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A. Ellis and T. Wallace
Page 16: Managerial Tracking
ofClinic Operations
In order to maintain historical context and stay
up-to-date, the CWH Co-Managers keep constant, meticulous track of all small- and wideranging clinical operations and events. This is
done using shared, secure Google Spreadsheets,
which are added to almost daily. These are as
follows:
1. CWH/HBOT Manager’s List
This is an informal, voluminous document
and an invaluable resource which we use to
comprehensively track everything which
takes place in the department. We document
on all projects, maintain detailed notes on
associate or interdepartmental engagements,
and add continued updates on any Provider,
entity, staff, or administrative requests which
cross our desks. We then continuously add
notes on any progress, updates, movements
on, or conclusions to these events. Current
and active items are kept at the top of the list,
divided by category; completed items are
moved to the bottom of the list to keep on
hand for reference.
This document serves as a comprehensive
catalog and history for our department. It
helps us to track stafng structures and hiring
efforts, associate histories from hiring, clinical scheduling evolutions, timeline histories
and next steps for active projects, relevant
contact details throughout the hospital and
entity, and step-by-step workow details for
future use and ease of return.
2. Time and Attendance
One of the most persistently frustrating
issues we deal with in Management are inconsistencies in our associates’ Time and
Attendance. Another of our shared spreadsheets is for tracking their lateness, absences,
and callouts. This allows for an at-a-glance
look at the distribution of any of these patterns
among our associates, and for quick access to
information when we need to document or
refer to the Attendance details in disciplinary
documentation or sit-downs. Our associates
know we track this performance aspect diligently, and that they will be held to account
for any ongoing violations of our hospital and
departmental Time and Attendance policies.
We also make a Google spreadsheet to
track our associates’ Holiday Requests around
Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s.
This helps us to ensure adequate staff coverage for clinic and equitable distribution of
time out for each staff member during these
holidays.
3. Facilities Requests
This sheet is used to track the timeline and
status for any outstanding departmental
Facilities- related requests. These include
items like department touch-ups, equipment
replacement, installation of new electronics or
media, and requests for systems upgrades. It
is shared with and most regularly updated by
our Executive Assistant.
As a practice, we also all utilize the Practice
Share Drive (“Limbshare”) to preserve, access,
maintain, and update all clinic-related documents, resources, workows, handouts, paperwork templates, etc.
Page 17: Associate Engagement
For our Leadership to ensure a consistently open
dialogue and line of communication throughout
our practice, several forums are held with
consistency.
1. Weekly Operational Meetings: “Ops”
This meeting takes place every Thursday
just before our weekly all-staff meeting.
Attendees are, at minimum, our two practice
Chiefs/Providers (Dr. Attinger and Dr.
Steinberg), the two CWH/HBOT Managers,
Tara and Amara, and our department’s
Practice Administrator. Our other Attending
Providers are also invited and make a point to
attend when their schedules allow, as does our
Administrative Director.
This brief (30min) weekly meeting allows
for this group to catch up on clinic- and systemwide operations and to address and strategize

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on any new or ongoing issues. Constant communication between our leadership teams is
essential in keeping our operations up-to-date,
forward-moving, and as streamlined as possible from the ground up. It also helps to ensure
we are accounting for every perspective in
tackling an issue and allows us to maintain a
consistently unied lead and messaging to our
staff and individual teams.
2. Weekly Thursday Staff Meetings
This meeting is also brief at 30 min and
takes place every Thursday just after our Ops
Meeting. Under regular circumstances (i.e.,
pre-pandemic), all present CWH/HBOT staff
gather in our department’s conference room,
before starting the clinic day. These meetings
are most often hosted by the Nurse Manager,
or by the Patient Services Manager in her
absence. Topics vary, and themes include
(often a combination of) the following:
(a) Clinical Operations Updates: These
include overviews on stafng updates,
Provider or clinical schedules, any new
practice recommendations, and ongoing
facilities requests.
