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Encyclopedia of Pathology
https://t.me/med1917
Series Editor: J.H.J.M. van Krieken
Simona Stolnicu · Rouba Ali-Fehmi
Editors
Gynecologic
Pathology

Encyclopedia of Pathology
https://t.me/med1917
Series Editor
J. H. J. M. van Krieken

The scope of this 15–20-volume set addresses the entire field of pathology,
https://t.me/med1917
ranging from general pathological terms to specific diseases to diagnostic
methods. Published as print edition and online version (eReference) in the
Springer Reference Program, each topical volume sticks out by clearly and
homogenously structured entries. A team of international experts guarantee
that the essays and definitions are scientifically sound. The A-Z format of each
topical volume allows readers to quickly and easily find the information they
need. The major advantage of the encyclopedia is the way it makes relevant
information available not only to pathologists, but also to all clinicia ns and
researchers of the neighboring disciplines working together with pathologists
who occasionally might wish to look up terms online.

Simona Stolnicu•Rouba Ali-Fehmi
https://t.me/med1917
Editors
Gynecologic Pathology
With 631 Figures and 15 Tables

Editors
https://t.me/med1917
Simona Stolnicu
University of Medicine, Pharmacy,
Sciences and Technology, “George E
Palade” of Targu Mures
Targu Mures, Romania
Rouba Ali-Fehmi
Wayne State University
Detroit, MI, USA
ISSN 2366-6269 ISSN 2366-6277 (electronic)
Encyclopedia of Pathology
ISBN 978-3-030-97377-3 ISBN 978-3-030-97378-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97378-0
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or
by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assumethat the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional af filiations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Paper in this product is recyclable.

Simona Stolnicu: To my mother, for her endless love and support
https://t.me/med1917
she gave me throughout the years

Series Preface
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When Denis Diderot started the first encyclopedia in the eighteenth century, it
was a groundbreaking and timely event. It was the time of the Enligh tenment,
and knowledge was seen as something which was to be spread to many and to
build upon by creating new knowledge. His ambition was to bring all available
knowledge together in one series of books so that every person who could read
has access to all there is to know. Nowadays, in a time of easily accessible
knowledge, the question is whether there is still need of an encyclopedia. It is
obvious that the amount of knowledge is such that it is not possible to bring it
all together in one encyclopedia. One may argue that the Internet is the
encyclopedia of today, but that misses an important point of Diderot, a point
that is probably even more valid today. He created a team that valued information and selected what was worth to be presented in the encyclopedia. He
recognized that science is not a democ ratic process where the majority decides
what is true and valuable, but rather a growing body of knowledge in which
radical ideas from individuals may bring about huge changes, even though
most would reject these new ideas in the beginning. Indeed, the Internet lacks
such authority and it is not easy to select valuable information from nonsense,
especially when one is not an expert in a certain field.
It is therefore that an encyclopedia is only as good as the team that creates
it. Pathology is a growing medical discipline in which the amount of information is probably already more than that the whole encyclopedia of Diderot
contained. For experts in subspecialties within pathology, it is already almost
impossible to keep an overview on new developments and to select relevant
from less relevant new information. There are plenty of textbooks for every
disease group, and scientific literature is available for most pathologists
through PubMed or Google Scholar. What is lacking is a systematic overview
of what we know in an alphabetical order, easily accessible to all. The
Encyclopedia of Pathology fills that gap. It is written by experts with the
general pathologist in mind and also specialists from other disciplines. It will
consist of a series of volumes on subspecialties, and when it is completed there
will be an online version combining these. Yearly updates from the online
version are foreseen and readers are welcome to provide suggestions for
improvement. These will be judged by the editorial team in order to keep the
encyclopedia authoritative yet using the expertise of many.
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viii Series Preface
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Finally, it is my hope that the encyclopedia will grow into a reliable body of
knowledge in pathology, enabling communication though a common
language, and that it will grow and adapt to new developments.
Nijmegen, The Netherlands J. H. J. M. van Krieken
November 2023 Series Editor

Volume Preface
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In recent decades, remarkable progress has been achieved in the field of
gynecologic pathology. Diagnostic of female tract lesions, although challenging in daily practice, has been improved with the help of ancillary studies such
as immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Classification of
tumors originating in the female genital tract has been recently updated by the
World Health Organization (WHO) with the latest volume published in 2020
including most recent information published in the field.
This book as part of the Encyclopedia of Pathology series covers all topics
of gynecologic pathology including pathology of the vulva, vagina, cervix,
uterine corpus, placenta, fallopian tube, ovary, and peritoneum. The most
frequently encountered tumors of the female genital tract as well as nontumoral diseases will be explained regarding definition, clinical features,
macroscopic and microscopic features, immunophenotype, and other additional tests to help improving the diagnosis, including molecular data for each
disease. In addition, a list of differential diagnosis and illustrations will be
provided for all lesions to help the reader to better understand the disease. Most
recent classification and staging systems will be also provided for each organ.
This book is not a traditional textbook, and consequently, all conten t is
arranged alphabetically and each entry is uniformly structured.
With 49 internationally recognized experts involved as contributors, the
volume is meant to be a guide for trainees and more experienced practitioners
willing to expand their knowledge in the field of gynecologic pathology,
which, particularly in the last years, has changed rapidly, especially with
regard to diagnostic criteria and classification with impact on patient
management.
We hope that pathologists with a particular interest in this area will find the
book interesting and helpful.
Targu-Mures, Romania Simona Stolnicu, MD, PhD
Detroit, USA Rouba Ali-Fehmi, MD, PhD
November 2023 Volume Editors
ix

Editors Biography
https://t.me/med1917
Simona Stolnicu studied medicine and graduated from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania, in 1991. She became
Assistant Professor in 1993, completed pathology
residency training, and received her PhD in Medicine at the University of Medicine, Pharmacy,
Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures
(UMFST), Romania. She completed her training
in gynecologic and breast pathology as a fellow/
observer at University of Granada, Spain; University of Trieste, Italy; MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, USA; and Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA. Since
1997, she is a consultant pathologist at the Department of Pathology, UMFST, Romania, specialized in the diagnosis of gynecologic and breast
diseases. She is also a Professor of Pathology at
the same university, teaching students, residents,
and PhD students for three decades. She was an
invited Lecturer and Course Director of continuing education courses on gynecologic and breast
pathology offered by national (Eurogynpath) and
international (European Society of Pathology,
Canadian Association of Pathologists, International Academy of Pathology, International Gynecologic Cancer Society, American Society of
Clinical Pathologists, Latin American Society of
Pathology, International Society of Gynecological
Pathologists) medical organizations. She was
Secretary (2013–2016) and Chair (2017–2021)
of Gynecologic Pathology Working Group of the
European Society of Pathology (ESP) serving on
abstract review and scientific committees regarding the ESP activities. She is currently member of
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