicina_free
87
46. Matica MA, Aachmann FL, Tøndervik A, Sletta
H, Ostafe V. Chitosan as a wound dressing starting material: antimicrobial properties and mode of
action. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):5889. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235889. PMID: 31771245;
PMCID: PMC6928789
47. Ueno H, Mori T, Fujinaga T.Topical formulations and
wound healing applications of chitosan. Adv Drug
Deliv Rev. 2001;52:105–15.
48. White R, Cowan T, Glover D. Supporting
evidence- based practice: a clinical review of TLC
healing matrix. 2nd ed. London: MA Healthcare
Ltd; 2015.
49. Coulomb B, Couty L, Fournier B, et al. Evaluation
of the matrix impregnated with NOSF (Nano Oligo
Saccharide Factor) in an invitro dermal reconstruction model. JPC. 2008;63(8):54–7.
50. White RJ.Wound colonization and infection: the role
of topical antimicrobials. Br J Derm. 2003;
51. Vowden P, Cooper RA, European Wound Management
Association (EWMA). Position document: management of wound infection. London: MEP Ltd; 2006.
52. Hebeish A, El-Rae MH, EL-Sheikh MA, Seleem
AA, El-Naggar ME. Antimicrobial wound dressing
and anti-inammatory efcacy of silver nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;65:509–15. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.071.
53. Beele H, Meuleneire F, Nahuys M, Percival SL. A
prospective randomised open label study to evaluate
the potential of a new silver alginate/carboxymethylcellulose antimicrobial wound dressing to promote
wound healing. Int Wound J. 2010;7:262–70. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1742- 481X.2010.00669.x.
54. Adlhart C, Verran J, Azevedo NF, Olmez H,
Keinänen-Toivola MM, Gouveia I, Melo LF, Crijns
F. Surface modications for antimicrobial effects
in the healthcare setting: a critical overview. J Hosp
Infect. 2018;99:239–49.
55. Paduraru A, et al. Antimicrobial wound dressings
as potential materials for skin tissue regeneration.
Materials. 1859;2019:12. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ma12111859.
56. Oyarzun-Ampuero F, Vidal A, Concha M, Morales
J, Orellana S, Moreno-Villoslada I. Nanoparticles
for the treatment of wounds. Curr Pharm Des.
2015;21(29):4329–41. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816
12821666150901104601.
57. Books GF, Caroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Mietzner
TA. Medical microbiology. 26th ed. McGraw Hill
Companies, Inc; 2013. 877
58. Rippon MG, Rogers AA, Ousey K. Antimicrobial
stewardship strategies in wound care: evidence
to support the use of dialkylcarbamoyl chloride
(DACC)- coated wound dressings. J Wound Care.
2021;30(4):284–96. https://doi.org/10.12968/
jowc.2021.30.4.284.
59. McDonnell G, Russell AD.Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol
Rev. 1999;12(1):147–79. https://doi.org/10.1128/
CMR.12.1.147. Erratum in: Clin Microbiol Rev 2001
Jan;14(1):227. PMID: 9880479; PMCID: PMC88911
60. Totty JP, Bua N, Smith GE, Harwood AE, Carradice
D, Wallace T, Chetter IC.Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride
(DACC)-coated dressings in the management and
prevention of wound infection: a systematic review.
J Wound Care. 2017;26(3):107–14. https://doi.
org/10.12968/jowc.2017.26.3.107.
61. Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Sha ME,
Zabermawi NM, Arif M, Batiha GE, Khafaga AF, Abd
El-Hakim YM, Al-Sagheer AA. Antimicrobial and
antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives
and their applications: a review. Int J Biol Macromol.
2020;164:2726–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2020.08.153. Epub 2020 Aug 22
62. Gentry H, Cope S. Using silver to reduce catheterassociated urinary tract infections. Nurs Stand.
2005;19:51–4.
63. Percival SL, McCarty SM.Silver and alginates: role
in wound healing and biolm control. Adv Wound
Care (New Rochelle). 2015;4(7):407–14. https://doi.
org/10.1089/wound.2014.0541. PMID: 26155383;
PMCID: PMC4486446
64. Borkow G, Okon-Levy N, Gabbay J.Copper oxide
impregnated wound dressing: biocidal and safety
studies. Wounds. 2010;22(12):301–10.
65. Melamed E, Kiambi P, Okoth D, Honigber I, Tamir
E, Borkow G. Healing of chronic wounds by copper oxide-impregnated wound dressings-case series.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(3):296. https://doi.
org/10.3390/medicina57030296. PMID: 33809898;
PMCID: PMC8004176
66. Molan PC. Debridement of wounds with honey. J
Wound Technol. 2009;5:12–7.
67. White R. Manuka honey in wound management:
greater than the sum of its parts? J Wound Care.
2016;25(9):539–43.
68. Israili ZH. Antimicrobial properties of honey. Am J
Ther. 2014;21(4):304–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/
mjt.0b013e318293b09b.
69. Fletcher J. Using lm dressings. Nurs Times.
2003;99(25):57.
70. Glynn C.The control of pain associated with chronic
leg ulcers. In: The Oxford European wound healing course handbook. Oxford: Positif Press; 2002
pp99–109.
71. Arapoglou V, Katsenis K, Syrigos KN, Dimakakos
EP, Zakopoulou N, Gjødsbøl K, Glynn C, Schäfer
E, Petersen B, Tsoutos D. Analgesic efcacy of an
ibuprofen-releasing foam dressing compared with
local best practice for painful exuding wounds. J
Wound Care. 2011;20(7):319–20., 322-5. https://doi.
org/10.12968/jowc.2011.20.7.319.
72. Williams C.Role of CarboFlex in the nursing management of wound odour. Br J Nurs. 2001;10(2):122–
5. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2001.10.2.5395.
73. Hampton S.Actisorb Silver 220: a unique antibacterial dressing. Br J Community Nurs. 2001;6(8 Silver
Suppl):17–9.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана