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ISBN 978-1-2662-6623-2 MHID 1-2662-6623-2 ISSN 0092-8682

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Commonly Used Acronyms & Abbreviations Authors vii Preface xv Dedication xvii

YEAR IN REVIEW: KEY CLINICAL UPDATES IN CMDT 2025

1. Disease Prevention & Health Promotion 1

Michael Pignone, MD, MPH

2. Common Symptoms 15

Paul L. Nadler, MD, & Ralph Gonzales, MD, MSPH

3. Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Management 42

Hugo Q. Cheng, MD

4. Geriatric Disorders 52

Leah J. Witt, MD, Rossana Lau-Ng, MD, & G. Michael Harper, MD

5. Palliative Care & Pain Management 69

Michael W. Rabow, MD, Kara E. Bischoff, MD, Ann Cai Shah, MD, Lawrence Poree, MD, MPH, PhD, & Karin Sinavsky, MD, MS

11. Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy 390

Christopher B. Granger, MD

12. Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm 410

Kevin P. Jackson, MD

13. Systemic Hypertension 431

Michael Sutters, MD, MRCP (UK)

14. Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders 460

Warren J. Gasper, MD, James C. Iannuzzi, MD, MPH, & Meshell D. Johnson, MD

15. Blood Disorders 488

Lloyd E. Damon, MD, & Charalambos Babis Andreadis, MD, MSCE

16. Disorders of Hemostasis, Thrombosis, & Antithrombotic Therapy 534

Andrew D. Leavitt, MD, & Erika Leemann Price, MD, MPH

17. Gastrointestinal Disorders 568

Kenneth R. McQuaid, MD

6. Dermatologic Disorders 101

Nathan W. Rojek, MD, Scott Worswick, MD, Kanade Shinkai, MD, PhD, & Lindy P. Fox, MD

7. Disorders of the Eyes & Lids 166

Jacque L. Duncan, MD, Neeti B. Parikh, MD, & Gerami D. Seitzman, MD

8. Otolaryngology Disorders 200

Elliott D. Kozin, MD, Rosh Sethi, MD, & Lawrence R. Lustig, MD

9. Pulmonary Disorders 242

Rime Abbas, MD, Mazen El Ali, MD, Meghan E. Fitzpatrick, MD, & Belinda Rivera-Lebron, MD, MS, FCCP

10. Coronary Artery Disease, Valvular Disease, & Other Key Topics in Cardiology 316

Todd Kiefer, MD

18. Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders 665

Lawrence S. Friedman, MD

19. Breast Disorders 726

Armando E. Giuliano, MD, FACS, FRCSEd, & Sara A. Hurvitz, MD, FACP

20. Gynecologic Disorders 752

Jill Brown, MD, MPH, MHS, FACOG, & Katerina Shvartsman, MD, FACOG

21. Obstetrics & Obstetric Disorders 783

Vanessa L. Rogers, MD, & Scott W. Roberts, MD

22. Rheumatologic, Immunologic, & Allergic Disorders 809

Rebecca L. Manno, MD, MHS, Jinoos Yazdany, MD, MPH, Teresa K. Tarrant, MD, & Mildred Kwan, MD, PhD

iii

CMDT 2025

CONTENTS

23. Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders 864

Nayan Arora, MD, & J. Ashley Jefferson, MD, FRCP

24. Kidney Disease 893

Tonja C. Dirkx, MD, & Tyler B. Woodell, MD, MCR

25. Urologic Disorders 931

Mathew Sorensen, MD, MS, FACS, Marah C. Hehemann, MD, & Maahum A. Haider, MD, MPH

26. Nervous System Disorders 958

Vanja C. Douglas, MD, & Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc, FRCP

27. Psychiatric Disorders 1035

Kristin S. Raj, MD, Nolan R. Williams, MD, Charles DeBattista, DMH, MD, & Meshell D. Johnson, MD

28. Endocrine Disorders 1085

Paul A. Fitzgerald, MD

29. Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia 1179

Umesh Masharani, MB, BS

30. Lipid Disorders 1223

Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH

31. Nutrition, Nutritional Disorders, & Obesity 1235

Katherine H. Saunders, MD, Leon I. Igel, MD, FACP, FTOS, & Sarah Fink, RD, CDN, CNSC

32. Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy 1255

Monica Fung, MD, MPH, Katherine Gruenberg, PharmD, MAEd, & Peter V. Chin-Hong, MD

