Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_100_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus 259
https://t.me/med1917
SEC31, SYN3,andDCTN1 (Cheek et al. 2020;
Devereaux et al. 2019; Haimes et al. 2017;
Subbiah et al. 2015). TIMP3::RET and TIMP3::
ROS1 fusions have also been reported (Cheek
et al. 2020; Schoolmeester et al. 2020).
Differential Diagnosis
Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumors with Conventional or Myxoid Morphology
Benign and malignant smooth muscle tumors as
well as STUMP occur muc h more frequently
and sh ould be considered in the differential
diagnosis of an IMT. Although SMA is positive
in most IMT, desmin staining is less common
and usually only focal. Diffuse desmin staining
has been reported in some IMT, and it remains
controversial whether detection of ALK fus ion
alone is diagnostic of IMT regardless of the
extent of inflammation or myogenic differentiation seen. IMT may be diagnosed when
characteristic features, such as appreciable
inflammatory infiltrate, ALK positivity, and
absent or only focal desmin staining, are
present. For rare tumors that lack such
features, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, or
myofibroblastic sarcoma with ALK expression
may be diagnosed. Diffuse, strong nuclear
PLAG1 staining and absent ALK expression
favors uterine myxoid leiomyosarcoma.
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma with Fibrous,
Fibromyxoid, or Myxoid Change
Fibrous, fibromyxoid, or myxoid change can be
seen in both low- and high-grade endometrial
stromal sarcoma and mimic uterine IMT. However, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with
variant features usually also show foci of conventional morphology. While a fibrous or
fibromyxoid low-grade spindle cell component is
seen in a subset of YWHAE fusion-positive and
BCOR ITD-positive high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, most tumors have a distinctive highgrade round cell component and rarely occurs as a
purely low-grade spindle cell tumor. Low- and
high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas lack
the inflammatory infiltrate typically seen in IMT.
ALK positivity, negative or focal BCOR and
cyclin D1 staining in <50% of cells, and negative
pan-Trk staining favor IMT.
NTRK Fusion-Positive Fibrosarcoma-Like
Uterine Sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma-like uterine sarcomas often affect
premenopausal women and exhibit overlapping
histologic features with uterine IMT.
Fibrosarcoma-like uterine sarcomas, however,
lack inflammation and immunohistochemical evidence of cell differentiation and show only focal
SMA expression with or without CD34 and S100
staining. ALK expression without pan-TRK
staining favors IMT.
References and Further Reading
Abeler, V. M., Royne, O., Thoresen, S., Danielsen, H. E.,
Nesland, J. M., & Kristensen, G. B. (2009). Uterine
sarcomas in Norway. A histopathological and prognos-
tic survey of a total population from 1970 to 2000
including 419 patients. Histopathology, 54(3),
355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.
03231.x.
Agaram,N.P.,Sung,Y.S.,Zhang,L.,Chen,C.L.,Chen,
H.W.,Singer,S.,Dickson,M.A.,Berger,M.F.,&
Antonescu, C. R. (2015). Dichotomy of genetic abnor-
malities in PEComas with therapeutic implications. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 39(6), 813–825.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000389.
Agoff, S. N., Grieco, V. S., Garcia, R., & Gown, A. M.
(2001). Immunohistochemical distinction of endome-
trial stromal sarcoma and cellular leiomyoma. Applied
Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology,
9(2), 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129039-
200106000-00009.
Ahvenainen, T. V., Makinen, N. M., von Nandelstadh, P.,
Vahteristo, M. E. A., Pasanen, A. M., Butzow, R. C., &
Vahteristo, P. M. (2018). Loss of ATRX/DAXX expres-
sion and alternative lengthening of telomeres in uterine
leiomyomas. Cancer, 124(24), 4650–4656. https://doi.
org/10.1002/cncr.31754.
Ainsworth, A. J., Dashti, N. K., Mounajjed, T., Fritchie,
K. J., Davila, J., Mopuri, R., Jackson, R. A., Halling,
K. C., Bakkum-Gamez, J. N., & Schoolmeester, J. K.
(2019). Leiomyoma with KAT6B-KANSL1 fusion:
Case report of a rapidly enlarging uterine mass in a
postmenopausal woman. Diagnostic Pathology, 14(1),
32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-019-0809-1.
Aisagbonhi, O., Harrison, B., Zhao, L., Osgood, R.,
Chebib, I., & Oliva, E. (2018). YWHAE rearrangement
in a purely conventional low-grade endometrial stromal
sarcoma that transformed over time to high-grade sar-
coma: Importance of molecular testing. International
M
260 Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus
https://t.me/med1917
Journal of Gynecological Pathology, 37(5), 441–447.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000451.
Alam, N. A., Barclay, E., Rowan, A. J., Tyrer, J. P.,
Calonje, E., Manek, S., Kelsell, D., Leigh, I., Olpin,
S., & Tomlinson, I. P. (2005). Clinical features of multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis: An
underdiagnosed tumor syndrome. Archives of Derma-
tology, 141(2), 199– 206. https://doi.org/10.1001/
archderm.141.2.199.
Ali, R. H., Al-Safi, R., Al-Waheeb, S., John, B., Al-Ali, W.,
Al-Jassar, W., Al-Mulla, F., Melnyk, N., Huntsman,
D. G., & Lee, C. H. (2014). Molecular characterization
of a population-based series of endometrial stromal
sarcomas in Kuwait. Human Pathology, 45(12),
2453–2462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2014.
08.012.
Allen, A. J., Ali, S. M., Gowen, K., Elvin, J. A., & Pejovic,
T. (2017). A recurrent endometrial stromal sarcoma
harbors the novel fusion JAZF1-BCORL1. Gyneco-
logic Oncology Reports, 20,51–53. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.gore.2017.03.002.
Amant, F., Moerman, P., & Vergote, I. (2005). Report of an
unusual problematic uterine smooth muscle neoplasm,
emphasizing the prognostic importance of coagulative
tumor cell necrosis. International Journal of Gyneco-
logical Cancer, 15(6), 1210 – 1212. https://doi.org/10.
1111/j.1525-1438.2005.00183.x.
Amant, F., Tousseyn, T., Coenegrachts, L., Decloedt, J.,
Moerman, P., & Debiec-Rychter, M. (2011). Case
report of a poorly differentiated uterine tumour with t
(10;17) translocation and neuroectodermal phenotype.
Anticancer Research, 31(6), 2367–2371. https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737666
An, Y., Wang, S., Li, S., Zhang, L., Wang, D., Wang, H.,
Zhu, S., Zhu, W., Li, Y., Chen, W., Ji, S., & Guo,
X. (2017). Distinct molecular subtypes of uterine
leiomyosarcoma respond differently to chemotherapy
treatment. BMC Cancer, 17(1), 639. https://doi.org/10.
1186/s12885-017-3568-y.
Arias-Stella, J. A., 3rd, Benayed, R., Oliva, E., Young,
R. H., Hoang, L. N., Lee, C. H., Jungbluth, A. A.,
Frosina, D., Soslow, R. A., Antonescu, C. R., Ladanyi,
M., & Chiang, S. (2019). Novel PLAG1 gene
rearrangement distinguishes a subset of uterine myxoid
leiomyosarcoma from other uterine myxoid mesenchymal tumors. The American Journal of Surgical Pathol-
ogy, 43(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000001196.
Atkins, K. A., Arronte, N., Darus, C. J., & Rice, L. W.
(2008). The use of p16 in enhancing the histologic classification of uterine smooth muscle tumors. The Ameri-
can Journal of Surgical Pathology, 32(1), 98–102.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181574d1e.
Baird, D. D., Dunson, D. B., Hill, M. C., Cousins, D., &
Schectman, J. M. (2003). High cumulative incidence of
uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: Ultrasound evidence. American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 188(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1067/
mob.2003.99.
Baker, P., & Oliva, E. (2007). Endometrial stromal tumours
of the uterus: A practical approach using conventional
morphology and ancillary techniques. Journal of Clin-
ical Pathology, 60(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.
1136/jcp.2005.031203.
Baker, R. J., Hildebrandt, R. H., Rouse, R. V.,
Hendrickson, M. R., & Longacre, T. A. (1999). Inhibin
and CD99 (MIC2) expression in uterine stromal neo-
plasms with sex-cord-like elements. Human Pathology,
30(6), 671– 679. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-
8177(99)90093-x.
Baker, P. M., Moch, H., & Oliva, E. (2005). Unusual
morphologic features of endometrial stromal tumors:
A report of 2 cases. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 29(10), 1394–1398. https://doi.org/10.
1097/01.pas.0000172295.05527.28.
Beck, T. L., Singhal, P. K., Ehrenberg, H. M., Rose, P. G.,
Lele, S. B., Krivak, T. C., & McBee, W. C., Jr. (2012).
Endometrial stromal sarcoma: Analysis of recurrence
following adjuvant treatment. Gynecologic Oncology,
125(1), 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.
2011.10.010.
Bell, S. W., Kempson, R. L., & Hendrickson, M. R. (1994).
Problematic uterine smooth muscle neoplasms.
A clinicopathologic study of 213 cases. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 18(6), 535–558. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8179071
Bennett, J. A., Lamb, C., & Young, R. H. (2016). Apoplec-
tic leiomyomas: A morphologic analysis of 100 cases
highlighting unusual features. The American Journal of
Surgical Pathology, 40(4), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.
1097/PAS.0000000000000569.
Bennett, J. A., Nardi, V., Rouzbahman, M., Morales-
Oyarvide, V., Nielsen, G. P., & Oliva, E. (2017a).
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus:
A clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and
molecular analysis of 13 cases highlighting their
broad morphologic spectrum. Modern Pathology,
30(10), 1489–1503. https://doi.org/10.1038/
modpathol.2017.69.
Bennett, J. A., Weigelt, B., Chiang, S., Selenica, P., Chen,
Y. B., Bialik, A., Bi, R., Schultheis, A. M., Lim, R. S.,
Ng, C. K. Y., Morales-Oyarvide, V., Young, R. H.,
Reuter, V. E., Soslow, R. A., & Oliva, E. (2017b).
Leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei: A morphological,
immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of
31 cases. Modern Pathology, 30(10), 1476–1488.
https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2017.56.
Bennett, J. A., Braga, A. C., Pinto, A., Van de Vijver, K.,
Cornejo, K., Pesci, A., Zhang, L., Morales-Oyarvide,
V., Kiyokawa, T., Zannoni, G. F., Carlson, J., Slavik, T.,
Tornos, C., Antonescu, C. R., & Oliva, E. (2018). Uter-
ine PEComas: A morphologic, immunohistochemical,
and molecular analysis of 32 Tumors. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 42(10), 1370–1383.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001119.
Bennett, J. A., Croce, S., Pesci, A., Niu, N., Van de Vijver,
K., Burks, E. J., Burandt, E., Zannoni, G. F., Rabban,
J. T., & Oliva, E. (2020a). Inflammatory
Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus 261
https://t.me/med1917
myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: An immunohistochemical study of 23 cases. The American Journal of
Surgical Pathology, 44(11), 1441–1449. https://doi.
org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001525.
Bennett, J. A., Lastra, R. R., Barroeta, J. E., Parilla, M.,
Galbo, F., Wanjari, P., Young, R. H., Krausz, T., &
Oliva, E. (2020b). Uterine tumor resembling ovarian
sex cord stromal tumor (UTROSCT): A series of
3 cases with extensive rhabdoid differentiation, malignant behavior, and ESR1-NCOA2 fusions. The Amer-
ican Journal of Surgical Pathology, 44(11),
1563– 1572. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000001543.
Berretta, R., Rolla, M., Merisio, C., Giordano, G., &
Nardelli, G. B. (2008). Uterine smooth muscle tumor
of uncertain malignant potential: A three-case report.
International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 18(5),
1121–1126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.
01125.x.
Binzer-Panchal, A., Hardell, E., Viklund, B., Ghaderi, M.,
Bosse, T., Nucci, M. R., Lee, C. H., Hollfelder, N.,
Corcoran, P., Gonzalez-Molina, J., Moyano-Galceran,
L., Bell, D. A., Schoolmeester, J. K., Masback, A.,
Kristensen, G. B., Davidson, B., Lehti, K., Isaksson,
A., & Carlson, J. W. (2019). Integrated molecular analysis of undifferentiated uterine sarcomas reveals clinically relevant molecular subtypes. Clinical Cancer
Research, 25(7), 2155–2165. https://doi.org/10.1158/
1078-0432.CCR-18-2792.
Biri, A., Korucuoglu, U., Zumrutbas, N., Tiras, B., &
Guner, H. (2008). Intravenous leiomyomatosis treated
with aromatase inhibitor therapy. International Journal
of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 101(3), 299–300.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.12.002.
Bodner-Adler, B., Bartl, M., & Wagner, G. (2009). Intra-
venous leiomyomatosis of the uterus with pulmonary
metastases or a case with benign metastasizing
leiomyoma? Anticancer Research, 29(2), 495–496.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19331193
Boyd, C., & McCluggage, W. G. (2011). Unusual morpho-
logical features of uterine leiomyomas treated with progestogens. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 64(6),
485–489. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2011.089664.
Brunetti, M., Gorunova, L., Davidson, B., Heim, S.,
Panagopoulos, I., & Micci, F. (2018). Identification of
an EPC2-PHF1 fusion transcript in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Oncotarget, 9(27), 19203–19208.
https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24969.
Burch, D. M., & Tavassoli, F. A. (2011). Myxoid
leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Histopathology, 59(6),
1144–1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.
04053.x.
Busca, A., & Parra-Herran, C. (2017). Myxoid mesenchy-
mal tumors of the uterus: An update on classifi
definitions, and differential diagnosis. Advances in
Anatomic Pathology, 24(6), 354–361. https://doi.org/
10.1097/PAP.0000000000000164.
Busca, A., Gulavita, P., Parra-Herran, C., & Islam,
S. (2018). IFITM1 outperforms CD10 in differentiating
cation,
low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas from smooth
muscle neoplasms of the uterus. International Journal
of Gynecological Pathology, 37(4), 372–378. https://
doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000424.
Buza, N., Xu, F., Wu, W., Carr, R. J., Li, P., & Hui,
P. (2014). Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in intra-
venous leiomyomatosis of the uterus: High-resolution
array comparative genomic hybridization study.
Human Pathology, 45(9), 1885–1892. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.humpath.2014.05.010.
Carr, R. J., Hui, P., & Buza, N. (2015). Intravenous
leiomyomatosis revisited: An experience of 14 cases
at a single medical center. International Journal of
Gynecological Pathology, 34(2), 169–176. https://doi.
org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000127.
Chan, J. K., Kawar, N. M., Shin, J. Y., Osann, K., Chen,
L. M., Powell, C. B., & Kapp, D. S. (2008). Endome-
trial stromal sarcoma: A population-based analysis.
British Journal of Cancer, 99(8), 1210–1215. https://
doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604527.
Chan, E., Rabban, J. T., Mak, J., Zaloudek, C., & Garg,
K. (2019). Detailed morphologic and immunohisto-
chemical characterization of myomectomy and hyster-
ectomy specimens from women with Hereditary
Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
(HLRCC). The American Journal of Surgical Pathol-
ogy, 43(9), 1170–1179. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000001293.
Chang, K. L., Crabtree, G. S., Lim-Tan, S. K., Kempson,
R. L., & Hendrickson, M. R. (1990). Primary uterine
endometrial stromal neoplasms. A clinicopathologic
study of 117 cases. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 14(5), 415–438. https://doi.org/10.1097/
00000478-199005000-00002.
