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162
HO
3
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Aslam etal.
L-tryosine
CO
HO
COOH
NH
2
2
(b)(c)
H
NH
2
Tryamine
(a)
(d)
HO
HO
HO
HO
CO
HO
HO
L-dopa
2
Dopamine
(e)
NH
OH
COOH
NH
NH
2
COOH
2
H
2
(f)
HO
HO
HN
H
CH
Scheme 7.2 Metabolic pathway of L-dopa. Reaction conditions; (a) tryosinehydrolyase, (b) tryosine decarboxylase, (c) DOPA-decarboxylase, (e) monophenol hydroxylase, (e) dopamine
β-hydroxylase, (f) phenylethanolamineN-methyltransferase
are effective against various diseases so that they may be used to design and create
effective therapies for these disorders. Another research study suggests that this
plant has shown numerous healing properties. As a result of its multidirectional
properties, we can say that its phytochemicals and their derivatives has potential to
be proven as potent drugs. The existence of bioactive substances like tannins and
polyphenols demonstrates that this herb’s constituents are diverse. These differences are caused by differences in topography, production rate, preparation methods, climatic conditions, and different environmental components. More
investigation into the phytochemical properties of Mucuna beans is therefore
required to see whether they may be used as natural pesticides to benet the environment, human and animal health and nutrition, and both. As a result, further clinical studies should be conducted to determine its full potential.
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Chapter 8
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Costus
SanaAslam, MatloobAhmad, SalmaShahid, AmeerFawadZahoor,
andArwaA.AL-Huqail
8.1 Introduction
Family Costaceae
Subfamily Coastaceae
Scientic name Costus speciosus
English/Common Name Crepe Ginger
8.2 Plant Description
In 1753, a Swedish Botanist, Linnaeus rst designed the Costaceae family which
includes herbaceous perennial plants such as Costus (previously acknowledged as
Hellenia, after a Finnish botanist, Carl Niclas von Hellens). The Costus plant species are found in Africa, Asia, and America’s subtropical and tropical environments
S. Aslam
Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. Ahmad (
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
e-mail: matloob.ahmad@gcuf.edu.pk
S. Shahid
Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Department of Biochemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A. A. AL-Huqail
Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq etal. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_8
*) · A. F. Zahoor
171
172
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S. Aslam etal.
[1]. Costus plants are linked to ginger and were once included in the same
Zingiberaceae family as ginger. Costaceae is the new family name for them. The
Zingiberaceae family contains approximately 52 genera and over 1300 species that
are originated in the America, tropical Asia, and Africa [2]. Costaceae is simply
identied as well as different from other Zingiberales families by branched or completely developed aerial shots with a distinctive single layered spiral phyllotaxy [3].
Due to wide-ranging correspondences in oral properties as well as inorescence,
Costaceae was previously classied as a subfamily of Zingiberaceae family [1]. In
the Costus genus 175 species are found [4]. Costus is one of the most researched
genera owing to its medicinal and pharmacological qualities. There are many species in this family, including Costus chartaceus, Costus asae, Costus barbatus,
Costus igneus, Costus giganteus, Costus spectabilis, and Costus cuspidatus, with
variations in bloom or colour [5]. Some types have bracts and owers that bloom
with compact cones, whereas others have soft crepe or pineapple like owers that
sprout from the green cones [6]. The Costus Plants also have variety of leaves, with
some being pubescent on the axial surface and others being smooth and purple [5].
Costus speciosus is a traditional plant used for treating diabetes and referred to
as the “insulin plant.” Crepe ginger, kemak, kebu, kostam, keyu, keyaful, keomol,
kebuka, kembu, kostam, kondige, pushkarmula, as well as penva are all names used
for the perennial herbaceous ornamental plant C. speciosus [7]. Regardless of its
visuals, its traditional, therapeutic, and pharmacological implications have generated the curiosity of academics all over the world.
In damp soil, the plant thrives. The perennating part of C. speciosus is the underlying rhizome, that is divided into internodes or nodes and the vegetative phase of
upper part of ground remains for 7 to 8months. These plants grow from a rhizome
that produces one bloom on a spike and are subtropical to tropical. Costus plants
may reach heights of 6–10feet (2–3m) in the landscape, making them ideal for
adding height to the landscape. They can withstand temperatures ranging from 7 to
12°C.Costus is known for its spiraling stems, which separate it from cousins like
Zingiber (real ginger). Spiral gingers refer to the genus as a whole, but it can also
apply to C. barbatus specically.
An unbranched tropical plant i.e., Costus afer Ker-Gawl having creeping rhizomes. This plant has small monocot shrub which grows in gigantic and humid
woods and beside rivers [8]. It is a perennial plant with yellow and white blooms
that may grow up to 4m tall [8, 9]. It has spirally organised simple leaves. The
sheath is green but spotted with purple closed, and lobular. The glabrous and leathery ligule is 4–8 mm long. The leaf blade is oval to obovate and is 15–35 cm
× 3.5–9.5 cm [10]. The ower is bisexual and zygomorphic, and the border is
sparsely hairy.
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