33. HIV Infection & AIDS 1297

Monica Gandhi, MD, MPH, & Matthew A. Spinelli, MD, MAS

35. Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections 1429

Kelly A. Johnson, MD, MPH, & Emma D. Bainbridge, MD, MPH

36. Spirochetal Infections 1470

Susan S. Philip, MD, MPH

37. Protozoal & Helminthic Infections 1487

Philip J. Rosenthal, MD

38. Mycotic Infections 1523

Stacey R. Rose, MD, FACP, FIDSA, & Richard J. Hamill, MD, FACP, FIDSA

39. Disorders Related to Environmental Emergencies 1537

Jacqueline A. Nemer, MD, FACEP, & Marianne A. Juarez, MD

40. Poisoning 1553

Craig Smollin, MD

41. Cancer 1583

Sunny Wang, MD, Tiffany O. Dea, PharmD, BCOP, Lawrence S. Friedman, MD, Carling Ursem, MD, Kenneth R. McQuaid, MD, & Marc A. Dall’Era, MD

42. Genetic & Genomic Disorders 1647

Reed E. Pyeritz, MD, PhD

43. Orthopedic Disorders & Sports Medicine 1657

Anthony Luke, MD, MPH, & C. Benjamin Ma, MD

44. Sexual & Gender Minority Health 1693

Patricia A. Robertson, MD, Nicole Rosendale, MD, Kevin L. Ard, MD, MPH, Kenneth H. Mayer, MD, & Mitzi Hawkins, MD, MAS

45. Substance Use Disorders 1715

J. Janet Ho, MD, MPH, FASAM, Julian A. Mitton, MD, MPH, & Jessica Ristau, MD

34. Viral & Rickettsial Infections 1338

Eva H. Clark, MD, PhD, Patrycja Ashley, MD, & Wayne X. Shandera, MD

CONTENTS

CMDT 2025

The following chapters are available online without subscription at www.accessmedicine.com/CMDT

e1. Anti-infective Treatment: Antibiotic,

Antifungal, and Antiviral Agents

Katherine Gruenberg, PharmD, MAEd, & Emily Kaip, PharmD

e2. Diagnostic Testing & Medical

Decision-Making

Chuanyi Mark Lu, MD

e3. Information Technology in

Patient Care

Russ Cucina, MD, MS

e4. Podiatric Disorders

Monara Dini, DPM, & Charles B. Parks, DPM

e5. Women’s Health Issues

Brigid M. Dolan, MD, MEd, & Judith Walsh, MD, MPH

e6. Appendix: Therapeutic Drug

Monitoring, Laboratory Reference Intervals, & Commonly Used Blood Specimen Collection Tubes

Chuanyi Mark Lu, MD

Index 1729

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Authors

Rime Abbas, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Pulmonary,

Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pulmonary Disorders

Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc, FRCP

Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of

Neurology, University of California, San Francisco

Nervous System Disorders

Charalambos Babis Andreadis, MD, MSCE

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Hematology/

Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Disorders

Kevin L. Ard, MD, MPH

Faculty, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts

General Hospital; Medical Director, National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center, Fenway Institute; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Sexual & Gender Minority Health

Nayan Arora, MD

Associate Professor, Division of Nephrology, Department

of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders

Patrycja Ashley, MD

Infectious Diseases Attending, Houston Methodist

Hospital, Houston, Texas

Viral & Rickettsial Infections

Emma D. Bainbridge, MD, MPH

Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Infectious

Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections

Kara E. Bischoff, MD

Associate Professor and Associate Division Chief for

Outpatient Palliative Care, University of California, San Francisco

Palliative Care & Pain Management

Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology,

Department of Medicine; Director of Clinical Research, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Lipid Disorders

Jill Brown, MD, MPH, MHS, FACOG

Associate Professor, Department of Gynecologic Surgery

and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

Gynecologic Disorders

Mandy Brown, PharmD

Associate Clinical Professor, School of Pharmacy,

University of California, San Francisco

Drug References

Hugo Q. Cheng, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Hospital

Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Management

Peter V. Chin-Hong, MD

Associate Dean for Regional Campuses, Professor of

Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial

Therapy

Eva H. Clark, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine (Section of

Infectious Diseases) and Department of Pediatrics (Division of Tropical Medicine), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

Viral & Rickettsial Infections

Russ Cucina, MD, MS

Professor of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine;

Vice President, Genetic and Genomic Services and Chief Health Information Officer, UCSF Health System; University of California, San Francisco

CMDT on AccessMedicine—Information Technology in Patient Care

Marc A. Dall’Era, MD

Professor of Urology, Department of Urologic Surgery,

UC Davis Health, University of California, Davis

Cancer

Lloyd E. Damon, MD

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Hematology/

Oncology, Department of Medicine; Director of Quality for the Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Disorders

vii

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Contents

Authors