(b) Patient Case Presentations: These are
put together and presented by our
Providers or one of our Clinical team. We
identify and review an especially challenging patient case for which we are
seeking group input and suggestions for
any more effective plan of care and
treatment.
(c) Safety and Audit Preparation: This is a
chance to refresh our team on the hot topics and practice recommendations from
Regulatory Readiness, the Joint
Commission, or the Department of
Health, in advance of any known or possible upcoming clinic audit. This helps to
keep them feeling prepared and ready to
comfortably engage with any surveyors
when they arrive.
(d) Staff Spotlights: These are generally
everyone’s favorite sessions. We created a
template and forum for each of our team
members (and sometimes, an ancillary
partner) to give a 10-min-long presenta-
tion to the group about their role with our
department and themselves as a person.
We draw a random name for these at the
advance meeting, so they have some
notice, and provide a prompter questionnaire/template if needed. It has been a
truly enjoyable team-building tool to help
people get to know and appreciate each
other as colleagues.
(e) Team Kudos: This is our chance to
acknowledge standout efforts from any of
our associates or our team in general. We
review complimentary patient letters,
details of any earned personal or group
awards or accolades, or any signicant
clinic- or career-related achievements.
We also share (with permission) any signicant broader success or event in our
associates’ lives. It gives us a reason to
cheer and celebrate and feel proud and
happy together.
(f) Guest Speakers and Multidisciplinary
Calls: Occasionally we will have a Guest
Speaker come present to our team on a
multitude of topics. These have included
Hand Hygiene, Research Updates,
Workplace Violence, Associate Wellness,
Advancements in Prosthetics, Supplies
Vendors, International and Language
Services, and many others. We also have
a monthly, rst-Thursday group video
call with our other system-wide Wound
Centers, where we alternate case presentations and strategize on patient care on a
broader level.
(g) Education and Conferences: We take
every opportunity to send our team members to relevant, practice-related educational conferences throughout the year.
Following their attendance, attendees are
asked to present at the next weekly meeting on their takeaways from the experience. This allows for continued gathering
and dissemination of current global practices and research updates to the team.
3. Team Huddles and 1:1 Check-Ins
Each Manager hosts regular smaller meet-
ings, or “Huddles,” with their direct reports in

32
A. Ellis and T. Wallace
their elds (Nurses, CMAs, Admin). This
allows for the chance to review any more rolespecic practice updates or recommendations
and for the gathering of suggestions or input
on a more intimate engagement level. These
meetings take place approximately every 2
months, or when needed for anything more
urgent.
We also meet 1:1, or 2:1 with our associates
anytime we feel it is indicated, anytime by
associate request, and for formal Mid- and
Year-End Performance Evaluations. The informal sit-downs are done to address any immediate issues or concerns. They can also be simply
a “check-in” to see how the associate is doing,
praise their performance, and see if there is any
way we can support or enhance their experience or continued development in our department or their more long-term career goals. If
there is any need to formally document or
archive these interactions for Human
Resources-related or historical reasons, we utilize our entity’s “Talent Manager” system to
input a Note in that associate’s virtual Employee
File. This is done as soon as possible after the
meeting, and the Notes can be accessed at any
time moving forward once saved.
4. Practice “Town Hall” Meetings
This was an initiative started just before
the pandemic, but which has been placed on
hold for the time being. The “Town Hall”
Meetings were meant to be held twice yearly
as an opportunity for all of our staff to sit
down with all of our Providers and have their
undivided attention for 1–2h. We envisioned
this as an opportunity for our associates to
engage in a safe and open dialogue as a collective group and to solicit their insights and
suggestions on where they feel we could be
more successful on all levels. We were only
able to host one of these prior to the pandemic,
but from feedback it was much appreciated by
the collective whole, and they were already
looking forward to the next one. We will absolutely plan to re-initiate this down the road.
5. Staff Team-Building
One of the best perks our practice offers to
our associates has always been the show of
appreciation which our Attendings model.
They thank us as individuals daily for all of
our efforts and support in caring for our
patients and making the clinic run successfully. Our Attendings also believe that group
engagement, both internal and external, is
fundamental to our team’s cohesiveness. They
treat us to staff meals from a collective fund at
least bi-monthly, they sponsor our attendance
at Conferences, and they include us in team
celebrations like our Residents Graduation
ceremonies. Every few months they host a
group activity like a Field Day or Happy Hour
or an Escape Room event, all of which are
usually well-attended. This unwavering support and encouragement, plus the opportunity
to have fun together outside work, truly keeps
morale boosted and makes us want to do our
very best for them, for our patients, and for
each other.
Page 18: Leadership Philosophies:
TheManagers’ Perspectives
We would like to close with some of our shared
philosophies on what makes for a successful
Manager or Management Team. These insights
have been gained from our day-to-day observations and experience in the Nurse and Patient
Services Manager roles, and from each of our
own prior experience under Managers ourselves,
from which we sometimes learned what was not
effective.
– Know Your Team’s Roles: We strongly
believe that as leaders we should know how to
do everyone’s jobs, within our specialized
elds (i.e., Clinical vs. Administrative). This
not only gives us an understanding and appreciation of our associates’ task scope and
workloads, but also allows us to jump in and
cover their role when the need arises. This
also enables us to teach the roles when we
onboard new associates, and to serve as a
constant resource for our associates should
they have any questions or need any clarication during the workday. Additionally, if we

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need to give any associate feedback, we are
well-equipped with an intimate understanding of what is being asked of them on the dayto-day, and how they are performing
comparatively. We also have all our associates cross-train within their eld and set the
expectation that they will be called upon on
occasion to cover each other’s desks as well.
This allows them to learn additional job skills
and to feel secure that we will be covered in
the event of short-stafng.
– Lead By Example: This is modeled from the
very top on down. Our Providers have set an
admirable and reliable standard for keeping
cool heads in challenging situations, maintaining near-constant good cheer and calm,
and projecting competence and condence.
They also “praise in public” when they notice
an extra or outstanding associate effort and
personally say Thank You to their staff every
day. As Managers, we try our very best to
practice this same approach. This is critical in
establishing a trusting relationship with our
associates, as they know they can come to us
anytime for help in handling a difcult problem. It also engenders pride among the team
when they are acknowledged for a job well
done. These practices also encourage a “mirror” effect among the team in their interactions with our patients and each other, which
of course makes for smooth and positive
engagements across the board.
– Be Available (Open-Door Policy): Another
example our Providers have modeled is constant accessibility. We can reach them at virtually any time, and when they are on-site, their
ofce doors are generally open and welcoming. Our associates also know that they are
welcome in the Managers’ ofce, and welcome to call or message us, and we will make
ourselves available. We do set boundaries and
expectations as appropriate, but have not
found in our experience that this has ever been
much of a problem. Accessibility ensures that
our associates can get the answers that they
need in the interests of expediting patient care
and services, and this is an essential component of our practice success.
– Be Present, Be Visible, Be Accountable:
The Managers show up as scheduled, we
show up on time, and we make ourselves as
visible as possible throughout the day. This
lets our associates know that they can rely and
depend on us and sets up an expectation that
we want to see the same from them. As much
as possible, we Managers try to do our jobs
from central clinic locations during the day—
the clinic hallways from a mobile workstation, or in the Administrative areas where
multiple other associates work. This allows us
to keep a comprehensive eye and ear on the
day’s events and interactions and helps
encourage our associates to stay on task. We
also make sure to let our associates know
where they can nd us or how they can reach
us throughout the day, so they know they can
always get a Manager if needed. Keeping in
the center of things helps us stay connected to
and involved with all aspects of our operations, allows for us to troubleshoot any issues
which arise throughout the day in real time,
and allows for our staff and Providers to stay
in constant engagement with us in every facet
of clinic.
– Constant Communication and
Transparency: Over-communication is both
practiced and encouraged by Management.
We share information with our team in every
way, and as soon as possible—via email, faceto-face communication, team meetings,
instant messaging, etc. We feel that as much as
possible, our team should have access and
insight to the same information we have as
leaders (excluding any sensitive HR-related
issues). This helps them to understand how we
make decisions and to help them feel condent in their own engagements in their workplace and for their entity. They do not feel they
are being deceived or withheld from in any
way and appreciate that they are being kept
up-to-date in real time. We have had many
other practices tell us that often they nd out
about major or minor hospital initiatives from
our practice rst, since we are so proactive
about getting this information out to our team
as quickly as possible.

34
A. Ellis and T. Wallace
– No Micromanaging: We believe that inde-
pendence and autonomy are key to successful
workow and Manager-Associate relationships. Once our associates have demonstrated
sufcient comprehension of and ability to perform well in their role, and understand our
expectations of their continued performance,
we leave them to it. They know we are available as a supportive resource, and that we will
follow up with them if we notice any red ags
or coaching opportunities, but generally we let
them know that we trust and respect them in
their roles.
– Everyone Has a Voice: The reason we have
so many meetings, huddles, check-ins, and
face-to-face engagements with our associates
is because we believe an open, constant dialogue is essential, and that every member of
our team should have a voice and be encouraged to use it. Everyone’s contributions are
welcome, considered, and respected. This has
led to the development of so many valuable
operational modications and patient experience improvements and is always extremely
appreciated.
– Support Your Team: As also modeled by our
Providers, our team knows the Managers have
their backs. We will do anything we can to
help them in their success or support them
through a challenging situation. We have seen
them through school to higher degrees, been
their references for continued endeavors, and
received many words of gratitude for being
strong examples and providing encouragement that was needed. There is truly no greater
gift or gratication in this role.
– Support Yourself: Lastly, we are huge propo-
nents of self-care and of a healthy work–life
balance. We encourage each other and our
team to use their Paid Leave, take time for
themselves when they need it, nd an outside
hobby or interest which allows them to escape
and relax, and take fulllment not only from
their achievements at work, but from their
external successes. Our team talks regularly
about strategies for and research ndings on
self-care in our weekly staff meetings and
shares tips with each other on the day-to-day.
We also laugh together, all the time, anytime.
It truly is the best medicine.

Case Management oftheComplex
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
Limb Salvage Admission
R.N.ThaliaAttinger, M.S.W.HeatherDaniels,
R.N.TeodoraDeperio, andAllenH.Roberts II
3
It may be a fair assumption that few, if any, medical schools or residency training programs provide structured education in the art and science of
Case Management (CM) and Social Work (SW).
Most physicians who speak to CM and SW colleagues during their daily round and routine are
unaware that these professional colleagues possess a knowledge base and skill set that would
bafe the most accomplished of clinicians; it
may be similarly lost on many physicians that,
absent of the work of Case Managers and Social
Workers, the ow of patients through the hospital
to safe discharge destinations would grind precipitously to a halt. Case Managers’ and Social
R. N. ThaliaAttinger (*)
Center for Wound Healing and Plastic Surgery
Services, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital,
Washington, DC, USA
e-mail: Thalia.Attinger@gunet.georgetown.edu
M. S. W. HeatherDaniels
Department of Case Management, Medstar
Georgetown University Hospital,
Washington, DC, USA
e-mail: Heather.Y.Daniels@gunet.georgetown.edu
R. N. TeodoraDeperio
Limb, Wound-Care, and Orthopedic Services,
Medstar Georgetown University Hospital,
Washington, DC, USA
e-mail: Teodora.Deperio@gunet.georgetown.edu
A. H. Roberts II
Medstar Georgetown University Hospital,
Washington, DC, USA
e-mail: ahr8@gunet.georgetown.edu
Workers’ labor is difcult, nuanced, and largely
behind the scenes; in many hospitals this work is
never presented in Medical Grand Rounds, seldom celebrated in the Admin Suite, and largely
inaudible in the Board Room—except, of course,
when length-of-stay (LOS) is over budget, or on
the occasion when a prominent physician’s
patient’s discharge course is somehow less than
perfect! At such times, it seems easier to blame
CM/SW than to understand the unique challenges
these professionals face, and to commit, at hospital and corporate leadership levels, to the success
of their work in meaningful ways. We are fortunate, in our own institution and corporation, that
the contributions of all associates across all job
descriptions, not least our CM and SW, nd recognition and support in all these venues, and that
there is corporate commitment to process
improvement in these very areas.
In this chapter we shall step behind the curtains into the world and work of Case Managers
and Social Workers by way of several hypothetical and composite case studies. The medical
issues and a number of the social issues represented here will be all too familiar to medical
practitioners and nurses; we will all “recognize”
these patients, despite their being ctitious. But
the intent of this chapter is to introduce the reader
to issues that are at play behind the scenes and to
how our CM and SW, in the handling of these
complex issues, become the sine qua non of the
successful transition of complex limb in-patients
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
C. E. Attinger, J. S. Steinberg (eds.), Functional Limb Salvage,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27725-2_3
35

36
R. N. ThaliaAttinger et al.
to recovering and rehabilitated outpatients. This
chapter will showcase the integrated, multidisciplinary efforts of CM, SW, nursing staff,
advanced-care practitioners (such as Nurse
Practitioners and Physician Assistants), and
Hospital Administration to accomplish these very
transitions.
We shall begin with denitions and standard
roles of CM and SW, acknowledging that stafng
models and roles and responsibilities vary considerably across institutions and corporations.1
From there we shall consider several cases, moving from the straightforward to the complex, that
illustrate the interventions that are undertaken by
CM/SW.Finally we shall engage administrationlevel considerations that are germane to throughput and discharge planning and will comment on
several process-improvement interventions
which, in our local experience, have proved
benecial.
As of this writing, we are sadly in the midst of
the COVID-19 pandemic, which, in addition to
its medical and social tolls, has added layer upon
layer of additional complexities to the throughput
and safe discharge of all our patients, not least of
them, those on our limb service. We have learned
valuable lessons during this pandemic from
which we hope to become better at what we do in
the post-COVID era.
The Case Management Society of America
denes case management as “a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care
coordination, evaluation, and advocacy for
options and services to meet an individual’s and
family’s comprehensive health needs through
communication and available resources to promote patient safety, quality of care, and costeffective outcomes.”2 At our hospital, the Nurse
Case Manager/Discharge Planner (CMDP) works
with a Case Manager Associate (CMA),
Utilization Review Nurse (UR), and a Social
1
See S.K.Powell and H.H.Tahan, Case Management: A
Practical Guide for Education and Practice, 4th ed.,
2019, Wolters Kluwer, Chapter 1.
2
See https://www.nurse.com/ce/beyond-the-basics-in-
case- management accessed 2/5/2021 and https://lms.
nurse.com/login.aspx, CE direct, Beyond the Basics in
Case Management, Chapter 1.
Worker (SW). The Case Manager Associate
assists the Case Manager with daily tasks that
make the Case Manager be more efcient.
Everyone has the same goal—to ensure that
patients have a safe and cost-effective discharge
plan.
When a diabetic limb patient is admitted to
Georgetown, the CMDP is responsible, along
with the medical team, for coordinating and facilitating an effective plan of care for discharge.
Due to the complexity of the care and treatment
of this patient population, discharge planning
must begin on admission. The Case Manager
meets with the patient within 24–48h to obtain
information such as verifying demographic
information, insurance information, and social
status. The electronic medical records are
reviewed to identify patient diagnosis, medical
history, surgical plans, Consults from Infectious
Disease (ID), General Medicine (GM), Acute
Pain Service (APS), etc. It is helpful to know
where the patient originated from—home (local
or out of state), outside hospital (Medstar or nonMedstar facility), nursing home, rehabilitation
facility or from an undomiciled (homeless)
situation.
The CMDP collaborates with the Utilization
Review (UR) Nurse to ensure patient’s hospital
stay is authorized by insurance. The UR Nurse
reviews clinical information on admission and
performs concurrent reviews for continued stay.
Interqual Criteria3 is used as a guide when
reviewing clinical information to determine medical necessity. Through written or verbal communication, the Case Manager informs the UR nurse
if there are barriers to discharge, i.e., psychological/social issues, expensive medications, lack of
rehabilitation days, or type of isolation precautions. When the insurance company issues a
denial, the UR Nurse noties the Attending
Physician and provides information for a peer-topeer review, which may result in the denial being
overturned by the payor. If the denial is upheld,
many cases may be appealed successfully. It has
3
https://www.priorityhealth.com/provider/manual/standards/utilization-management-program/interqual-loccriteria, accessed on 2/5/2021.

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37
been our experience that a systematic monthly
review of all denials and appeals at the hospital
administrative level may result in the identication of documentation or coding issues, or other
themes, the correction of which will lend itself to
recoupment of signicant revenue.
An important innovation in patient throughput
was implemented by a MedStar Health Corporate
initiative known as the Integrated Model of Care
(IMOC) which fosters a collaborative approach
to ensuring patient safety, streamlining patient
throughput, removing discharge barriers, and
ultimately reducing LOS. One of the essential
elements of this program is the Multidisciplinary
Rounds (MDR), a dedicated, brief session executed on each hospital ward, once daily, in which
all patients on that ward are concisely reviewed.
These rounds may be held virtually by video- or
teleconferencing. At MDR, which is attended by
the Physician or Nurse Practitioner, patient’s
Registered Nurse, Physical Therapist (PT), or
Occupational Therapist (OT), Charge Nurse, CM
and/or SW, the patient’s discharge plan is
reviewed in a structured manner that employs
checklists and the identication of all discharge
barriers. IMOC MDR rounds are held every day
to talk about patient/family issues, surgical plans,
discharge needs, and expected discharge date.
The Physician or NP orders PT and OT consults
to help determine patient’s level of care for discharge. PT and OT evaluations provide recommendations for durable medical equipment,
home care or need for inpatient physical rehabilitation (subacute or acute rehab). IMOC MDR,
now a part of the “culture” of the hospital, has
proved to be a fundamentally important contributor to safe and efcient throughput.
Once the initial discharge plan is determined,
the Case Manager meets with the patient/family
to discuss the plan. If PT/OT recommends inpatient acute or subacute rehabilitation, a list of
facilities that are in-network with the insurance
company is provided. The patient is asked to provide at least three choices to initiate referrals. The
patient’s family is given sufcient—but not
unlimited—time to visit the facilities but due to
the COVID-19 pandemic; they are encouraged to
research online or call the facilities themselves.
When the choices are deferred to the Case
Manager, the patient is referred to facilities to
which many previous limb patients have been
sent. These facilities are familiar with our plastic
surgeons’ treatment plans and there is a wound
care Nurse Practitioner on staff. When an accepting facility is identied, the facility provides bed
availability and obtains insurance authorization
prior to transfer. If the patient has Medicare, it is
important to nd out if the patient has available
rehab days. Each commercial insurance has a different coverage and benets must be checked.
This is usually done by the facility considering
the patient for admission. Depending on type of
insurance, the CM is sometimes required to
submit clinical information, especially PT/OT
notes to the insurance company for approval.
A real-time tracking of the progress of all
referrals is kept and updated via task-lists. The
CM reviews the task-list with the CMA daily.