Cheek, E. H., Fadra, N., Jackson, R. A., Davila, J. I.,
Sukov, W. R., Uckerman, M. T., Clayton, A., Keeney,
G. L., Halling, K. C., Torres-Mora, J., &
Schoolmeester, J. K. (2020). Uterine inflammatory
myofibroblastic tumors in pregnant women with and
without involvement of the placenta: A study of 6 cases
with identification of a novel TIMP3-RET fusion.
Human Pathology, 97,29– 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.humpath.2019.12.006.
Chen, L., & Yang, B. (2008). Immunohistochemical anal-
ysis of p16, p53, and Ki-67 expression in uterine
smooth muscle tumors. International Journal of Gyne-
cological Pathology, 27
10.1097/PGP.0b013e31815ea7f5.
Chen, Y. B., Brannon, A. R., Toubaji, A., Dudas, M. E.,
Won, H. H., Al-Ahmadie, H. A., Fine, S. W., Gopalan,
A.,Frizzell,N.,Voss,M.H.,Russo,P.,Berger,M.F.,
Tickoo, S. K., & Reuter, V. E. (2014). Hereditary
leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome-
associated renal cancer: Recognition of the syndrome
by pathologic features and the utility of detecting
aberrant succination by immunohistochemistry. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 38(5),
627– 637. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000000163.
(3), 326–332. https://doi.org/
M
262 Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus
https://t.me/med1917
Cheng, X., Yang, G., Schmeler, K. M., Coleman, R. L., Tu,
X., Liu, J., & Kavanagh, J. J. (2011). Recurrence patterns and prognosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma
and the potential of tyrosine kinase-inhibiting therapy.
Gynecologic Oncology, 121(2), 323–327. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.12.360.
Chiang, S. (2021). Recent advances in smooth muscle
tumors with PGR and PLAG1 gene fusions and
myofibroblastic uterine neoplasms. Genes, Chromo-
somes & Cancer, 60(3), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.
1002/gcc.22920.
Chiang, S., Ali, R., Melnyk, N., McAlpine, J. N., Hunts-
man, D. G., Gilks, C. B., Lee, C. H., & Oliva, E. (2011).
Frequency of known gene rearrangements in endometrial stromal tumors. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 35(9), 1364–1372. https://doi.org/10.1097/
PAS.0b013e3182262743.
Chiang, S., Staats, P. N., Senz, J., Kommoss, F., De
Nictolis, M., Huntsman, D. G., Gilks, C. B., & Oliva,
E. (2015). FOXL2 mutation is absent in uterine tumors
resembling ovarian sex cord tumors. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 39(5), 618–623.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000367.
Chiang, S., Lee, C. H., Stewart, C. J. R., Oliva, E., Hoang,
L. N., Ali, R. H., Hensley, M. L., Arias-Stella, J. A.,
3rd, Frosina, D., Jungbluth, A. A., Benayed, R.,
Ladanyi, M., Hameed, M., Wang, L., Kao, Y. C., Antonescu, C. R., & Soslow, R. A. (2017). BCOR is a robust
diagnostic immunohistochemical marker of genetically
diverse high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma,
including tumors exhibiting variant morphology. Mod-
ern Pathology, 30(9), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.
1038/modpathol.2017.42.
Chiang, S., Cotzia, P., Hyman, D. M., Drilon, A., Tap,
W. D., Zhang, L., Hechtman, J. F., Frosina, D.,
Jungbluth, A. A., Murali, R., Park, K. J., Soslow,
R. A., Oliva, E., Iafrate, A. J., Benayed, R., Ladanyi,
M., & Antonescu, C. R. (2018). NTRK fusions define a
novel uterine sarcoma subtype with features of fibrosarcoma. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology,
42(6), 791– 798. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000001055.
Chiang, S., Samore, W., Zhang, L., Sung, Y. S., Turashvili,
G., Murali, R., Soslow, R. A., Hensley, M. L.,
Swanson, D., Dickson, B. C., Stewart, C. J. R., Oliva,
E., & Antonescu, C. R. (2019). PGR gene fusions
identify a molecular subset of uterine epithelioid
leiomyosarcoma with rhabdoid features. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 43(6), 810–818. https://
doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001239.
Chow, K. L., Tse, K. Y., Cheung, C. L., Wong, K. W.,
Cheung, A. N., Wong, R. W., Chan, A. N., Yuen, N. W.,
Ngan, H. Y., & Ip, P. P. (2017). The mitosis-specific
marker phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3) is an independent
prognosticator in uterine smooth muscle tumours: An
outcome-based study. Histopathology, 70(5), 746–755.
https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13124.
Chu, P. G., Arber, D. A., Weiss, L. M., & Chang, K. L.
(2001). Utility of CD10 in distinguishing between
endometrial stromal sarcoma and uterine smooth mus-
cle tumors: An immunohistochemical comparison of
34 cases. Modern Pathology, 14(5), 465–471. https://
doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3880335.
Clement, P. B., Young, R. H., & Scully, R. E. (1988).
Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the uterus.
A clinicopathological analysis of 16 cases with unusual
histologic features. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 12(12), 932–945. https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pubmed/3202247
Clement, P. B., Young, R. H., & Scully, R. E. (1992).
Diffuse, perinodular, and other patterns of hydropic
degeneration within and adjacent to uterine
leiomyomas. Problems in differential diagnosis. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 16(1),
26–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199201000-
00004.
Coad, J. E., Sulaiman, R. A., Das, K., & Staley, N. (1997).
Perinodular hydropic degeneration of a uterine
leiomyoma: A diagnostic challenge. Human Pathol-
ogy, 28(2), 249–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-
8177(97)90115-5.
Cotzia, P., Benayed, R., Mullaney, K., Oliva, E., Felix, A.,
Ferreira, J., Soslow, R. A., Antonescu, C. R., Ladanyi,
M., & Chiang, S. (2019). Undifferentiated uterine sar-
comas represent under-recognized high-grade endome-
trial stromal sarcomas. The American Journal of
Surgical Pathology, 43(5), 662–669. https://doi.org/
10.1097/PAS.0000000000001215.
Cramer,S.F.,&Patel,A.(1990).Thefrequencyof
uterine leiomyomas. American Journal of Clinical
Pathology, 94(4), 435–438. https://doi.org/10.1093/
ajcp/94.4.435.
Croce, S., & Chibon, F. (2015). MED12 and uterine
smooth muscle oncogenesis: State of the art and per-
spectives. European Journal of Cancer, 51(12),
1603–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2015.
04.023.
Croce, S., Hostein, I., Ribeiro, A., Garbay, D., Velasco, V.,
Stoeckle, E., Guyon, F., Floquet, A., Neuville, A.,
Coindre, J. M., MacGrogan, G., & Chibon, F. (2013).
YWHAE rearrangement identified by FISH and
RT-PCR in endometrial stromal sarcomas: Genetic
and pathological correlations. Modern Pathology,
26(10), 1390–1400. https://doi.org/10.1038/
modpathol.2013.69.
Croce, S., Young, R. H., & Oliva, E. (2014). Uterine
leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei: A clinicopathologic
study of 59 cases. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 38(10), 1330–1339. https://doi.org/10.
1097/PAS.0000000000000249.
Croce, S., Ribeiro, A., Brulard, C., Noel, J. C., Amant, F.,
Stoeckle, E., Devouassoux-Shisheborah, M., Floquet,
A., Arnould, L., Guyon, F., Mishellany, F., Garbay, D.,
Cuppens, T., Zikan, M., Leroux, A., Frouin, E.,
Duvillard, P., Terrier, P., Farre, I., Valo, I., MacGrogan,
G. M., & Chibon, F. (2015). Uterine smooth muscle
tumor analysis by comparative genomic hybridization:
A useful diagnostic tool in challenging lesions. Modern
Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus 263
https://t.me/med1917
Pathology, 28(7), 1001–1010. https://doi.org/10.1038/
modpathol.2015.3.
Croce, S., Ducoulombier, A., Ribeiro, A., Lesluyes, T.,
Noel, J. C., Amant, F., Guillou, L., Stoeckle, E.,
Devouassoux-Shisheboran, M., Penel, N., Floquet,
A., Arnould, L., Guyon, F., Mishellany, F., Chakiba,
C., Cuppens, T., Zikan, M., Leroux, A., Frouin, E.,
Farre, I., Genestie, C., Valo, I., MacGrogan, G., &
Chibon, F. (2018). Genome profiling is an efficient
tool to avoid the STUMP classification of uterine
smooth muscle lesions: A comprehensive arraygenomic hybridization analysis of 77 tumors. Modern
Pathology, 31(5), 816–828. https://doi.org/10.1038/
modpathol.2017.185.
Croce, S., Lesluyes, T., Delespaul, L., Bonhomme, B.,
Perot, G., Velasco, V., Mayeur, L., Rebier, F., Ben
Rejeb, H., Guyon, F., McCluggage, W. G., Floquet,
A., Querleu, D., Chakiba, C., DevouassouxShisheboran, M., Mery, E., Arnould, L., Averous,
G., Soubeyran, I., Le Guellec, S., & Chibon,
F. (2019). GREB1-CTNNB1 fusion transcript
detected by RNA-sequencing in a uterine tumor
resembling ov arian sex cord t umor (UTROSCT):
A novel CTNNB1 rearrangement. Genes, Chromo-
somes & Cancer, 58(3), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.
1002/gcc.22694.
Dal Cin, P., Quade, B. J., Neskey, D. M., Kleinman, M. S.,
Weremowicz, S., & Morton, C. C. (2003). Intravenous
leiomyomatosis is characterized by a der (14)t(12;14)
(q15;q24). Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 36(2),
205–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.10159.
Dall’Asta, A., Gizzo, S., Musaro, A., Quaranta, M.,
Noventa, M., Migliavacca, C., Sozzi, G., Monica, M.,
Mautone, D., & Berretta, R. (2014). Uterine smooth
muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential
(STUMP): Pathology, follow-up and recurrence. Inter-
national Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 7(11), 8136–8142. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/25550862
D’Angelo, E., Ali, R. H., Espinosa, I., Lee, C. H., Hunts-
man, D. G., Gilks, B., & Prat, J. (2013). Endometrial
stromal sarcomas with sex cord differentiation are associated with PHF1 rearrangement. The American Jour-
nal of Surgical Pathology, 37(4), 514–521. https://doi.
org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e318272c612.
de Leval, L., Waltregny, D., Boniver, J., Young, R. H.,
Castronovo, V., & Oliva, E. (2006). Use of histone
deacetylase 8 (HDAC8), a new marker of smooth muscle differentiation, in the classification of mesenchymal
tumors of the uterus. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 30(3), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.
pas.0000188029.63706.31.
Delgado, B., Dreiher, J., Braiman, D., Meirovitz, M., &
Shaco-Levy, R. (2021). P16, Ki67, P53, and WT1
expression in uterine smooth muscle tumors: An
adjunct in confirming the diagnosis of malignancy in
ambiguous cases. International Journal of Gynecolog-
ical Pathology, 40(3), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.
1097/PGP.0000000000000688.
Devereaux, K. A., Kunder, C. A., & Longacre, T. A.
(2019). ALK-rearranged Tumors are highly enriched
in the STUMP subcategory of uterine tumors. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 43(1),
64– 74. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000001083.
Dewaele, B., Przybyl, J., Quattrone, A., Finalet Ferreiro, J.,
Vanspauwen, V., Geerdens, E., Gianfelici, V., Kalender,
Z., Wozniak, A., Moerman, P., Sciot, R., Croce, S.,
Amant, F., Vandenberghe, P., Cools, J., & Debiec-
Rychter, M. (2014). Identification of a novel, recurrent
MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion in low-grade endometrial
stromal sarcoma. International Journal of Cancer,
134(5), 1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28440.
Dgani, R., Piura, B., Ben-Baruch, G., Open, M.,
Glezerman, M., Nass, D., Czernobilsky, B., Yanai-
Inbar, I., & Elchalal, U. (1998). Clinical-pathological
study of uterine leiomyomas with high mitotic activity.
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 77(1),
74–77. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.1998.
770116.x.
Dickson, B. C., Lum, A., Swanson, D., Bernardini, M. Q.,
Colgan, T. J., Shaw, P. A., Yip, S., & Lee, C. H. (2018).
Novel EPC1 gene fusions in endometrial stromal sar-
coma. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 57(11),
598–603. https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.22649.
Dickson, B. C., Childs, T. J., Colgan, T. J., Sung, Y. S.,
Swanson, D., Zhang, L., & Antonescu, C. R. (2019).
Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor:
A distinct entity characterized by recurrent NCOA2/3
gene fusions. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 43(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1097/
PAS.0000000000001153.
Dionigi, A., Oliva, E., Clement, P. B., & Young, R. H.
(2002). Endometrial stromal nodules and endometrial
stromal tumors with limited infiltration:
A clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 26(5), 567–581. https://
doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200205000-00003.
Evans, A. T., 3rd, Symmonds, R. E., & Gaffey, T. A.
(1981). Recurrent pelvic intravenous leiomyomatosis.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, 57(2), 260–264. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7465135
Eyden, B. P., Hale, R. J., Richmond, I., & Buckley, C. H.
(1992). Cytoskeletal filaments in the smooth muscle
cells of uterine leiomyomata and myometrium: An
ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis.
Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological Anatomy and Histol-
ogy, 420(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF01605984.
Fornelli, A., Pasquinelli, G., & Eusebi, V. (1999).
Leiomyoma of the uterus showing skeletal muscle dif-
ferentiation: A case report. Human Pathology, 30(3),
356–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(99)
90017-5.
Gambacorti-Passerini, C., Orlov, S., Zhang, L., Braiteh, F.,
Huang, H., Esaki, T., Horibe, K., Ahn, J. S., Beck, J. T.,
Edenfield, W. J., Shi, Y., Taylor, M., Tamura, K., Van
Tine, B. A., Wu, S. J., Paolini, J., Selaru, P., & Kim,
M
264 Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus
https://t.me/med1917
T. M. (2018). Long-term effects of crizotinib in ALKpositive tumors (excluding NSCLC): A phase 1b openlabel study. American Journal of Hematology, 93(5),
607–614. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25043.
Garcia-Torres, R., Cruz, D., Orozco, L., Heidet, L., &
Gubler, M. C. (2000). Alport syndrome and diffuse
leiomyomatosis. Clinical aspects, pathology, molecular
biology and extracellular matrix studies. A synthesis.
Néphrologie, 21(1), 9–12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pubmed/10730274
George, S., Feng, Y., Manola, J., Nucci, M. R., Butrynski,
J. E., Morgan, J. A., Ramaiya, N., Quek, R., Penson,
R. T., Wagner, A. J., Harmon, D., Demetri, G. D., &
Krasner, C. (2014). Phase 2 trial of aromatase inhibition
with letrozole in patients with uterine leiomyosarcomas
expressing estrogen and/or progesterone receptors.
Cancer, 120(5), 738–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cncr.28476.
Gilbert, G. J. (1976). Letter: Response of hemiballismus to
haloperidol. JAMA, 236(14), 1576. https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/989125
Gilks, C. B., Taylor, G. P., & Clement, P. B. (1987).
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the uterus. International
Journal of Gynecological Pathology, 6(3), 275–286.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004347-198709000-00008.
Goebel, E. A., Hernandez Bonilla, S., Dong, F., Dickson,
B. C., Hoang, L. N., Hardisson, D., Lacambra, M. D.,
Lu, F. I., Fletcher, C. D. M., Crum, C. P., Antonescu,
C. R., Nucci, M. R., & Kolin, D. L. (2020). Uterine
tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor
(UTROSCT): A morphologic and molecular study of
26 cases confirms recurrent NCOA1-3 rearrangement.
The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 44(1),
30–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.000000000000
1348.
Gregova, M., Hojny, J., Nemejcova, K., Bartu, M., Mara,
M., Boudova, B., Laco, J., Krbal, L., Ticha, I., & Dundr,
P. (2020). Leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei: A study of
108 cases focusing on clinicopathological features, morphology, and fumarate hydratase alterations. Pathology
Oncology Research, 26(3), 1527–1537. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s12253-019-00739-5.
Grella, L., Arnold, T. E., Kvilekval, K. H., & Giron,
F. (1994). Intravenous leiomyomatosis. Journal of Vas-
cular Surgery, 20(6), 987–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0741-5214(94)90237-2.
Gremel, G., Liew, M., Hamzei, F., Hardell, E., Selling, J.,
Ghaderi, M., Stemme, S., Ponten, F., & Carlson, J. W.
(2015). A prognosis based classification of
undifferentiated uterine sarcomas: Identification of
mitotic index, hormone receptors and YWHAEFAM22 translocation status as predictors of survival.
International Journal of Cancer, 136(7), 1608–1618.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29141.
n, B. B., Ban, Y., Lu, X., & Wei, J. J. (2019).
Griffi
Hydropic leiomyoma: A distinct variant of leiomyoma
closely related to HMGA2 overexpression. Human
Pathology, 84,164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
humpath.2018.09.012.
Gupta, M., Laury, A. L., Nucci, M. R., & Quade, B. J.
(2018). Predictors of adverse outcome in uterine
smooth muscle tumours of uncertain malignant poten-
tial (STUMP): A clinicopathological analysis of
22 cases with a proposal for the inclusion of additional
histological parameters. Histopathology, 73(2),
284–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13515.
Ha, H. I., Choi, M. C., Heo, J. H., Kim, K. A., Jung, S. G.,
Park, H., Joo, W. D., Song, S. H., Kim, T. H., & Lee,
C. (2018). A clinicopathologic review and obstetric
outcome of uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain
malignant potential (STUMP) in a single institution.
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and
Reproductive Biology, 228,1–5. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ejogrb.2018.06.003.
Haimes, J. D., Stewart, C. J. R., Kudlow, B. A., Culver,
B. P., Meng, B., Koay, E., Whitehouse, A., Cope, N.,
Lee, J. C., Ng, T., McCluggage, W. G., & Lee, C. H.
(2017). Uterine inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors
frequently harbor ALK fusions with IGFBP5 and
THBS1. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology,
41(6), 773– 780. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000000801.
Hardell, E., Josefson, S., Ghaderi, M., Skeie-Jensen, T.,
Westbom-Fremer, S., Cheek, E. H., Bell, D., Selling, J.,
Schoolmeester, J. K., Masback, A., Davidson, B., &
Carlson, J. W. (2017). Validation of a mitotic index
cutoff as a prognostic marker in undifferentiated uterine
sarcomas. The American Journal of Surgical Pathol-
ogy, 41(9), 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000000894.
Harlow, B. L., Weiss, N. S., & Lofton, S. (1986). The
epidemiology of sarcomas of the uterus. Journal of
the National Cancer Institute, 76(3), 399–402. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3456457
Harrison, W. J., Andrici, J., Maclean, F., Madadi-Ghahan,
R., Farzin, M., Sioson, L., Toon, C. W., Clarkson, A.,
Watson, N., Pickett, J., Field, M., Crook, A., Tucker,
K., Goodwin, A., Anderson, L., Srinivasan, B.,
Grossmann, P., Martinek, P., Ondic, O., Hes, O.,
Trpkov, K., Clifton-Bligh, R. J., Dwight, T., & Gill,
A. J. (2016). Fumarate hydratase-deficient uterine
leiomyomas occur in both the syndromic and sporadic
settings. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology,
40(5), 599– 607. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000000573.
Hayden, M. A., Ordulu, Z., Gallagher, C. S., Quade, B. J.,
Anchan, R. M., Middleton, N. R., Srouji, S. S., Stewart,
E. A., & Morton, C. C. (2018). Clinical, pathologic,
cytogenetic, and molecular profiling in self-identified
black women with uterine leiomyomata. Cancer
Genetics, 222–223,1
cancergen.2018.01.001.
Hemming, M. L., Wagner, A. J., Nucci, M. R., Chiang, S.,
Wang, L., Hensley, M. L., & George, S. (2017).
YWHAE-rearranged high-grade endometrial stromal
sarcoma: Two-center case series and response to che-
motherapy. Gynecologic Oncology, 145(3), 531–535.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.03.021.
–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus 265
https://t.me/med1917
Hirschowitz, L., Mayall, F. G., Ganesan, R., &
McCluggage, W. G. (2013). Intravascular
adenomyomatosis: Expanding the morphologic spectrum of intravascular leiomyomatosis. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 37(9), 1395–1400.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31828b2c99.
Hoang, L. N., Aneja, A., Conlon, N., Delair, D. F., Middha,
S., Benayed, R., Hensley, M. L., Park, K. J., Hollmann,
T. J., Hameed, M. R., Antonescu, C. R., Soslow, R. A.,
& Chiang, S. (2017). Novel high-grade endometrial
stromal sarcoma: A morphologic mimicker of myxoid
leiomyosarcoma. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 41(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000000721.
Hodge, J. C., Bedroske, P. P., Pearce, K. E., & Sukov, W. R.
(2016). Molecular cytogenetic analysis of JAZF1,
PHF1, and YWHAE in endometrial stromal tumors:
Discovery of genetic complexity by fluorescence in
situ hybridization. The Journal of Molecular Diagnos-
tics, 18(4), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.
2016.02.001.
Hodgson, A., Swanson, D., Tang, S., Dickson, B. C., &
Turashvili, G. (2020). Gene fusions characterize a subset of uterine cellular leiomyomas. Genes, Chromo-
somes & Cancer, 59(12), 688–696. https://doi.org/10.
1002/gcc.22888.
Hornick, J. L., Sholl, L. M., Dal Cin, P., Childress, M. A.,
& Lovly, C. M. (2015). Expression of ROS1 predicts
ROS1 gene rearrangement in inflammatory
myofibroblastic tumors. Modern Pathology, 28(5),
732–739. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.
2014.165.
Hrzenjak, A., Moinfar, F., Tavassoli, F. A., Strohmeier, B.,
Kremser, M. L., Zatloukal, K., & Denk, H. (2005).
JAZF1/JJAZ1 gene fusion in endometrial stromal sarcomas: Molecular analysis by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction optimized for paraffinembedded tissue. The Journal of Molecular Diagnos-
tics, 7(3), 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1525-
1578(10)60568-5.
Huang, H. Y., Ladanyi, M., & Soslow, R. A. (2004).
Molecular detection of JAZF1-JJAZ1 gene fusion in
endometrial stromal neoplasms with classic and variant
histology: Evidence for genetic heterogeneity. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 28(2),
224– 232. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-
200402000-00010.
Hurrell, D. P., & McCluggage, W. G. (2007). Uterine
tumour resembling ovarian sex cord tumour is an
immunohistochemically polyphenotypic neoplasm
which exhibits coexpression of epithelial, myoid and
sex cord markers. Journal of Clinical Pathology,
60(10), 1148–1154. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2006.
044842.
Hwang, H., Matsuo, K., Duncan, K., Pakzamir, E., Pham,
H. Q., Correa, A., Fedenko, A.,& Mhawech-Fauceglia,
P. (2015). Immunohistochemical panel to differentiate
endometrial stromal sarcoma, uterine leiomyosarcoma
and leiomyoma: Something old and something new.
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 68(9), 710–717.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202915.
Ip, P. P., Lam, K. W., Cheung, C. L., Yeung, M. C., Pun,
T. C., Chan, Q. K., & Cheung, A. N. (2007).
Tranexamic acid-associated necrosis and intralesional
thrombosis of uterine leiomyomas: A clinicopathologic
study of 147 cases emphasizing the importance of drug-
induced necrosis and early infarcts in leiomyomas. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 31(8),
1215–1224. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3180
32125e.
Ip, P. P., Cheung, A. N., & Clement, P. B. (2009). Uterine
smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential
(STUMP): A clinicopathologic analysis of 16 cases.
The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 33(7),
992– 1005. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b0
13e3181a02d1c.
Ip, P. P., Lim, D., Cheung, A. N. Y ., & Oliva, E. (2017).
Immunoexpression of p16 in uterine leiomyomas with
infarct-type necrosis: An analysis of 35 cases. Histopa-
thology, 71(5), 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.
13282.
Irving, J. A., Carinelli, S., & Prat, J. (2006). Uterine tumors
resembling ovarian sex cord tumors are polyphenotypic
neoplasms with true sex cord differentiation. Modern
Pathology, 19(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/
modpathol.3800475.
Jakate, K., Azimi, F., Ali, R. H., Lee, C. H., Clarke, B. A.,
Rasty, G., Shaw, P. A., Melnyk, N., Huntsman, D. G.,
Laframboise, S., & Rouzbahman, M. (2013). Endome-
trial sarcomas: An immunohistochemical and JAZF1
re-arrangement study in low-grade and undifferentiated
tumors. Modern Pathology, 26(1), 95–105. https://doi.
org/10.1038/modpathol.2012.136.
Je, E. M., Kim, M. R., Min, K. O., Yoo, N. J., & Lee, S. H.
(2012). Mutational analysis of MED12 exon 2 in uter-
ine leiomyoma and other common tumors. Interna-
tional Journal of Cancer, 131(6), E1044 – E1047.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27610.
Juckett, L. T., Lin, D. I., Madison, R., Ross, J. S., Schrock,
A. B., & Ali, S. (2019). A pan-cancer landscape anal-
ysis reveals a subset of endometrial stromal and pedi-
atric Tumors defined by internal tandem duplications of
BCOR. Oncology, 96(2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.
1159/000493322.
Kalogiannidis, I., Stavrakis, T., Dagklis, T., Petousis, S.,
Nikolaidou, C., Venizelos, I., & Rousso, D. (2016).
A clinicopathological study of atypical leiomyomas:
Benign variant leiomyoma or smooth-muscle tumor of
uncertain malignant potential. Oncology Letters, 11(2),
1425–1428. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.4062.
Kampjarvi, K., Makinen, N., Mehine, M., Valipakka, S.,
Uimari, O., Pitkanen, E., Heinonen, H. R., Heikkinen,
T., Tolvanen, J., Ahtikoski, A., Frizzell, N., Sarvilinna,
N., Sjoberg, J., Butzow, R., Aaltonen, L. A., &
Vahteristo, P. (2016). MED12 mutations and FH inac-
tivation are mutually exclusive in uterine leiomyomas.
British Journal of Cancer, 114(12), 1405–1411. https://
doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.130.
M
266 Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus
https://t.me/med1917
Kapp, D. S., Shin, J. Y., & Chan, J. K. (2008). Prognostic
factors and survival in 1396 patients with uterine
leiomyosarcomas: Emphasis on impact of
lymphadenectomy and oophorectomy. Cancer, 112(4),
820–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23245.
Kefeli, M., Caliskan, S., Kurtoglu, E., Yildiz, L., & Kokcu,
A. (2018). Leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei: Clinical and
pathologic features of 30 patients. International Jour-
nal of Gynecological Pathology, 37(4), 379–387.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000425.
King, M. E., Dickersin, G. R., & Scully, R. E. (1982).
Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. A report of six
cases. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology,
6(7), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-
198210000-00001.
Kolin, D. L., Dong, F., Baltay, M., Lindeman, N.,
MacConaill, L., Nucci, M. R., Crum, C. P., & Howitt,
B. E. (2018). SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated
uterine sarcoma (malignant rhabdoid tumor of the
uterus): A clinicopathologic entity distinct from
undifferentiated carcinoma. Modern Pathology, 31(9),
1442–1456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-018-
0049-z.
Kommoss, F. K., Chang, K. T., Stichel, D., Banito, A.,
Jones, D. T., Heilig, C. E., Frohling, S., Sahm, F.,
Stenzinger, A., Hartmann, W., Mechtersheimer, G.,
Sinn, H. P., Schmidt, D., Kommoss, F., von Deimling,
A., & Koelsche, C. (2020). Endometrial stromal sarcomas with BCOR-rearrangement harbor MDM2 ampli-
fications. The Journal of Pathology. Clinical Research,
6(3), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjp2.165.
Kurihara, S., Oda, Y., Ohishi, Y., Iwasa, A., Takahira, T.,
Kaneki, E., Kobayashi, H., Wake, N., & Tsuneyoshi,
M. (2008). Endometrial stromal sarcomas and related
high-grade sarcomas: Immunohistochemical and
molecular genetic study of 31 cases. The American
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 32(8), 1228–1238.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31816a3b42.
Kurihara, S., Oda, Y., Ohishi, Y., Kaneki, E., Kobayashi,
H., Wake, N., & Tsuneyoshi, M. (2010). Coincident
expression of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in endometrial stromal tumors and related high-grade sarcomas.
Modern Pathology, 23(2), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.
1038/modpathol.2009.162.
Kurman, R. J., & Norris, H. J. (1976). Mesenchymal
tumors of the uterus. VI. Epithelioid smooth muscle
tumors including leiomyoblastoma and clear-cell
leiomyoma: A clinical and pathologic analysis of
26 cases. Cancer, 37(4), 1853–1865. https://doi.org/
10.1002/1097-0142(197604)37.4<1853::aid-
cncr2820370433>3.0.co;2-e.
Kushnir, C. L., Gerardi, M., Banet, N., Shih Ie, M., & Diaz-
Montes, T. (2013). Extrauterine inflammatory
myofibroblastic tumor: A case report. Gynecologic
Oncology Case Reports, 6
1016/j.gynor.2013.07.007.
Laughlin-Tommaso, S. K., Lu, D., Thomas, L., Diamond,
M. P., Wallace, K., Wegienka, G., Vines, A. I., Anchan,
R. M., Wang, T., Maxwell, G. L., Jacoby, V., Marsh,
,39–41. https://doi.org/10.
E. E., Spies, J. B., Nicholson, W. K., Stewart, E. A., &
Myers, E. R. (2020). Short-term quality of life after
myomectomy for uterine fibroids from the
COMPARE-UF Fibroid Registry. American Journal
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 222(4), 345 e341–345
e322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.052.
Leath, C. A., 3rd, Huh, W. K., Hyde, J., Jr., Cohn, D. E.,
Resnick, K. E., Taylor, N. P., Powell, M. A., Mutch,
D. G., Bradley, W. H., Geller, M. A., Argenta, P. A., &
Gold, M. A. (2007). A multi-institutional review of
outcomes of endometrial stromal sarcoma. Gyneco-
logic Oncology, 105(3), 630–634. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ygyno.2007.01.031.
Lee, C. H., & Nucci, M. R. (2015). Endometrial stromal
sarcoma–The new genetic paradigm. Histopathology,
67(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.12594.
