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Malignant Epithelial Tumors,
Pathology of the Broad
Ligaments and Other Uterine
Ligaments
Isabel Alvarado-Cabrero
Department of Pathology, Mexican Oncology
Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
Serous Borderline Tumor of the Broad
Ligament
Definition
A noninvasive tumor that displays greater epithelial proliferation and cytological atypia than
benign serous tumors but less than low-grade
serous carcinoma.
Clinical Features
• Incidence
These tumors are rare; more than 30 cases have
been reported (Aslani et al. 1988; Loverro
et al. 1997).
• Age
Patients range in age from 19 to 67 years
(average 31 years) (Aslani et al. 1988).
• Site
Broad ligament.
• Clinical Presentation
The most common symptoms at presentation are
lower abdominal and pelvic pain; however, some
cases are discovered on routine gynecologic
examination (Chandraratnam and Leong. 1983).
• Treatment
Treatment and staging are similar to those of their
ovarian counterparts (d’Ablaing et al. 1983).
• Outcome
Patients have an excellent prognosis and local
excision is curative. They are usually confined
to the broad ligament (Loverro et al. 1997).
Macroscopy
The tumors are typically unilateral, and they range
in size from 1 to 13 cm (Aslani et al. 1988).
Microscopy
The histopathology is the same as that of serous
borderline tumors of the ovary/fallopian tube.
Immunophenotype
Not clinically relevant.
Molecular Features
Not clinically relevant.
Differential Diagnosis
Borderline serous tumors are distinguished from
benign serous tumors on the basis of epithelial
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
S. Stolnicu, R. Ali-Fehmi (eds.), Gynecologic Pathology, Encyclopedia of Pathology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97378-0
170 Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Broad Ligaments and Other Uterine Ligaments
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proliferation. Serous carcinoma is distinguished
from serous borderline tumor by the presence of
destructive stromal invasion.
Carcinomas of the Broad Ligament
Synonyms
Malignant epithelial tumors of mullerian type.
Definition
Malignant epithelial tumors that originate in the
mullerian compartment.
Clinical Features
• Incidence
Primary carcinoma of the broad ligament is
rare; less than 30 cases have been reported,
most of which were serous, endometrioid, tran-
sitional, and clear cell types (Young. 2007;
Torres et al. 2015; Thomason et al. 1995).
• Age
The patients range from 23 to 75 years of age
(Altaras et al. 1990).
• Site
Broad ligament.
• Clinical Presentation
The most common presenting manifestations
are pelvic discomfort, abdominal pain, and an
adnexal mass. Some carcinomas are associated
with pelvic endometriosis (Aslani and Scully
1989).
• Treatment
Treatment and staging are similar to those of
their ovarian/fallopian tube counterparts.
• Outcome
Many of the patients are relatively young, and
the tumors are usually unilateral. Because of a
limited period of follow-up in many of the
cases, the prognosis associated with these
tumors is uncertain, but several of them had
spread beyond the broad ligament
(Czernobilsky and Lancet 1972).
Macroscopy
The tumors are cystic, solid, or mixed, and their
diameter ranges from 4.5 to 13 cm (Aslani and
Scully 1989).
Microscopy
The histopathology is the same as that of carcinomas of the ovary/fallopian tube (Young 2007).
Molecular Features
Not clinically relevant.
Differential Diagnosis
Carcinomas of the fallopian tube, ovary, and
uterus as well as the wolffian tumor are in the
differential diagnosis.
References and Further Reading
Altaras, M. M., Jaffe, R., Corduba, M., Holtzinger, M., &
Bahary, C. (1990). Primary paraovarian cystadenocarcinoma: Clinical and management aspects and literature review. Gynecologic Oncology, 38, 268–272.
Aslani, M., & Scully, R. E. (1989). Primary carcinoma of
the broad ligament. Report of four cases and review of
the literature. Cancer, 64, 1640–1645.
Aslani, M., Ahn, G. H., & Scully, R. E. (1988). Serous
papillary cystadenoma of borderline malignancy of
broad ligament. A report of 25 cases. International
Journal of Gynecological Pathology, 7, 131–138.
Chandraratnam, E., & Leong, A. S. (1983). Papillary
serous cystadenoma of borderline malignancy arising
in a para-ovarian paramesonephric cyst. Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations. Histopathol-
ogy, 7, 601–611.
Czernobilsky, B., & Lancet, M. (1972). Broad ligament
adenocarcinoma of Mullerian origin. Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 40, 238–242.
d’Ablaing, G., 3rd., Klatt, E. C., Di Rocco, G., & Hibbard,
L. T. (1983). Broad ligament serous tumor of low
malignant potential. International Journal of Gyneco-
logical Pathology, 2,93–99.
Loverro, G., Cormio, G., Renzulli, G., Lepera, A., Ricco,
R., & Selvaggi, L. (1997). Serous papillary
cystadenoma of borderline malignancy of the broad
ligament. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology,
and Reproductive Biology, 74,211–213.
Thomason, R. N., Rush, W., & Dave, H. (1995). Transi-
tional cell carcinoma arising within a paratubal cyst:
Report of a case. International Journal of Gynecolog-
ical Pathology, 14, 270–274.
Torres, D., Parker, L., Moghadamfalahi, M., Sanders,
M. A., & Metzinger, D. S. (2015). Clear cell adenocarcinoma arising in an adenomyoma of the broad ligament. International Journal of Surgical Pathology,
23(2), 140–143.
Young, R. H. (2007). Neoplasms of the fallopian tube and
broad ligament: A selective survey including historical
perspective and emphasising recent developments.
Pathology, 39,112–124.
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube 171
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• Outcome
Malignant Epithelial Tumors,
Pathology of the Fallopian
The prognosis appears favorable (Krasevic
et al. 2005; Abreu et al. 2011).
Tube
Macroscopy
Isabel Alvarado-Cabrero
Department of Pathology, Mexican Oncology
Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
The tumors are usually <6 cm in largest diameter
(mean size 1.8 cm), and their gross appearance is
similar to their ovarian counterparts (AlvaradoCabrero et al. 1997; Abreu et al. 2011).
Serous Borderline Tumor of the
Fallopian Tube
Synonyms
Atypical proliferative serous tumor or serous
tumor of uncertain malignant potential; not
recommended.
Definition
A tumor exhibiting an atypical epithelial proliferation of serous type cells greater than that seen
in their benign counterparts but without destructive stromal invasion (Malpica and Longacre
2018).
Clinical Features
• Incidence
Rare, with less than 20 cases reported in the
literature (Wolsky et al. 2018).
• Age
22–83 years (mean: 42 years) (Kayaalp et al.
2000).
• Site
Borderline serous tumor (BDS) involves the
tube, including its fimbriated portion
(Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 1997).
• Clinical Presentation
Patients are often asymptomatic but may have
abdominal enlargement or pain (Alvarado-
Cabrero et al. 1997; Kayaalp et al. 2000).
• Treatment
Serous borderline tumor offers the potential for
salpingectomy oophorectomy surgery, spe-
cially in young, reproductive-aged women,
although initial staging surgery is often
performed in order to accurately determine
stage and exclude the presen ce of invasive
implants (Malpica and Longacre 2018).
Microscopy
Serous borderline tumors of the fallopian tube
closely resemble their ovarian counterparts. In
these tumors, polypoid excrescences accompanied by finer papillae occupy part or all of the
lining of one or more cysts (Fig. 1a, b). The
tumor cells are usually ciliated, resembling
non-neoplastic fallopian tube epithelium (Vang
et al. 2013).
Immunophenotype
The cells are positive for PAX8, WT1, ER, and PR
and negative for D2–40. Wild-type immunoexpression of p53 might also be seen (Vang et al.
2013; Malpica and Longacre 2018).
Molecular Features
Not clinically relevant.
Differential Diagnosis
Borderline tumors of the fallopian tube should be
distinguished from the rare metaplastic papillary
tumor. The latter is a microscopic incidental papillary proliferation in segments of fallopian tube
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 1 Serous borderline tumor of the
fallopian tube (low-power view) with intracystic component and hierarchical branching
M
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• Clinical Presentation
This lesion is asymptomatic (Visvanathan
et al. 2001).
• Treatment
The American College of Obstetrician and
Gynecologists has recommended opportunistic
salpingectomy as a primary prevention of ovarian carcinoma in females undergoing pelvic
surgery for other indications or as a sterilization procedure. Moreover, if complete
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 2 Serous borderline tumor with
detachment of pink, atypical cell clusters
salpingectomy is unable to be performed,
they recommend removing as much as feasibly
possible. For BRCA patients, the role of pro-
phylactic salpingo-oophorectomy is clearly
that lack hierarchical branching. Low-grade
serous carcinomas show confluent papillary
growth pattern, line d by layers of cells with
more pronounced cytologic atypia and prominent
nucleoli (Kolin and Nucci 2019; Fig. 2).
stated (Harmsen et al. 2015).
• Outcome
Isolated STIC shows subsequent development
of high-grade serous carcinoma in 4.5% of
patients (Harmsen et al. 2015).
Macroscopy
Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is not identifiable grossly (STIC is detected in risk-reducing
Synonyms
salpingo-oophorectomies) (Bachert et al. 2020).
Intraepithelial carcinoma.
Microscopy
Definition
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is the noninvasive form of high-grade serous carcinomas.
Most intraepithelial carcinomas of the fallopian
tube are of high-grade serous-type, and the
lesional cells of STIC show secretory cell differentiation. Histologically, STIC is the earliest mor-
Clinical Features
• Incidence
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC)
is the most common early malignancy in
asymptomatic BRCA+ women. STIC is identified in 5–10% of risk-reducing salpingo-
oophorectomies in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation
carriers. In addition, it is present in <1% of
salpingectomies from patients at low risk for
ovarian cancer (Visvanathan et al. 2001 ).
phologically recognizable form of tubal
carcinoma. It is characterized by absence of invasion of underlying fallopian tube stroma and the
presence of cytologic abnormalities that result in
the fallopian tube epithelium appearing darker
than adjacent normal epithelium at low-power
magnification (Fig. 3). In cases with invasive carcinoma in the same tube, STIC may be found
directly adjacent to invasion (Meserve et al.
2017).
• Age
Women with BRCA-associated tumors present
at an age slightly younger than those with
sporadic serous carcinomas, and both patient
groups have similar clinicopathologic features
(Lee et al. 2006).
• Site
Distal fallopian tube (Lee et al. 2006).
Immunophenotype
TP53 mutations are present in 92% of STICs. The
lesions therefore typically demonstrate strong and
diffuse p53 immunohistochemical staining consistent with missense mutations. Proliferation
(MIB-1) indices between serous tubal epithelial
proliferations and intraepithelial carcinomas
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube 173
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changes associated with reactive cytologic
atypia of the tubal epithelium may occur in
response to salpingitis and may closely simulate
STIC; however, severe nuclear atypia and prominent mitotic activity are absent (Visvanathan
et al. 2001).
High-Grade Serous Carcinoma
Synonyms
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 3 Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Car-
cinoma (STIC). The lesions have no invasion of underlying
fallopian tube stroma. Cells are hyperchromatic with highnuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, stratification, and loss of
polarity
overlap. The proliferative index is increased relative to the normal mucosa. Some have given an
overall proliferative of >10% to be frequently
associated with intraepithelial carcinoma. Cyclin
E and p16 are upregulated in STIC but not always
(Chen et al. 2017).
Molecular Features
Gene expression profiles of fallopian tube and
ovarian serous carcinoma have been shown to be
similar, implying that tumorigenesis in both
organs shares related molecular pathway. P53
has been identified as an important gene in the
development of fallopian tube carcinoma. P53
mutations have been detected in early-stage carcinoma and STIC, suggesting that mutation of this
gene is an early event in carcinogenesis (Bachert
et al. 2020).
Differential Diagnosis
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma should be
distinguished from p53 signature; this lesion is
morphologically benign and, in contrast with a
STIC, is composed of typically secretory epithelial cells. Furthermore, serous tubal intraepithelial
carcinoma displays diffuse and strong p53 and
MIB-1 (Meserve et al. 2017).
The differential diagnosis also includes reac-
tive atypia and thermal artifact. Hyperplastic
High-grade serous adenocarcinoma.
Definition
Malignant epithelial tumor showing serous differentiation, with moderate to severe nuclear atypia
originating in the fallopian tube.
Clinical Features
• Incidence
High-grade serous carcinoma is a rare malig-
nancy, accounting for only 0.3–1.1%
(Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 1999).
• Age
The age of the patients ranges from 26 to
85 (average 58) years (Alvarado-Cabrero
et al. 1999).
• Site
These carcinomas often arise from ampulla or
fimbria (Kalampokas et al. 2013).
• Clinical Presentation
The most common presenting complaints are
abnormal vaginal bleeding and abdominal pel-
vic pain; patients may also have a palpable
pelvic mass. The clinical complex designated
“hydrops tubae profluens” (pelvic pain, copi-
ous watery discharge, and adnexal mass),
although thought to be fairly specific for tubal
carcinoma, occurs in <5% of patients
(Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 2013).
• Treatment
Treatment strategies are sim ilar to those for
carcinoma of the ovary (Gadducci et al. 2001).
• Outcome
This tumor usually has a poor prognosis. When
the disease has extended beyond the fallopian
tube, but is confined to the pelvis, the 5-year
survival rate is close to 50%. Adverse
M
174 Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube
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Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 5 Fallopian tube carcinoma. Sur-
face shows a dilated fallopian tube filled with papillary
tumor
variation in nuclear size. A common finding is
the presen ce of large malignant cells (tumor
giant cells) (Fig. 7). Prominent nucleoli are common (Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 1999; Stasenko
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 4 Fallopian tube carcinoma. The
tube is uniformly enlarged with thickening of the wall. The
section surface shows a dilated fallopian tube filled with
tumor
et al. 2019).
Immunophenotype
Cells of HGSC are positive for WT1, estrogen
receptor, PAX8, and p16. Strong, diffuse p53 pos-
prognostic factors include high stage, large
volume of residual tumor after initial surgery,
and absence of closure of the fimbriated end
(Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 2013; Stasenko
itivity, indicative of a missense mutation in p53,
supports a diagnosis of HGSC. The MIB-1 proliferation index is variable but typically high
(Ramalingam 2016).
et al. 2019).
Molecular Features
Macroscopy
The average tumor size is 5 cm (range,
0.2–10 cm). The fallopian tube is dilated in
slightly over one-half of cases which
intraoperatively can be mistaken for a
hydrosalpinx, hematosalpinx, or pyosalpinx
(Fig. 4). The tumor can appear as one or more
yellow to tan nodules or a mass that fills the lumen
(Fig. 5) (Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 1999, 2013).
Gene expression profiles of fallopian tube and
ovarian serous carcinoma have been shown to be
similar, implying that tumorigenesis in both
organs shares related molecular pathway. P53
has been identified as an important gene in the
development of fallopian tube carcinoma. P53
mutations have been detected in early-stage carcinoma and STIC, suggesting that mutation of this
gene is an early event in carcinogenesis
(Li et al. 2014).
Microscopy
High-grade serous carcinoma is histologically
indistinguishable from HGSC of the ovary and
includes broad papillae with epithelial proliferation, irregular slit-like spaces with micropapillary
tufting, invasion by solid nests of variable size or
An important molecular event involved in the
development of hereditary fallopian tube carcinomas is germline mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2.
BRCA-associated carcinomas appear to follow the
“2-hit-model” of tumorigenesis, as seen in other
organs (Vicus et al. 2010).
sheets of tumor cells, necrosis, and psammoma
bodies (Fig. 6a, b). The cytological features of
HGSC are distinctive, consisting of hyperchromatic nuclei with three-folder greater
Differential Diagnosis
The distinction between HGSC and endometrioid
carcinoma has historically been problematic. With
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube 175
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Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 6 Serous high-grade carcinoma of
the fallopian tube: (a) There is no invasion of the muscular
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 7 The nuclei are high-grade with
abundant mitotic figures. Pleomorphic multinucleated cells
are also present
recognition that WT1 immunostaining is a feature
of HGSC but not endometrioid carcinomas, the
distinction has become more reliable. The diagnosis of endometrioid carcinoma should be
reserved for those tumors that are indistinguishable from their counterparts in the endometrium
(Singh et al. 2017).
Distinction between HGSC versus mesothelioma can be challenging in some cases. The cells
of mesothelioma are typically more cuboidal and
more uniform cytologically, without the stratification, pleomorphism, and high mitotic rate of
HGSC. The combination of calretinin as a positive mesothelioma marker and epithelial markers
wall; (b) high-grade epithelial neoplasm demonstrating
serous differentiation
such as BER-EP4, B72.3, and MOC31 can be
used (Ramalingam 2016).
Endometrioid Carcinoma
Definition
Primary epithelial malignancy exhibiting endometrial morphology.
Clinical Features
• Incidence
About 12–25% of fallopian tube
carcinomas are of endometroid type
(Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 2013).
• Age
Most of the patients belong to the age group
61–70 years (Navani et al. 1996).
• Site
Distal two-thirds of the fallopian tube (Navani
et al. 1996.
• Clinical Presentation
Endometrial carcinoma can present with pelvic
pain, vaginal bleeding, or sign and symptoms
related to known endometriosis (Rabczynski
and Ziolkowski 1999).
• Treatment
The surgical management and chemotherapeutic regimens for primary fallopian tube carcinoma are the same as in the ovary (Culton
et al. 2006).
M
176 Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube
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Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 8 Endometrioid carcinoma of the
fallopian tube. Adenocarcinoma with a glandular and cribriform pattern
• Outcome
Endometrial carcinoma of the fallopian tube is
characteristically noninvasive or only superfi-
cially invasive and has a generally favorable
prognosis (Navani et al. 1996). Location in the
fimbriae and/or deep invasion are adverse
prognostic features (Rabczynski and
Ziolkowski 1999).
Macroscopy
The tumor typically consists of an intraluminal
mass and has a gray-white to tan-yellow cut surface (Alvarado-Cabrero et al. 2013).
Microscopy
The tumors may resemble an endometriod carcinoma of the uterus and ovary (Fig. 8)ormay
have an appearance similar to the female adnexal
tumorofprobablewolffian origin (FATWO)
showing closely packed small to cystically
dilated glands with basal cytologic features
(Fig. 9)(Dayaetal.1992). Oxyphilic and spindled subtypes may also occur. These tumors are
commonly confinedtothemucosaorlamina
propria (Fig. 10).
Immunophenotype
The tumor is typically positive for CK7, estrogen
receptor, progesterone receptor, and PAX8
(Culton et al. 2006).
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 9 Endometrioid carcinoma of the
fallopian tube with an appearance similar to the female
adnexal tumor of probable wolffian origin (FATWO)
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 10 Endometrioid carcinomas of
the fallopian tube are commonly confined to the mucosa
or lamina propria
Molecular Features
Not clinically relevant.
Differential Diagnosis
The differentiation of e ndometriod carcinoma
from serous carcinoma has been discussed
with tha t neoplasia. A subtype of endometriod
carcinoma may resemble the female adnexal
tumor of probab le wolffian origin (FATWO).
Foci of typical endometriod carcinoma are usually present but may be minor (Rutg ers and
Lawrence 2014).
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube 177
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Carcinosarcoma
Synonyms
Sarcomatoid carcinoma.
Definition
A rare mixed tumor composed of high-grade carcinomatous and sarcomatous components.
Clinical Features
• Incidence
These malignancies are uncommon, the
fallopian tube is the least common site for
carcinosarcomas, with an annual incidence of
about 0.25 cases per million women
(Yokoyama et al. 2012).
• Age
The majority of patients are postmenopausal
(Yokoyama et al. 2013).
• Site
Fallopian tube.
• Clinical Presentation
Presentation is with nonspecific abdominal
symptoms of pain or distention, often with vag-
inal spotting or bleeding. Physical examination
usually reveals a pelvic mass (Yokoyama
et al. 2012, 2013).
• Treatment
The treatmen t is the same as in the ovary (Ebert
et al. 1998).
• Outcome
They have a poor prognosis; however, surgical
stage is likely the most important prognostic
factor (Ebert et al. 1998; Rauh-Hain
et al. 2016).
Macroscopy
They appear grossly as polypoid growths filling
the lumen of the tube, often with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis (Yokoyama et al. 2012,
2013).
Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the
Fallopian Tube, Fig. 11 High-grade adenocarcinoma
with features of serous carcinoma admixed with a malignant spindle cell component (sarcoma)
differentiation) is associated with a worse prognosis (Lu et al. 2014).
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemical stains for epithelial
markers are often positive in the sarcomatous
component. Immunohistochemistry for skeletal
muscle markers such as MyoD1 and myogenin
can be used to help identify heterologous
rhabdomyoblasts (Rauh-Hain et al. 2016).
Differential Diagnosis
Endometriod adenocarcinoma with spindle cell
elements is another biphasic endometrial neoplasm that mimics carcinosarcoma; however,
these tumors are composed of histologically
low-grade elements and are less aggressive than
carcinosarcomas. In this tumor, the endometriod
elements, frequently showing squamous metaplasia, fuse imperceptibly with spindle cell elements
that are never histologically high grade
(Lu et al. 2014).
M
Microscopy
Carcinosarcomas consist of adenocarcinoma
admixed with malignant mesenchymal elements.
Both components exhibit a wide range of patterns
(Fig. 11). Heterologous differentiation (e.g.,
rhabdomyosarcomatous or chondrosarcomatous
References and Further Reading
Abreu, R., Dick, M., Simoes Silva, T., et al. (2011). Serous
borderline tumor of the fallopian tube presented as an
adnexal mass. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics,
283, 344–352.
178 Malignant Epithelial Tumors, Pathology of the Fallopian Tube
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Alvarado-Cabrero, I., Navani, S. S., Young, R. H., et al.
(1997). Tumors of the fimbriated end of the fallopian
tube. A clinicopathologic analysis of 20 cases, includ-
ing nine carcinomas. International Journal of Gyneco-
logical Pathology, 16, 189–196.
Alvarado-Cabrero, I., Young, R. H., Vamvakas, E. C., et al.
(1999). Carcinoma of the fallopian tube:
A clinicopathological study of 105 cases with observa-
tions on staging and prognostic factors. Gynecologic
Oncology, 72, 367–379.
Alvarado-Cabrero, I., Stolnicu, S., Kiyokawa, T., et al.
(2013). Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Results of a
multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 127patients
with evaluating of staging and prognostic factors.
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, 17, 159–164.
Bachert, E. S., Mc Dowell, A., Jr., Piecoro, D., & Branch,
L. B. (2020). Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma:
A concise review for the practicing pathologist and
clinician. Diagnostica, 10, 102–109.
Chen, F., Gaitskell, K., Garcia, M. J., Albukhari, A.,
Tsaltas, J., & Ahmed, A. A. (2017). Serous tubal
intraepithelial carcinomas associated with high-grade
serous ovarian carcinomas: A systematic review.
BJOG, 124, 872–878.
Culton, L. K., Deavers, M. T., Silva, E. G., et al. (2006).
Endometriod carcinoma simultaneously involving the
uterus and the fallopian tube: A clinicopathologic study
of 13 cases. The American Journal of Surgical Pathol-
ogy, 30, 844–849.
Daya, D., Young, R. H., & Scully, R. E. (1992). Endo-
metriod carcinoma of the fallopian tube resembling an
adnexal tumor of probable wollfian origin: A report of
six cases. International Journal of Gynecological
Pathology, 11, 122–130.
Ebert, A. D., Perez-Canto, A., Schaller, G., et al. (1998).
Stage I primary malignant mixed müllerian tumor of
the fallopian tube: Report of a case with five-year
survival after minimal surgery without adjuvant treat-
ment. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 43,
598–600.
Gadducci, A., Landoni, F., Sartori, E., Maggino, T., Zola,
P., Gabriele, A., Rossi, R., Cosio, S., Fanucchi, A., &
Tisi, G. (2001). Analysis of treatment failures and sur-
vival of patients with fallopian tube carcinoma:
A cooperation task force (CTF) study. Gynecologic
Oncology, 81, 150–159.
Harmsen, M. G., Arts-deJong, M., Hoogerbrugge, N., et al.
(2015). Early salpingectomy (Tubectomy) with
delayed oophorectomy to improve quality of life as
alternative for risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy
in BRCA 1/2 mutations carriers (TUBA study).
A prospective non-randomised multicentre study.
BMC Cancer, 15, 593.
Kalampokas, E., Kalampokas, T., & Tourountous,
I. (2013). Primary fallopian tube carcinoma.
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and
Reproductive Biology, 169, 155–161.
Kayaalp, E., Heller, D. S., & Majmudar, B. (2000). Serous
tumor of low malignant potential of the fallopian tube.
International Journal of Gynecological Pathology, 19,
398–400.
Kolin, D. L., & Nucci, M. R. (2019). Fallopian tube neo-
plasia and mimics.
457–479.
Krasevic, M., Stankovic, T., Petrovic, O., et al. (2005).
Serous borderline tumor of the fallopian tube presented
as hematosalpinx: A case report. BMC Cancer, 5,1.
Lee, Y., Medeiros, F., Kindelberg, D., Callahan, M. J.,
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