The CMA sends the referrals out to facilities via
a web-based referral platform. He/she is responsible for following up with the facilities, delivering durable medical equipment (DME) to the
bedside, setting up medical transport, and providing discharge packets. When referrals are made,
it is important to inform the CMA name and
duration of intravenous antibiotics, presence of a
central line (if applicable), type of isolation,
wound care, and discharge date. Both CM and
CMA work together in delivering care and services for a timely discharge.
The CM also collaborates with the SW on a
regular basis. The Clinical Social Worker in the
inpatient hospital setting provides direct services
to patients and families related to hospitalization,
dealing with illness and post-hospital planning.
However, the role of a clinical social worker is
complex and is often specialized depending on
the setting and population served. As a part of the
multidisciplinary team, a clinical social worker is
often consulted by the case manager or medical
team to address identied barriers to discharge
for the complex limb patient. The social worker
can help address nancial or insurance concerns,
assess for home supports, coordinate and collaborate with community agencies and resources,
and can also provide support and brief counseling

38
R. N. ThaliaAttinger et al.
to the patients who are having a difcult time
coping and adjusting to their medical situation.
When consulted, the social worker reviews the
patient’s chart for current and previous medical
and case management documentation, noting
interventions and outside resources. The social
worker then will conduct a psychosocial assessment with the patient and/or family and collaborate with the case manager, medical team, and
outside supports in determining a social work
plan.
For patients who are uninsured, the Clinical
Social Worker refers the patient to Division of
Economic and Community Outreach (DECO)4
for assistance in applying for Medicaid or
Emergency Medicaid. If the patient does not have
a secondary insurance, the patient is also referred
to DECO to apply for Medicaid as a secondary.
In situations when a patient is undocumented and
unable to obtain Medicaid, the social worker can
then make a referral to charitable sources for
assistance with follow-up medical care and will
consider and provide for potential discharge
needs: clothing, transportation home, or assistance with prescriptions.
The clinical social worker is also consulted to
assess and provide needed support regarding
patients’ living environment. If a patient is particularly vulnerable: homeless, older, and lives
alone or has mental health or substance abuse
issues, the social worker considers what supports
are available in their area based on their insurance and community resources. If the patient has
DC Medicaid and is not safe to discharge home
alone, they may be eligible for a home health aide
through Medicaid. The social worker will collaborate with the limb team in completing paperwork to schedule an assessment for potential
home health aid service hours and work with outside case managers and agencies to arrange home
care. If the patient needs assisted living facility
(ALF) and has some means available to them, the
social worker will connect the patient and family
with community agencies such as A Place for
Mom5 to assist in nding an appropriate ALF.If
the patient needs acute rehab or short-term rehab,
the case manager takes the lead in making referrals and facilitating rehab discharges with the
social worker remaining available as needed. If a
limb patient cannot go home with supports and
has no payor for rehab, the social worker can
request to subsidize a rehab stay with a partnering
short-term rehab facility through the case management department.
If the patient does not have insurance, does
not qualify for Medicaid, and/or is out of rehab
days, the social worker will refer the patient to
the case management directors to request a subsidy for home health aides through a local philanthropic source which underwrites proprietary
in-home nurse practitioner visits and services and
may subsidize necessary medications needed to
ensure the patient has a safe and sustainable
discharge.
A small population of complex limb patients
are homeless and may also have mental health
diagnoses and substance abuse issues which
require extra coordination between the social
worker, case manager, and often outside support
agencies. A more traditional discharge plan often
does not work out for these patients due to their
documented histories of elopement or behaviors,
and so the social worker and case manager work
together to build rapport with the patients, coordinate with outside agencies and case managers,
and communicate with the patients’ insurance
case managers in order to nd the best discharge
plan available for the patient. If a complex limb
patient needs rehab but is also homeless, most
rehab facilities will not accept them without a
plan for discharge after rehab. The clinical social
worker and case manager work together to
explore different options such as discharging
from rehab with family members can also make
referrals to medical shelters. During the COVID
4
https://www.decorm.com, accessed 2/3/2021. DECO
Recovery Management assists hospitals by providing a
full suite of eligibility management services and by guiding patients through the complex process of applying for
federal, state, or local programs.
5
A Place for Mom is a nationally based senior living referral agency that can assist patients and families in nding
assisted living, memory care, residential care homes, and
non-skilled home care. https://www.aplaceformom.com.

3 Case Management oftheComplex Limb Salvage Admission
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39
pandemic, some vulnerable patients qualify for a
homeless COVID prevention program, PEPV,
designed to keep highly vulnerable individuals
off the streets to prevent the spread of COVID.The
clinical social worker can also refer the complex
limb patient to the PEPV program.
The art and science of excellent patient care
and optimal patient hospital throughput are centered on collaboration and communication of the
clinical team with the CM/SW team. To this end,
the discharge plan ideally begins—on the limb
services as on all other services—on the day of
admission to the hospital. Every patient admitted
to the hospital must have a discharge plan and a
targeted discharge date (TDD). Limb patients, in
particular, are fraught with many unique discharge challenges. We have ideal protocols, but
also the reality of what our patients can do physically, mentally, emotionally, and nancially.
Protocols, it should be remembered, are created
for patients, not patients for protocols! A new
below- or above-the-knee amputee might best be
served by spending time in acute rehabilitation,
retraining her brain to avoid falling. A partialfoot amputee will have the best potential for healing by remaining non-weight bearing in a
posterior splint. A free-ap patient would benet
from weeks of ofoading in an external xator.
But the truth of the matter is that non-weight
bearing is often unrealistic for this patient population. They are deconditioned and laden with
comorbidities including contralateral weakness
or bilateral wounds. As a result, the ideal “discharge” is just a hypothetical “starting point,” and
each discharge plan, pathway, and strategy must
be tailored to the individual. Our inpatient nurse
practitioners are uniquely skilled at bridging the
gap between the ideal and the realistic discharge.
Through extensive collaboration with the physicians, case managers, social workers, and the
patients, they are able to create unique, patientcentered care plans. In order to better examine
such challenges as we face during the hospitalization and the eventual discharge process, we
present three case studies to highlight the nuances
of this complex population.
Powell and Tahan, in their magisterial and
comprehensive treatment of Case Management,
include in their text a section on the Ethics of
Case Management, and assert, “Ethics in healthcare is about choices, morals, and the basic rights
of free choice, self-determination, independence,
and autonomy.”6 In so stating, the authors reect
the ascent, in recent decades, of an individual’s
autonomy as the ranking determinant for ethical
decision making. At Georgetown, we afrm this
same principle of autonomy, in addition to the
other three principles of ethics, namely the physician’s (and health care system’s) benecence,
non-malecence, and distributive justice.7 We
afrm a balanced approach to these four equally
weighted principles, inasmuch as the unchecked
assertion of autonomy, when taken out of the
contexts of community and moral order, inevitably places the most vulnerable of the community
at risk.8 Case Managers are in the line of work of
protecting, among others, these most vulnerable.
We conclude our introductory section with the
acknowledgment that CM and SW thus bear the
weight of carrying this ethical balance forward
from the in-patient to the out-patient arena. Case
Managers and Social Workers are thus the guarantors and sustainers of ethically delivered care
through the process of discharge planning. We
turn now to exemplar cases.
The Straightforward Discharge:
TheAmputee
Case
The patient is a 49-year-old male who presented
to Emergency Department (ED) with a chronic,
non-healing, infected right foot wound. His past
medical history (PMH) included insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), hypertension
6
Powell and Tahan, 286.
7
For an exhaustive presentation of Principlism in Medical
Ethics, please see Tom Beauchamp & and James
Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 8th ed., 2019,
Oxford University Press.
8
Allen Roberts, Response to Sulmasy & Snyder, “Ethics
and the legalization of physician-assisted suicide: an
American College of Physicians position paper.” Annals
of Internal Medicine 2018; 168(11):834.
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