Lee, C. H., Ali, R. H., Rouzbahman, M., Marino-Enriquez,
A., Zhu, M., Guo, X., Brunner, A. L., Chiang, S.,
Leung, S., Nelnyk, N., Huntsman, D. G., Blake Gilks,
C., Nielsen, T. O., Dal Cin, P., van de Rijn, M., Oliva,
E., Fletcher, J. A., & Nucci, M. R. (2012a). Cyclin D1
as a diagnostic immunomarker for endometrial stromal
sarcoma with YWHAE-FAM22 rearrangement. The
American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 36(10),
1562– 1570. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0b013e31825fa931.
Lee, C. H., Marino-Enriquez, A., Ou, W., Zhu, M., Ali,
R. H., Chiang, S., Amant, F., Gilks, C. B., van de Rijn,
M., Oliva, E., Debiec-Rychter, M., Dal Cin, P.,
Fletcher, J. A., & Nucci, M. R. (2012b). The clinico-
pathologic features of YWHAE-FAM22 endometrial
stromal sarcomas: A histologically high-grade and clin-
ically aggressive tumor. The American Journal of Sur-
gical Pathology, 36(5), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.
1097/PAS.0b013e31824a7b1a.
Lee, C. H., Ou, W. B., Marino-Enriquez, A., Zhu, M.,
Mayeda, M., Wang, Y., Guo, X., Brunner, A. L.,
Amant, F., French, C. A., West, R. B., McAlpine,
J. N., Gilks, C. B., Yaffe, M. B., Prentice, L. M.,
McPherson, A., Jones, S. J., Marra, M. A., Shah,
S. P., van de Rijn, M., Huntsman, D. G., Dal Cin, P.,
Debiec-Rychter, M., Nucci, M. R., & Fletcher, J. A.
(2012c). 14-3-3 fusion oncogenes in high-grade endo-
metrial stromal sarcoma. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
109(3), 929– 934. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
1115528109.
Lee, S. J., Kim, M. D., Kim, G. M., Won, J. Y., Park, S. I.,
& Lee, D. Y. (2016). Uterine artery embolization for
symptomatic fibroids in postmenopausal women. Clin-
ical Imaging, 40(1), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.clinimag.2015.08.010.
Lee, C. H., Kao, Y. C., Lee, W. R., Hsiao, Y. W., Lu, T. P.,
Chu, C. Y., Lin, Y. J., Huang, H. Y., Hsieh, T. H., Liu,
Y. R., Liang, C. W., Chen, T. W., Yip, S., Lum, A., Kuo,
K. T., Jeng, Y. M., Yu, S. C., Chung, Y. C., & Lee, J. C.
(2019). Clinicopathologic characterization of GREB1-
rearranged uterine sarcomas with variable sex-cord dif-
ferentiation. The American Journal of Surgical
Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus 267
https://t.me/med1917
Pathology, 43(7), 928–942. https://doi.org/10.1097/
PAS.0000000000001265.
Lethaby, A., Puscasiu, L., & Vollenhoven, B. (2017). Pre-
operative medical therapy before surgery for uterine
fibroids. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
11, CD000547. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.
CD000547.pub2.
Levenback, C., Rubin, S. C., McCormack, P. M., Hoskins,
W. J., Atkinson, E. N., & Lewis, J. L., Jr. (1992).
Resection of pulmonary metastases from uterine sarcomas. Gynecologic Oncology, 45(2), 202–205. https://
doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(92)90286-r.
Lewis, N., Soslow, R. A., Delair, D. F., Park, K. J., Murali,
R., Hollmann, T. J., Davidson, B., Micci, F.,
Panagopoulos, I., Hoang, L. N., Arias-Stella, J. A., 3rd,
Oliva, E., Young, R. H., Hensley, M. L., Leitao, M. M.,
Jr., Hameed, M., Benayed, R., Ladanyi, M., Frosina, D.,
Jungbluth, A. A., Antonescu, C. R., & Chiang,
S. (2018). ZC3H7B-BCOR high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas: A report of 17 cases of a newly defined
entity. Modern Pathology, 31(4), 674–684. https://doi.
org/10.1038/modpathol.2017.162.
Li, H., Ma, X., Wang, J., Koontz, J., Nucci, M., & Sklar,
J. (2007). Effects of rearrangement and allelic exclusion of JJAZ1/SUZ12 on cell proliferation and survival. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 104(50),
20001– 20006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0709986104.
Liang, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, X., & Lu, W. (2015). Diag-
nostic value of progesterone receptor, p16, p53 and
pHH3 expression in uterine atypical leiomyoma. Inter-
national Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 8(6), 7196– 7202. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/26261614
Liegl-Atzwanger, B., Heitzer, E., Flicker, K., Muller, S.,
Ulz, P., Saglam, O., Tavassoli, F., DevouassouxShisheboran, M., Geigl, J., & Moinfar, F. (2016).
Exploring chromosomal abnormalities and genetic
changes in uterine smooth muscle tumors. Modern
Pathology, 29(10), 1262–1277. https://doi.org/10.
1038/modpathol.2016.107.
Lim, D., Alvarez, T., Nucci, M. R., Gilks, B., Longacre, T.,
Soslow, R. A., & Oliva, E. (2013). Interobserver variability in the interpretation of tumor cell necrosis in
uterine leiomyosarcoma. The American Journal of Sur-
gical Pathology, 37(5), 650–658. https://doi.org/10.
1097/PAS.0b013e3182851162.
Lin, D. I., Hemmerich, A., Edgerly, C., Duncan, D.,
Severson, E. A., Huang, R. S. P., Ramkissoon, S. H.,
Connor, Y. D., Shea, M., Hecht, J. L., Ali, S. M.,
Vergilio, J. A., Ross, J. S., & Elvin, J. A. (2020).
Genomic profiling of BCOR-rearranged uterine sarcomas reveals novel gene fusion partners, frequent CDK4
amplification and CDKN2A loss. Gynecologic Oncol-
ogy, 157(2), 357
2020.02.024.
Liu, I. F., Yen, Y. S., Cheng, Y. M., & Chou, C. Y. (2006).
Mitotically active leiomyoma of the uterus in a
–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.
postmenopausal breast cancer patient receiving tamox-
ifen. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology,
45(2), 167– 169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1028-
4559(09)60218-7.
Liu, N., Long, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020). Intravenous
leiomyomatosis: Case series and review of the litera-
ture. The Journal of International Medical Research,
48(1), 300060519896887. https://doi.org/10.1177/
0300060519896887.
Low, H. Y., Zhao, Y., Huang, K. S., Shen, H. P., Wu, P. J., &
Tseng, C. J. (2017). Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the
uterus: A clinicopathological analysis of nine cases and
literature review. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 56(3), 362–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tjog.2017.04.017.
Makinen, N., Mehine, M., Tolvanen, J., Kaasinen, E., Li,
Y., Lehtonen, H. J., Gentile, M., Yan, J., Enge, M.,
Taipale, M., Aavikko, M., Katainen, R., Virolainen,
E., Bohling, T., Koski, T. A., Launonen, V., Sjoberg,
J., Taipale, J., Vahteristo, P., & Aaltonen, L. A. (2011).
MED12, the mediator complex subunit 12 gene, is
mutated at high frequency in uterine leiomyomas. Sci-
ence, 334(6053), 252–255. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1208930.
Makinen, N., Aavikko, M., Heikkinen, T., Taipale, M.,
Taipale, J., Koivisto-Korander, R., Butzow, R., &
Vahteristo, P. (2016). Exome sequencing of uterine
leiomyosarcomas identifies frequent mutations in
TP53, ATRX, and MED12. PLoS Genetics, 12(2),
e1005850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.
1005850.
Makinen, N., Kampjarvi, K., Frizzell, N., Butzow, R., &
Vahteristo, P. (2017). Characterization of MED12,
HMGA2, and FH alterations reveals molecular vari-
ability in uterine smooth muscle tumors. Molecular
Cancer, 16(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-
017-0672-1.
