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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5569_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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8.3 Agronomy ofPlant
8.3.1 Soil Condition
Soil texture or structure has a signicant impact in developing the plant and supplying the nutrients in the soil. Soil aggregation and soil nutrient have a signicant link,
with excellent soil accumulation being associated with the quantity of usable
organic contents as well as biological activities in the soil [11]. Because of mechanical demolition as well as inadequate drying, poor soil compaction inhibits plant
development and diminishes nutrient absorption, and also alters the growth and
activity of roots [12].
All costus cultivars thrive in partial shade and early morning light. These plants
require more water as the sun increases. They should always be well hydrated,
regardless of where they are. The soil should be light and well-draining. The plant
can thrive in a vast range of soils, from coastal alluvium to thick brown forest soil. It
thrives on alluvial soils with a grimy to clay loam nature and a pH range of 5.7–7.5.
8.3.2 Climatic Condition
It may be cultivated everywhere from sea level to around 1500 metres above sea
level. Areas between 400 and 600 metres above mean sea level, on the other hand.
A subtropical environment with rainfall ranging from 1000 to 1500mm produces
high-quality materials. The optimal conditions for growing are high humid and a
minimum temperature of 13°C. In naturally existing plant populations, a specic
dry interval between monsoon rains leads to greater diosgenin levels. In terms of
diosgenin content, coastal locations and places with high yearly moisture and rain
level would results in the low-quality plant population.
8.3.3 Propagation
Costus speciosus may be reproduced in a variety of ways, including vegetative
propagation utilizing rhizome pieces [13], culm division, stem cuttings [14], and
seed dispersal by birds [15].
Only rhizome cuttings are used to grow it commercially. It’s crucial to choose the
right rhizomes for the plant. There are a lot of nipple-shaped buds on the rhizomes.
During April, bud production on the rhizomes is low. At least two healthy buds
should be present in rhizome piece cuttings for propagation. Pieces of rhizome
weighing roughly 40kg should be chosen.
Seeds can also be used to cultivate it. Birds disseminate Costus seeds as they dine
on the fruits. The germination rate of seeds is around 62%.
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S. Aslam etal.
8.3.4 Land Preparation
The land should be cultivated 2–3 times and the topsoil should be ne tilthed. FYM
is applied at a rate of 15 tonnes per acre and well mixed with the soil. Furrows are
opened at 50cm apart.
8.3.5 Planting
The portions of rhizome should be planted at a depth of 8–10cm and spaced 50cm
apart in horizontal rows before being covered with dirt. The crop is watered as soon
as it is planted. Thick-sized portions emerge slowly during the rst 40–45days after
sowing. This is because the eye buds present on these rhizome pieces are inactive,
taking long time period to grow, exclusively if the crop was planted in the month of
April. After 70–75 days, 90–95% of the seeds have sprouted. The best time to plant
is between the third week of April to the third week of May.
Rhizomes sown in sixth and seventh month, germinate in 60days, but the production is poor since the crop has a shorter growth phase before dormancy sets in
the rst year. The crop’s active vegetative growth cycle is from July to September,
with maximal tuberization occurring from September to November before dormancy sets in (Fig.8.1).
Fig. 8.1 Graphical representation of growth of Costus plant
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8.3.6 Manuring
It is a rhizomatous crop, and considerable manuring is necessary to compensate for
the biomass output. According to reports, 45kg, 30kg, and 30kg of nitrogen, P2O5
and K2O fertilizers, respectively, as well as 15 tonnes of FYM, are required per acre.
It was reported in an experiment that for stem height with inorescence, the contact plant spacing as well as phosphorus dosages revealed that the 1.20×0.8 m
spacing produced maximum outcomes regardless of the amount of phosphorus
used, While for clump height treatment, the spacing was 1.20×0.80m and 35g of
phosphorus produced the best results. For all other factors studied, phosphorus fertilizers had no inuence on C. speciosus ower output, and a spacing of 1.2×0.8m
is suggested for development of owers of C. speciosus.
8.3.7 Irrigation
For optimal growth, the crops require a large amount of water. The crop sown in
April and May has to be watered at least twice a month until the monsoon arrives.
If winter rainfall is scarce during the dormancy period, irrigation is required.
Fourteen to seventeen irrigations are necessary for a crop to be harvested after
17–18months.
8.3.8 Ecology
This medicative plant is native to the Indian Himalaya, but due to its limited distribution and heavy cultivation, it has been listed as Endangered and Critically
Endangered by the Red Data Book (RDB) of Indian Plants and the International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), respectively [16].
In the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the perennial costus plant grows wild
along the Indo-Pakistan border. These herbs were rst grown in the Himalayan area
of Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand (UK) in 1920 and 1929, respectively
[17]. Costus has over 70 species, out of which 40 species that are found in tropical
America, 25in West tropical Africa, and 5in South-East Asia [18]. The plant is
found in Africa’s woodland belt from Senegal to Ethiopia and east to Tanzania. It is
found in tropical West Africa’s rain forests and riverbanks in nations such as
Cameroon, Senegal, Ghana, Guinea, Togo, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria [8, 19].
The Malay Peninsula of Southeast Asia is home to Costus speciosus (Koening)
sm. In India, the plant grows wild in the sections of central India, Sub-Himalayan
region and the Kerala Western Ghats, Karnataka and Maharashtra [20]. The Costus
has about 100 different species. The blossom colour of the several costus species
varies. Flowers and bracts on some types resemble compact cones, while others
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resemble pineapples or soft crepes emerging from green cones. On the abaxial surface, some leaves are hairy, while others are smooth and purple [21]. India is home
to about seven species of the Costus Linn. genus.
S. Aslam etal.
8.3.9 Pest andDiseases
Pests and diseases do not appear to be a major issue for Costus because of the longterm health. They may be nibbled by caterpillars in the garden, and they may be
harmed by red spider mite indoors, but that’s about it. Particularly in light, sandy
soil, mites and nematodes might be the reasons of damage to the plant crop of Costus.
8.4 Origin andDistribution ofCostus Plant
C. speciosus has been found on several continents, in which North America, Africa,
Asia, as well as Oceania are included, but it is mostly a Southeast Asian and
Malaysian native. China, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,
Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and
Indonesia are all home to this species. However, this specie is an introduced species
in Oceania as well as in North America. This plant is invasive in North American
nations such as Cuba, the United States, Hawaii, and many regions of Oceania [22].
It may be found in mountain ranges such as the Western Ghats and the Himalayas
in India. Andhra Pradesh, Himachal, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Pradesh, West
Bengal and Tamil Nadu are among the other states with distribution facts [20].
8.5 Important Phytochemical Constituents ofCostus Plant
C. speciosus is commonly utilised in different indigenous medical systems to treat
a variety of maladies, including diabetes and its accompanying disorders. The leaves
extracts have potential of lowering the level of blood glucose as studied in
C57BLKS/J db/db mice and also exhibited hypoglycemic qualities and insulin
potentiating activity [23]. Diabetics have traditionally eaten one leaf of C. speciosus
each day to manage blood glucose levels [24]. C. speciosus contains large number
of phytochemicals with potent therapeutical potential such as anti-helmintic, astringency, expectorant, purgative, depurative, febrifuge, aphrodisiac, and bitterness
[25]. This plant’s major secondary metabolites include alkaloids, glycosides, avanoids, sterols, sesquiterpenes and phenols [26]. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that
the herb contains considerable levels of saponins, with the principal saponins
extracted from their seeds include dioscin, diosgenin and gracillin [27–29].
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Fig. 8.2 Representation of potential phytochemical constituents present in different parts of
Costus specious
177
Costus speciosus rhizomes include saponins such as alkaloids, steroids, sapogenin, tigogenin, as well as diosgenin [30, 31]. The rhizomes and stems also comprise
starch mucilage, aliphatic hydroxyl ketones, triterpenes, abscisic acid, corticosteroids, fatty acids, oxa-acids, and tigogenin [32]. Lupeol, amyrin, and α-amyrin stearate have also been extracted from rhizomes while from leaves, palmitates have
been extracted. Stearic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, gadoleic acid and behenic
acid are all found in the seed fat. Glucose, galactose, rhamnose, and diosgenin were
found in defatted seeds [33]. Seeds yield two novel dihyrophytilplastoquinone and
its methyl derivatives, including α-tocopherolquinone and quinones (Fig.8.2).
Costus speciosus and C. tonkinensis (Zingiberaceae) from Yunnan province were
studied for their chemical contents. Diosgenin, diosgenone, 25-en-cycloartenol,
prosapogenin B of dioscin, and cycloartanol were extracted from the C. speciosus
rhizomes. The rhizome of Costus tonkinensis possess succinic acid, tetracosanoic
acid, and beta-sitosterol [34].
The Diosgenin is a key raw ingredient present in C. afer that is used as a precursor in the biosynthesis of many steroids such as sex hormones, oral contraceptives
and corticosteroids. The saponins aferosides A-C, along with the parphyllin C, diosein and the avonoid glycoside kaempterol, 3-O-Lrhamnopyranoside, are all found
in the rhizomes [10]. In preclinical trials, diosgenin demonstrated a wide spectrum
of pharmacological actions. It has neuroprotective, anticancer, immunomodulatory,
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HO
HO
Dioscin(Saponin)
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S. Aslam etal.
cardiovascular protective, estrogenic, anti-diabetic and skin protective properties,
primarily by inducing prevention of inammatory events, apoptosis, regulation of
T-cell immune response, decreasing oxidative stress, suppressing malignant transformation and promotion of cellular differentiation/proliferation, among other
things. It causes apoptosis by interfering with cell death pathways as well as by their
regulators i.e. the actin cytoskeleton to alter cellular motility and by altering the
epithelial-mesenchymal transition, limiting the angiogenesis and decreasing matrix
barrier breakdown. Diosgenin also plays a role in the inhibition of tumour spread.
Diosgenin also increases antioxidant capacity and reduces lipid peroxidation [35].
It was studied that the potent phytochemical i.e. eremanthin extracted from C. spe-
ciosus lowered the plasma glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar
rats [36]. This plant’s rhizomes are also rich in sitosterol, dioscin, D-glucoside and
gracillin, as evidenced by HPLC-MS and NMR analysis [7, 25] (Fig.8.3).
O
H
H
H
H
HO
H
HO
HO
HO
OH
O
H
Diosgenin
O
Daucosterin
H
H
H
OH
HO
O
HO HO
25-en-cycloartenol
OH
O
O
O
O O
HO
OH
H
OH
a-amyrinstearate
O
H
H
H
b-sitosterol
O
O
Fig. 8.3 Chemical Structures of few phytochemical constituents present in Costus plant
HO
OH
3-ß-acetoxy-9(11)-baccharene
(+)-germacrene A
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HO
5a-stigmast9(11)-en-3ß-ol
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
OH
O
HO
HO
O
OH
CH
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CH
H3C
CH
3
O
H
O
H
O
3
CH3H
H H
O
Gracillin
O
H
H
3
O
HO
HO
O
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
ProsapogeninsA
Fig. 8.3 (continued)
H H
O
O
O
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
O
O
a-cyclocostunolide
HO
O
O
O
O
Cynaropicrin
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HO
3
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H3C
CH
S. Aslam etal.
H3C
CH
3
H
CH
3
CH
H
3
H
3
O
O
b-amyrin
O
O
Eremanthin
Fig. 8.3 (continued)
8.6 Medicinal Uses
HO
H3C
Camphene
H3C
H3C
a-Humulene
CH
H
CH
Costunolide
H3C
H3C
O
CH
CH
3
Zerumbone
CH
3
H3C
CH
2
H3C
H
CH
H
3
CH
H
3
3
3
Around 70–80% of the global’s population is reliant on old-fashioned medicine
based on medicinal plants. According to research data around 20,000 plant species
are used by African native peoples for different medicinal and other uses [37]. Some
Nigerian medicinal herbs are as effective as modern medication.
Antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antidiuretic, anti-inammatory, analgesic,
anti-hyperglycemic, antipyretic, estrogenic, and anti-stress actions have all been
discovered in C. speciosus [38]. The rhizomes of C. speciosus plant are eaten as a
vegetable as well as it has also been utilized to make pickles, while owers and
leaves are utilized to make beverages in some places [26].
The bitter rhizomes have anthelmintic, astringent, and expectorant effects [39–
41]. The rhizome extract is a tonic that helps with burning sensations, constipation,
leprosy, anemia, asthma, and other skin conditions [42]. Costus rhizomes are used
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as a herbal treatment for fever. It was found out that the rhizome of C. speciosus
exhibits hepatoprotective properties [43]. Boils are treated with rhizome paste,
which is also used to create sexual hormones and contraception. Scabies and gastrointestinal problems are treated with the leaves. Blisters are treated with a paste made
from stems. Snake bites are treated with rhizome extract [44–46]. The stimulant,
carminative, diuretic, digestive, and antibacterial characteristics of C. speciosus
have made it a popular therapeutic plant for centuries. Internally, the rhizome is
used to treat stomach discomfort, liver issues, jaundice, gall bladder pain, and other
ailments. C. speciosus leaves and rhizomes have been shown to contain the steroid
diosgenin, which has anti-diabetic properties. Other properties of the rhizomes
include being strongly laxative, expectorant, astringent, depurative, anthelmintic,
febrifuge, tonic as well as alleged to help with ingestion [47, 48]. C. speciosus rhizome juice has been utilized to treat abortion besides leprosy, and it is famous for
having a cooling effect, so it is used to treat severe headaches [48]. Furthermore,
because of their medicinal properties, the rhizomes, stem and leaves have been utilized for traditional purposes; e.g. the infusion of stem and leaves decoction has a
sudoric effect, therefore it’s extract used to cure patients suffering from high fever;
occasionally [49]. Additionally, the sap of stems and young leaves are used for curing infections of eye and ear, catarrhal fever, colds, and coughs, as well as snake
bites [13, 47].
C. afer is a benecial remedial plant, widely used in South-West and South-East
Nigeria for its anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic, and anti-inammatory characteristics
[50]. In Ogoni country, Rivers State, the extracted juice of C. afer is used as drops
for curing the ocular irritation and deformities. Chewing the young, fragile leaves is
thought to offer vigour to the weak and dehydrated sufferer. Stomach troubles are
treated with an infusion of the inorescence [51].
The rhizome of the Costus igenus also known as insulin plant is bitter, purgative,
astringent, cooling, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant, aphrodisiac, depurative
and useful in the treatment of burnt skin, worm infection, leprosy, skin diseases,
constipation, breathing issues, swellings, and anaemia [25]. Research was done to
investigate the effectiveness of aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. igneus in rats
with diabetes-induced hyperlipidemia. The researchers discovered that the diabetesinduced hyperlipidemia cured by the 200mg/kg body weight of its aqueous and
methanolic extracts [52]. In Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats, an alcoholic extract
of C. igneus at a dosage of 400mg/kg (P.O) dramatically reduced blood cholesterol,
triglycerides, and LDL [53].
The roots have a pleasant, aromatic odour and are used to treat vagotonic bronchial asthma as well as an antiseptic. Rheumatism, cholera, jaundice, dysentery,
bronchitis, skin diseases, stomach illnesses, ulcers, edoema, cold, cough, and toothache temperature are all said to be treated with the herb. Costus oil, collected from
the plant’s roots, is used in high-quality perfume formulations and hair oils; it is also
benecial in curing leprosy. Costus roots are used as a pesticide to protect woolen
clothing from insects and as incense in the Indian Himalayan area. The upper plant
section is used as fuel and fodder in the Himachal Pradesh area of Lahaul and Spiti
(L&S), while the dried leaves are used as tobacco [54].
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Caspase3
Up regulatory
mechanism of action
by following molecules
Action Mechanism of
C.speciosus as
anticancer in in-vivo
studies
Down regulatory
mechanism of action
by following molecules
Fig. 8.4 Action mechanism of C.speciosus as anticancer potential in in-vivo studies [55]
Caspase9
PTEN
Bax
Anti-oxidant activity
Survivin
BCL-2
G2 /M phasearrrest
The active phytochemical compounds of C. speciosus like Camphene, Lupeol,
Beta-amyrin, Costunolide, Diosgenin Zerumbone, and Alpha-humulene, exhibited
potent anticancer potential. In addition several in vitro and in vivo studies have
shown that these phytochemicals followed many down-regulatory and up- regulatory
mechanisms (Figs. 8.4 and 8.5). The transcription factor p53 plays an important
inhibitory role in the proliferation of cancerous cells, regulation of apoptotic pathways and induction of ROS through the up-regulatory mechanisms [55].
8.7 Diosgenin
Diosgenin is one of the tenth most vital sources of steroids, as well as the most commonly authorized plant-based pharmaceutical. It is responsible for biochemical and
morphological changes in megakaryocyte cells due to differences in lipoxygenase
activity in human erythryoleukaemia cells and also involved in breakdown of cholesterol [56].
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