Marino-Enriquez, A., Lauria, A., Przybyl, J., Ng, T. L.,
Kowalewska, M., Debiec-Rychter, M., Ganesan, R.,
Sumathi, V., George, S., McCluggage, W. G., Nucci,
M. R., Lee, C. H., & Fletcher, J. A. (2018). BCOR
internal tandem duplication in high-grade uterine sar-
comas. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology,
42(3), 335– 341. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0000000000000993.
Martin-Reay, D. G., Christ, M. L., & LaPata, R. E. (1991).
Uterine leiomyoma with skeletal muscle differentia-
tion. Report of a case. American Journal of Clinical
Pathology, 96(3), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.1093/
ajcp/96.3.344.
McCluggage, W. G., Sumathi, V. P., & Maxwell, P. (2001).
CD10 is a sensitive and diagnostically useful immuno-
histochemical marker of normal endometrial stroma
and of endometrial stromal neoplasms. Histopathology,
39(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.
2001.01215.x.
McGuire, M. M., Yatsenko, A., Hoffner, L., Jones, M.,
Surti, U., & Rajkovic, A. (2012). Whole exome
sequencing in a random sample of North American
M
268 Mesenchymal Tumors, Pathology of the Uterine Corpus
https://t.me/med1917
women with leiomyomas identifies MED12 mutations
in majority of uterine leiomyomas. PLoS One, 7(3),
e33251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
0033251.
Mehine, M., Kaasinen, E., Heinonen, H. R., Makinen, N.,
Kampjarvi, K., Sarvilinna, N., Aavikko, M.,
Vaharautio, A., Pasanen, A., Butzow, R., Heikinheimo,
O., Sjoberg, J., Pitkanen, E., Vahteristo, P., & Aaltonen,
L. A. (2016). Integrated data analysis reveals uterine
leiomyoma subtypes with distinct driver pathways and
biomarkers. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 113(5),
1315–1320. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518752113.
Menko, F. H., Maher, E. R., Schmidt, L. S., Middelton,
L. A., Aittomaki, K., Tomlinson, I., Richard, S., &
Linehan, W. M. (2014). Hereditary leiomyomatosis
and renal cell cancer (HLRCC): Renal cancer risk,
surveillance and treatment. Familial Cancer, 13(4),
637–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10689-014-9735-2.
Micci, F., Walter, C. U., Teixeira, M. R., Panagopoulos, I.,
Bjerkehagen, B., Saeter, G., & Heim, S. (2003). Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses of endometrial
stromal sarcoma: Nonrandom involvement of chromosome arms 6p and 7p and confirmation of JAZF1/
JJAZ1 gene fusion in t(7;17). Cancer Genetics and
Cytogenetics, 144(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.
1016/s0165-4608(03)00025-6.
Micci, F., Gorunova, L., Gatius, S., Matias-Guiu, X.,
Davidson, B., Heim, S., & Panagopoulos, I. (2014).
MEAF6/PHF1 is a recurrent gene fusion in endometrial
stromal sarcoma. Cancer Letters, 347(1), 75–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.030.
Micci, F., Gorunova, L., Agostini, A., Johannessen, L. E.,
Brunetti, M., Davidson, B., Heim, S., & Panagopoulos,
I. (2016). Cytogenetic and molecular profile of endometrial stromal sarcoma. Genes, Chromosomes & Can-
cer, 55(11), 834 – 846. https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.
22380.
Micci, F., Brunetti, M., Dal Cin, P., Nucci, M. R.,
Gorunova, L., Heim, S., & Panagopoulos, I. (2017).
Fusion of the genes BRD8 and PHF1 in endometrial
stromal sarcoma. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer,
56(12), 841–845. https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.22485.
Mills, A. M., Ly, A., Balzer, B. L., Hendrickson, M. R.,
Kempson, R. L., McKenney, J. K., & Longacre, T. A.
(2013). Cell cycle regulatory markers in uterine atypical leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma: Immunohistochemical study of 68 cases with clinical follow-up.
The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 37(5),
634– 642. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.
0b013e318287779c.
Mohammad, N., Haimes, J. D., Mishkin, S., Kudlow,
B. A., Leong, M. Y., Chew, S. H., Koay, E.,
Whitehouse, A., Cope, N., Ali, R. H., Kobel, M., Stewart, C. J. R., McCluggage, W. G., & Lee, C. H. (2018).
ALK is a specific diagnostic marker for inflammatory
fibroblastic tumor of the uterus. The American
myo
Journal of Surgical Pathology, 42(10), 1353–1359.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001120.
Mohammad, N., Stewart, C. J. R., Chiang, S., Turashvili,
G., Dickson, B. C., Ng, T. L., Kobel, M., McCluggage,
W. G., Croce, S., & Lee, C. H. (2021). p53 immuno-
histochemical analysis of fusion-positive uterine sarco-
mas. Histopathology, 78(6), 805–813. https://doi.org/
10.1111/his.14292.
Moinfar, F., Regitnig, P., Tabrizi, A. D., Denk, H., &
Tavassoli, F. A. (2004). Expression of androgen recep-
tors in benign and malignant endometrial stromal neo-
plasms. Virchows Archiv, 444(5), 410–414. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00428-004-0981-9.
Momeni-Boroujeni, A., & Chiang, S. (2020). Uterine mes-
enchymal tumours: Recent advances. Histopathology,
76(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14008.
Momeni-Boroujeni, A., Mohammad, N., Wolber, R., Yip,
S., Kobel, M., Dickson, B. C., Hensley, M. L., Leitao,
M. M., Jr., Antonescu, C. R., Benayed, R., Ladanyi, M.,
Lee, C. H., & Chiang, S. (2021). Targeted RNA expres-
sion profiling identifies high-grade endometrial stromal
sarcoma as a clinically relevant molecular subtype of
uterine sarcoma. Modern Pathology, 34(5),
1008–1016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-020-
00705-6.
Moore, M., & McCluggage, W. G. (2017). Uterine tumour
resembling ovarian sex cord tumour: First report of a
large series with follow-up. Histopathology, 71(5),
751–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13296.
Moore, M., & McCluggage, W. G. (2020). Uterine endo-
metrial stromal tumors with limited infiltration: First
report of a case series indicating potential for malignant
behavior. International Journal of Gynecological
Pathology, 39(3), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1097/
PGP.0000000000000593.
Moroni, R. M., Vieira, C. S., Ferriani, R. A., Reis, R. M.,
Nogueira, A. A., & Brito, L. G. (2015). Presentation
and treatment of uterine leiomyoma in adolescence:
A systematic review. BMC Womens Health, 15,
4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0162-9.
Mosse, Y. P., Voss, S. D., Lim, M. S., Rolland, D., Minard,
C. G., Fox, E., Adamson, P., Wilner, K., Blaney, S. M.,
& Weigel, B. J. (2017). Targeting ALK with crizotinib
in pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma and inflam-
matory myofibroblastic tumor: A Children’s Oncology
Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(28),
3215–3221.
73.4830.
Mulvany, N. J., Slavin, J. L., Ostor, A. G., & Fortune,
D. W. (1994). Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the
uterus: A clinicopathologic study of 22 cases. Interna-
tional Journal of Gynecological Pathology, 13(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004347-199401000-00001.
Myles, J. L., & Hart, W. R. (1985). Apoplectic leiomyomas
of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study of five distinc-
tive hemorrhagic leiomyomas associated with oral con-
traceptive usage. The American Journal of Surgical
Pathology, 9(11), 798–805. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pubmed/4073354
Nomura, Y., Tamura, D., Horie, M., Sato, M., Sasaki, S.,
Yamamoto, Y., Kudo-Asabe, Y., Umakoshi, M.,
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана