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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5192_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Dedications
- •Contributors
- •Acknowledgments
- •Preface
- •1 Basic science
- •1.1 Structure and function of the skin
- •Epidermis
- •Cellular biology of the epidermis
- •Dermal cells of importance
- •Structural components and cell biology of the dermis
- •1.2 Embryology
- •1.3 Wound healing
- •Dermis
- •1.4 Genetics
- •Basic cell biology of genome
- •Inheritance patterns
- •1.5 Ultraviolet light
- •Ultraviolet light (Fig. 1.8)
- •Minimal erythema dose
- •1.6 Immunology
- •Innate immunity
- •Adaptive immunity
- •1.6.2 Immunologic mediators
- •Cytokines
- •Pattern recognition receptors
- •Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
- •The complement system
- •B cells
- •T cells (majority of lymphocytes)
- •Innate lymphoid cells
- •NK cells
- •Mononuclear phagocytes
- •Langerhans cells
- •Dendritic cells
- •Mast cells
- •Eosinophils
- •Neutrophils
- •1.6.4 Major histocompatibility complex
- •1.7 Laboratory techniques
- •1.7.1 Tissue acquisition and processing
- •Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- •Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR)
- •16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing
- •DNA sequencing
- •RNA sequencing
- •Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
- •Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
- •Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- •1.7.3 Cellular engineering and gene therapy
- •2 Dermatopharmacology
- •2.1 ANTIHISTAMINES
- •Mechanism
- •Other antihistamines
- •Introduction
- •Mucocutaneous
- •Systemic
- •Teratogenicity
- •Contraindications
- •Interactions
- •2.3 CORTICOSTEROIDS
- •Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression (Box 2.1)
- •Psychiatric changes
- •Contraindications
- •Pregnancy
- •Clinical use
- •Intramuscular CS
- •Pulse IV CS
- •Adalimumab
- •Certolizumab pegol
- •Golimumab
- •Indications
- •Ustekinumab
- •IL-17 inhibitors
- •IL-23 inhibitors
- •Spesolimab
- •Rituximab
- •IL-1 inhibitors
- •Omalizumab
- •Dupilumab
- •Lebrikizumab and tralokinumab
- •Nemolizumab
- •Vismodegib and sonidegib
- •Intralesional CS
- •Monitoring
- •2.4 IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS
- •Apremilast and other PDE-4 inhibitors
- •Janus Kinase (JAK) and Tyro inhibitors
- •Agents used in dermatology
- •Laboratory monitoring
- •Azathioprine
- •Important monitoring points
- •Cyclosporine
- •Important pharmacology points
- •Indications
- •Important monitoring points
- •Methotrexate
- •Important pharmacology points
- •Indications and contraindications
- •Important monitoring points
- •Important pharmacology points
- •Indications
- •Monitoring guidelines
- •Cytotoxic agents
- •Hydroxyurea
- •Cyclophosphamide
- •Chlorambucil
- •Antimalarial agents
- •Important pharmacology points
- •Indications
- •Dapsone
- •Important pharmacology points
- •Indications
- •Important monitoring points
- •Etanercept
- •MEK inhibitors (trametinib, cobimetinib, binimetinib)
- •Ipilimumab
- •PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab) and PD-L1 inhibitors (avelumab, atezolizumab)
- •Imatinib mesylate
- •Ibrutinib
- •Talimogene
- •Mechlorethamine hydrochloride
- •Brentuximab vedotin
- •Mogamulizumab
- •Romidepsin and vorinostat
- •2.6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
- •Topical antibacterial agents
- •Bacitracin
- •Benzoyl peroxide
- •Metronidazole
- •Azelaic acid
- •Systemic antibacterial agents
- •Penicillins
- •Polymyxin B
- •Neomycin
- •Mupirocin
- •Retapamulin
- •Gentamicin
- •Iodoquinol
- •Cephalosporins
- •Vancomycin
- •Macrolides
- •Fluoroquinolones
- •Tetracyclines
- •Clindamycin
- •Carbapenems
- •Linezolid
- •Daptomycin
- •Others
- •Antiviral agents
- •Acyclovir
- •Valacyclovir
- •Famciclovir and penciclovir
- •Foscarnet
- •Bleomycin
- •Podophyllin resin and podophyllotoxin
- •Cantharidin
- •Sinecatechins
- •5-Fluorouracil and imiquimod (discussed in section 2.5)
- •I. Azoles
- •Itraconazole
- •Fluconazole
- •Ketoconazole
- •Voriconazole
- •Posaconazole
- •Miconazole, clotrimazole, and econazole
- •Efnaconazole
- •Luliconazole
- •II. Allylamines/benzylamines
- •Terbinafne
- •Butenafne
- •IV. Ciclopirox olamine
- •VI. Nystatin
- •VIII. Tavaborole
- •Antiparasitic agents (Tables 2.7 and 2.8)
- •2.7 PHOTOTHERAPY
- •UVA modalities
- •Psoralen plus UVA (PUVA)
- •UVA-1 (340–400 nm)
- •UVB modalities
- •Extracorporeal photochemotherapy
- •Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
- •2.8 MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS
- •Sunscreens
- •Topical cosmetic agents
- •Bimatoprost
- •Brimonidine and oxymetazoline
- •Hydroquinone
- •Psychiatric agents
- •Antiandrogens and androgen inhibitors
- •Spironolactone
- •Finasteride and dutasteride
- •Combination oral contraceptive pills
- •Clascoterone
- •Calcipotriene and calcitriol
- •Attenuated androgens
- •Danazol and stanozolol
- •Colchicine
- •Potassium iodide
- •Thalidomide
- •Topical calcineurin inhibitors
- •Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus
- •Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
- •Glycopyrrolate
- •Oxybutynin
- •Botulinum toxin
- •Aluminum chloride
- •2.9 DRUG INTERACTIONS AND THE CYTOCHROME P-450 SYSTEM
- •Key points
- •CYP1A2
- •CYP2C9
- •CYP2D6
- •CYP3A4 (most relevant to dermatologists)
- •Classic CYP mnemonics
- •2.10 DRUG REACTIONS
- •Urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis
- •Fixed drug eruption/Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
- •Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS)
- •Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)
- •Photosensitive drug reactions
- •Drug-induced pigmentary changes
- •Bullous drug reactions, lichenoid drug eruptions, drug-induced connective tissue disease
- •Other drug eruptions
- •3 General dermatology
- •3.1 Papulosquamous dermatoses
- •3.2 Eczematous dermatoses
- •3.3 Interface dermatitis
- •Vacuolar interface dermatitis
- •Autoimmune connective tissue disease (AICTD)
- •Erythema multiforme (EM)
- •Stevens-johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, lyell’s syndrome)
- •Pityriasis lichenoides
- •Fixed drug eruption (FDE)
- •Graft- versus- host disease (GVHD)
- •Lichenoid interface dermatitis
- •Lichen planus (LP)
- •Keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC)
- •Erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis)
- •Lichenoid keratosis (benign lichenoid keratosis [BLK], LP-like keratosis)
- •Lichen nitidus
- •3.4 Blistering diseases
- •Pemphigus disease family
- •Pemphigus vulgaris (PV)
- •Pemphigus foliaceus (PF)
- •Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP)/paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome (PAMS)
- •Autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases
- •Bullous pemphigoid (BP; pemphigoid)
- •Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP; cicatricial pemphigoid)
- •Linear IgA bullous dermatosis/chronic bullous disease of childhood (LABD/CBDC)
- •Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
- •Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus
- •Dermatitis herpetiformis (duhring disease)
- •Inherited blistering diseases
- •Epidermolysis bullosa (see chapter 4)
- •Darier disease (keratosis follicularis)
- •Other blistering diseases
- •Lupus band test (LBT)
- •Lupus erythematosus
- •Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)
- •Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
- •Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE)
- •Other rare cutaneous lupus variants
- •Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- •Drug-induced SLE (DI-SLE)
- •Lupus-related diseases
- •Other autoimmune connective tissue diseases and sclerosing dermopathies
- •Dermatomyositis (DM)
- •Sjögren’s syndrome
- •Relapsing polychondritis
- •Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)
- •Rheumatoid arthritis
- •Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (still’s disease)
- •Morphea (localized scleroderma)
- •Eosinophilic fasciitis (shulman syndrome)
- •Abnormalities of connective tissue
- •3.6 Granulomatous/histiocytic disorders
- •Non-infectious granulomas
- •Granuloma annulare (GA)
- •Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (actinic granuloma of O’Brien
- •Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis and arthritis (IGDA) and palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD)
- •Interstitial granulomatous drug eruption
- •Necrobiosis lipoidica (necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, NLD)
- •Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG)
- •Cutaneous crohn’s disease
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Histiocytoses
- •Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)
- •Non-langerhans cell histiocytoses (discussed in Table 3.23)
- •Malignant histiocytic disorders
- •3.7 Monoclonal gammopathies of dermatologic interest
- •3.8 Xanthomas
- •3.9 Urticaria and angioedema
- •3.10 Neutrophilic dermatoses
- •Amicrobial pustulosis of the folds
- •3.11 Eosinophilic disorders
- •Granuloma faciale
- •Eosinophilic folliculitis
- •Papuloerythroderma of ofuji
- •Wells’ syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis)
- •Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)
- •3.12 Figurate erythemas
- •3.13 Follicular and eccrine/apocrine disorders
- •Acne variants
- •Acne fulminans
- •Acne conglobata
- •Solid facial edema in acne
- •Acne mechanica
- •Neonatal acne (neonatal cephalic pustulosis)
- •Infantile acne
- •Transverse nasal crease
- •Acne in setting of endocrinologic abnormality
- •Acne cosmetica
- •Pomade acne
- •Chloracne
- •Radiation acne
- •Acneiform eruptions
- •Drug-induced acne
- •Acne-associated syndromes
- •SAPHO (chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis)
- •PAPA
- •HAIR-AN
- •Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly)
- •Rosacea
- •Epidemiology
- •Rosacea subtypes
- •Erythematotelangiectatic (vascular)
- •Phymatous
- •Ocular
- •Rosacea variants
- •Solid facial edema in rosacea (morbihan disease and rosacea lymphedema)
- •Pyoderma faciale (rosacea fulminans)
- •Granulomatous rosacea
- •Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
- •Folliculitis
- •Gram-negative folliculitis
- •Hot tub folliculitis
- •Eosinophilic folliculitis
- •Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
- •Viral-associated trichodysplasia
- •Pseudofolliculitis barbae
- •Acne keloidalis nuchae
- •Follicular occlusion tetrad (acne conglobata, hidradenitis suppurativa, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, and pilonidal cyst)
- •Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa)
- •Pilonidal cyst
- •Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp and acne conglobata (discussed in alopecia and acne sections)
- •Other diseases of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
- •Hyperhidrosis
- •Hypohidrosis and anhidrosis
- •Miliaria
- •Bromhidrosis
- •Chromhidrosis
- •Fox-fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria)
- •3.14 Drug reactions
- •3.15 Photodermatoses and other physical dermatoses
- •Temperature-related dermatoses
- •Thermal burns
- •Erythema ab igne
- •Cold injuries
- •Photoaging
- •Polymorphous light eruption
- •Hydroa vacciniforme (see Chapter 4)
- •Actinic folliculitis
- •Chronic actinic dermatitis
- •Actinic prurigo (see chapter 4)
- •Solar urticaria
- •Mechanical injuries
- •3.17 Neurodermatology and psychodermatology
- •Cutaneous manifestations of psychiatric illness or self-induction
- •Delusions of parasitosis
- •Excoriation disorder (neurotic excoriations)
- •Factitial dermatitis/dermatitis artefacta
- •Gardner-diamond syndrome
- •Body dysmorphic disorder
- •Cupping/coining
- •Other neurocutaneous dermatoses
- •Scalp dysesthesia/burning scalp syndrome
- •Burning mouth syndrome
- •Brachioradial pruritus
- •Notalgia paresthetica
- •Meralgia paresthetica
- •Trigeminal trophic syndrome
- •Familial dysautonomia/riley-day syndrome
- •Auriculotemporal nerve syndrome (frey syndrome)
- •3.18 Palmoplantar keratodermas
- •3.19 Nutritional disorders in dermatology
- •3.21 Ulcers (Table 3.33)
- •3.22 Vasculitides, vasculopathies, and other vascular disorders
- •Subtypes of cutaneous small vessel vasculitis
- •Henoch-schonlein purpura (HSP)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Key features of adult HSP
- •Key features of childhood HSP
- •Treatment
- •Laboratory testing: See CSVV section
- •Pathology
- •Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (Fig 3.86)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Treatment
- •Urticarial vasculitis
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Laboratory testing
- •Treatment (Table 3.41)
- •Erythema elevatum diutinum
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Treatment
- •Mixed cryoglobulinemia (see cryoglobulinemia section)
- •Small to medium vessel vasculitis
- •Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Treatment
- •Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Laboratory testing: See CSVV, especially:
- •Treatment
- •Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (churg-strauss syndrome)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation: Three classic stages (Table 3.47)
- •Pathology
- •Laboratory testing
- •Treatment
- •Medium vessel vasculitis
- •Subtypes: PAN and kawasaki’s disease
- •Polyarteritis nodosa
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Laboratory testing: See CSVV
- •Treatment
- •Kawasaki disease (acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation (Fig. 3.90)
- •Laboratory testing
- •Treatment
- •Key testing facts
- •Large vessel vasculitis
- •Subtypes: Temporal arteritis and Takayasu’s arteritis
- •Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Laboratory workup
- •Treatment
- •Takayasu’s arteritis
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Laboratory workup
- •Treatment
- •Summary of organ system involvement in various vasculitides (Table 3.49)
- •Cryoglobulinemias
- •Epidemiology
- •Thrombosis and thrombotic syndromes
- •Important subtypes
- •Calciphylaxis
- •Antiphospholipid syndrome
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Treatment
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical presentation
- •Pathology
- •Treatment
- •Other vasculopathies (Table 3.51)
- •Other vascular disorders
- •Venous lake
- •Telangiectasia
- •Erythromelalgia
- •Livedo reticularis (LR)
- •Angiospastic macules (bier spots)
- •3.23 Panniculitides and lipodystrophies
- •3.24 Dermatoses of pregnancy
- •3.25 Hair, nail, and mucosal disorders
- •Non-scarring alopecia
- •Androgenetic alopecia
- •Trichotillomania
- •Alopecia areata
- •Temporal triangular alopecia
- •Congenital atrichia with papules
- •Cicatricial (scarring) alopecia
- •Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
- •Lichen planopilaris
- •Acne keloidalis nuchae
- •Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens)
- •Folliculitis decalvans
- •Traction alopecia
- •Hair shaft abnormalities
- •Hypertrichosis and hirsutism
- •Hypertrichosis
- •Nail disorders
- •Mucosal disorders
- •3.26 Pigmentary disorders
- •Disorders of hypopigmentation and depigmentation
- •Vitiligo
- •Halo nevus
- •Chemical and physical agent-induced hypopigmentation
- •Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
- •Progressive macular hypomelanosis
- •Nevus anemicus
- •Pigmentary mosaicism
- •Hypomelanosis of ito
- •Nevus depigmentosus
- •Disorders of hyperpigmentation
- •Melasma
- •Erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis) discussed in Section 3.3
- •Lichen planus pigmentosus
- •Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis
- •Prurigo pigmentosa
- •Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
- •Endocrinopathies
- •Pigmentary demarcation lines (aka futcher’s lines, voight lines, ito’s lines)
- •4 Pediatric dermatology
- •4.1 Neonatal dermatology
- •4.2 Viral exanthems and select infectious disorders of childhood
- •4.3 Inherited pigmentary disorders
- •Hypo-/depigmentation
- •Pigmentary mosaicism
- •Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA)
- •Silvery hair syndromes
- •Griscelli syndrome
- •Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
- •Piebaldism
- •Waardenburg syndrome
- •Hyperpigmentation
- •McCune-Albright syndrome
- •Lentiginoses syndromes
- •Hereditary dyschromatoses
- •Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (acropigmentation of Dohi)
- •Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
- •Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome (NFJS)/dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (DPR)
- •4.4 Epidermolysis bullosa
- •4.5 Tumor syndromes
- •4.6 Vascular tumors, malformations, and related vascular disorders
- •Vascular tumors
- •Phace syndrome
- •LUMBAR/SACRAL syndrome
- •Multiple hemangiomas
- •Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon
- •Vascular malformations
- •Capillary malformations (CM)
- •Sturge-Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)
- •Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis
- •Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica
- •PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS)
- •Klippel-trenaunay syndrome
- •Macrocephaly capillary malformation syndrome
- •Cloves syndrome
- •Proteus syndrome
- •Beckwith-wiedemann syndrome
- •Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth (DCMO)
- •Venous malformations
- •Maffucci syndrome (enchondromas with multiple angiomas)
- •Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
- •Glomulovenous malformations (GVMs; previously termed “glomangiomas”)
- •Lymphatic malformations
- •Macrocystic lymphatic malformations (cystic hygroma)
- •Gorham-stout (disappearing bone) disease
- •Congenital lymphedema (hereditary congenital lymphedema, Nonne-Milroy syndrome)
- •Arteriovenous malformations
- •AVMs
- •Parkes-weber syndrome
- •Cobb syndrome (cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis)
- •Other vascular disorders
- •4.7 Disorders of hair and nails
- •Pachyonychia congenita
- •Ectodermal dysplasias
- •Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome)
- •Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Clouston syndrome)
- •Ectodermal dysplasias due to p63 mutation
- •Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome
- •Other disorders
- •Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
- •Parakeratosis pustulosa
- •Congenital malalignment of the great toenails
- •4.8 Inherited metabolic and nutritional disorders
- •4.9 Inherited connective tissue disorders
- •4.10 Autoinflammatory disorders (periodic fever syndromes)
- •4.12 Premature aging syndromes and DNA repair disorders
- •4.13 Primary immunodeficiency disorders with cutaneous manifestations
- •4.14 Disorders of cornification
- •Actinic prurigo
- •Diaper dermatitis
- •Juvenile plantar dermatosis
- •Acropustulosis of infancy
- •Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome
- •Midas syndrome (also MLS or microphthalmia with linear skin defects)
- •H syndrome
- •Cutaneous mastocytosis
- •Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis of childhood
- •5 Infectious diseases
- •5.1 Viral diseases
- •Herpes simplex virus (HHV-1/HSV-1 and HHV-2/HSV-2)
- •Varicella zoster virus (VZV; HHV-3)
- •Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
- •Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
- •HHV-6 (Roseola infantum, exanthem subitum, sixth disease)
- •HHV-7
- •HHV-8
- •Poxviruses
- •Zika virus
- •Dengue virus
- •Viral hepatitides (Table 5.2)
- •Viral-associated trichodysplasia of immunosuppression
- •COVID-19
- •5.2 HIV/AIDS dermatology
- •5.3 Bacterial infections
- •Staphylococcal skin infections
- •Corynebacterial skin infections
- •Clostridium skin infections
- •Filamentous bacteria
- •Other gram-positive infections
- •Pseudomonas
- •Bartonella
- •Rickettsia
- •Other gram-negative skin infections
- •Borrelia
- •Nonvenereal (endemic) treponematoses
- •Syphilis
- •Cutaneous tuberculosis
- •Leprosy (hansen’s disease)
- •Atypical mycobacteria
- •Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)
- •Piedra
- •Tinea nigra
- •Sporotrichosis
- •Lobomycosis
- •Mycetoma (madura foot)
- •Chromoblastomycosis
- •Histoplasmosis
- •Blastomycosis (“north American blastomycosis”)
- •Coccidioidomycosis
- •Paracoccidioidomycosis (“South American blastomycosis”)
- •Candidiasis
- •Cryptococcosis
- •Aspergillosis
- •Fusarium
- •Penicilliosis
- •Zygomycosis (mucormycosis)
- •Phaeohyphomycosis
- •Protothecosis
- •Rhinosporidiosis
- •5.5 Parasites and other creatures
- •Parasitic infestations
- •Scabies
- •Lice
- •Tungiasis
- •Myiasis
- •Protozoa
- •Leishmaniasis
- •Toxoplasmosis
- •Helminths
- •Cutaneous larva migrans
- •Larva currens
- •Onchocerciasis (“river blindness”)
- •Loiasis
- •Filariasis
- •Swimmer’s itch and seabather’s eruption
- •Trichinosis
- •Dracunculiasis (guinea worm)
- •Gnathosomiasis
- •Cysticercosis
- •Cutaneous amebiasis
- •Free-living amoeba
- •Gi-associated amoeba
- •Bites and stings
- •Biting and stinging insects
- •Arachnids (ticks, mites, spiders, and scorpions)
- •Millipedes and centipedes
- •Snake bites
- •6 Neoplastic dermatology
- •Neoplastic dermatology
- •6.1 Keratinocytic neoplasms
- •Premalignant/malignant
- •Actinic keratosis (AK)
- •Bowen’s disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ)
- •Invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC, “SCC”)
- •Verrucous carcinoma
- •Keratoacanthoma
- •Basal cell carcinoma
- •6.2 Cysts
- •6.3 Melanocytic neoplasms
- •6.4 Adnexal neoplasms and hamartomas
- •Comparative dermatopathologic features of sweat gland neoplasms for board exam purposes
- •Poroma (classic juxtaepidermal type)
- •Hidroacanthoma simplex
- •Dermal duct tumor
- •Hidradenoma
- •Spiradenoma
- •Cylindroma
- •Syringoma
- •Mixed tumor (MT; “chondroid syringoma”)
- •Hidradenoma papilliferum (HPAP)
- •Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SPAP, SCAP)
- •Papillary eccrine adenoma (PEA)
- •Tubular apocrine adenoma (TAA)
- •Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus
- •Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC)
- •Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (ADPA)
- •Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC)
- •6.5 Hair follicle neoplasms/hamartomas
- •Folliculo-sebaceous-apocrine hamartomas
- •Trichofolliculoma
- •Fibrofolliculoma
- •Nevus sebaceus
- •Neoplasms with follicular germinative differentiation
- •Trichoepithelioma
- •Neoplasms with follicular matrix differentiation
- •Pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma of malherbe)
- •Neoplasms with follicular sheath (trichilemmal) differentiation
- •Trichilemmoma
- •Desmoplastic trichilemmoma (DTL)
- •Tumor of the follicular infundibulum (TFI)
- •Trichoadenoma (TA; of Nikolowski)
- •Proliferating pilar (trichilemmal) tumor
- •6.6 Sebaceous proliferations
- •6.7 Neural neoplasms
- •6.8 Smooth muscle neoplasms
- •6.9 Hematolymphoid neoplasms
- •6.10 Fibrohistiocytic neoplasms
- •Multinucleate cell angiohistiocytoma
- •Nodular fasciitis
- •Fibrous hamartoma of infancy
- •Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (tenosynovial giant cell tumor)
- •Connective tissue nevus (collagenoma and elastoma)
- •6.11 Vascular proliferations
- •Benign vascular lesions
- •Vascular malformation (includes “port wine stain,” “cavernous hemangioma” old terminology)
- •Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (masson tumor, pseudoangiosarcoma)
- •Angiokeratoma
- •Infantile hemangioma
- •Pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma)
- •Epithelioid hemangioma (angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophils, ALHE)
- •Targetoid hemosiderotic lymphatic malformation (hobnail hemangioma, targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma)
- •Tufted angioma
- •Glomeruloid hemangioma
- •Glomus tumor/glomangioma
- •Borderline vascular neoplasms
- •Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
- •Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
- •Other borderline vascular neoplasms (rare; not commonly tested)
- •High-grade malignant vascular neoplasms
- •Angiosarcoma
- •Vascular neoplasm associations
- •6.12 Neoplasms of adipocytic lineage
- •6.13 Dermoscopy
- •Seborrheic keratosis
- •Actinic keratosis
- •Basal cell carcinoma
- •Squamous cell carcinoma in situ
- •Squamous cell carcinoma
- •Ink spot lentigo
- •Vascular lesions (e.g., cherry angiomas)
- •Hemorrhage
- •Porokeratosis
- •Sebaceous hyperplasia
- •Dermoscopic patterns of melanocytic lesions
- •7 Dermatopathology
- •7.1 Essential concepts in dermatopathology
- •7.2 High-yield dermatopathology diagnoses at a glance
- •7.3 High-yield dermatopathology differential diagnoses
- •8 Dermatologic surgery
- •8.1 Surgical anatomy
- •8.2 Local anesthetics and perioperative pain control
- •8.3 Surgical instruments and needles
- •8.4 Suture techniques
- •8.5 Wound closure materials
- •8.7 Electrosurgery
- •8.8 Cryosurgery
- •8.9 Excisions
- •8.10 Mohs surgery
- •8.11 Flaps
- •8.12 Grafts
- •8.13 Surgical complications and measures to avoid them
- •8.14 Scar improvement
- •8.15 Nail surgery
- •8.16 Wound dressings
- •9 Cosmetic dermatology
- •9.1 Lasers


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2022v1.0

Review of
Dermatology

This page intentionally left blank

Ali Alikhan, MD
Dermatologist
Department of Dermatology
Sutter Medical Foundation
Sacramento, CA, USA
Thomas L.H. Hocker, MD, PCEO
Mohs Surgeon
Dermatopathologist and Dermatologist
Surgical Director
Department of Dermatology
University of Missouri Kansas City
Overland Park, KS, USA
Review of
Dermatology
SE CO ND ED IT IO N
Section Editors
Monisha N. Dandekar, MD
Linda T. Doan, MD, PhD
Nada Elbuluk, MD, MSc
Ronda S. Farah, MD
Phillip C. Hochwalt, MD, FACMS
Julia S. Lehman, MD
Alexander Maley, MD
Roberto A. Novoa, MD
Brea Prindaville, MD
Anand Rajpara, MD
Christopher Sayed, MD
Tiffany C. Scharschmidt, MD
Jennifer J. Schoch, MD
Jonathan I. Silverberg, MD, PhD, MPH
Olayemi Sokumbi, MD

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REVIEW OF DERMATOLOGY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-65386-2
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedications
To my wife, for her unwavering and unconditional love and
support
To my grandmother (Amma), who taught me the meaning of
sacrice
To my parents, who have always been the best role models
To my son, whose curiosity and determination continue to
amaze me
Ali Alikhan, MD
To Anjali, Avani, and Akari, and Jeevan: daddy loves you unconditionally, and I am inspired constantly by your curiosity,
intelligence, relentless drive, and kind hearts. God blessed me
with the most amazing kids I could hope for, and blessed you
with the unique abilities and talents to achieve anything you
set your mind to! Be a force for good.
To my family: your love and support is the light that brightens
even the darkest of nights.
To my mentors at Harvard (Dr. Harley Haynes and Hensin
Tsao), Mayo (esp. Drs. Pittelkow, Camilleri, and Roenigk), and
the entire University of Michigan Dermpath group: thank you
for your immense personal support and for shaping my
dermatologic world view!
Thomas L. H. Hocker, MD, PCEO
v

Contributors
Ali Alikhan, MD
Dermatologist
Department of Dermatology
Sutter Medical Foundation
Sacramento, CA, USA
Section Editor for Section 2, Dermatopharmacology
2.1 Antihistamines
2.2 Retinoids
2.3 Corticosteroids
2.4 Immunomodulatory Agents
2.5 Oncologic Agents in Dermatology
2.6 Antimicrobial Agents
2.7 Phototherapy
2.8 Miscellaneous Agents
2.9 Drug Interactions and the Cytochrome P-450 System
2.10 Drug Reactions
Section Editor for Section 3, General Dermatology
3.1 Papulosquamous Dermatoses
3.2 Eczematous Dermatoses
3.3 Interface Dermatitis
3.4 Blistering Diseases
3.5 Connective Tissue Diseases (CTDs) and Sclerosing Dermopathies
3.6 Granulomatous/Histiocytic Disorders
3.7 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Dermatologic Interest
3.8 Xanthomas
3.9 Urticaria and Angioedema
3.10 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
3.11 Eosinophilic Disorders
3.12 Figurate Erythemas
3.13 Follicular and Eccrine/Apocrine Disorders
3.14 Drug Reactions
3.15 Photodermatoses and Other Physical Dermatoses
3.16 Amyloidoses
3.17 Neurodermatology and Psychodermatology
3.18 Palmoplantar Keratodermas
3.19 Nutritional Disorders in Dermatology
3.20 Depositional and Calcication Disorders Not Discussed Elsewhere
3.21 Ulcers
3.22 Vasculitides, Vasculopathies, and Other Vascular Disorders
3.23 Panniculitides and Lipodystrophies
3.24 Dermatoses of Pregnancy
3.25 Hair, Nail, and Mucosal Disorders
3.26 Pigmentary Disorders
Section Editor for Section 5, Infectious Diseases
5.1 Viral Diseases
5.2 HIV/AIDS Dermatology
5.3 Bacterial Infections
5.4 Fungal Diseases
5.5 Parasites and Other Creatures
Monisha N. Dandekar, MD
Dermatopathologist
MAWD Pathology
Lenexa, KS, USA
Section Editor for Section 6, Neoplastic Dermatology
6.1 Keratinocytic Neoplasms
6.2 Cysts
6.3 Melanocytic Neoplasms
6.4 Adnexal Neoplasms and Hamartomas
6.5 Hair Follicle Neoplasms/Hamartomas
6.6 Sebaceous Proliferations
6.7 Neural Neoplasms
6.8 Smooth Muscle Neoplasms
6.9 Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
6.10 Fibrohistiocytic Neoplasms
6.11 Vascular Proliferations
6.12 Neoplasms of Adipocytic Lineage
6.13 Dermoscopy
Linda T. Doan, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Dermatology and Pathology
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA, USA
Section Editor for Section 1, Basic Science
1.1 Structure and Function of the Skin
1.2 Embryology
1.3 Wound Healing
1.4 Genetics
1.5 Ultraviolet Light
1.6 Immunology
1.6.1 Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
1.6.2 Immunologic Mediators
1.6.3 Cells of Signicance
1.6.4 Major Histocompatibility Complex
1.7 Laboratory Techniques
Nada Elbuluk, MD, MSc
Associate Professor of Dermatology
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Section Editor for Section 10, Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Disease
and Metastases
10.1 Cardiovascular/Cardiopulmonary
10.2 Endocrine
10.3 Gastroenterology
10.4 Neurology
10.5 Renal
10.6 Paraneoplastic Syndromes
vi

Contributors
Ronda S. Farah, MD
Assistant Professor of Dermatology
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Section Editor for Section 9, Cosmetic Dermatology
9.1 Lasers
9.2 Botulinum Toxin
9.3 Dermal Fillers
9.4 Liposuction and Fat Reduction
9.5 Sclerotherapy
9.6 Cosmeceuticals, Nutraceuticals, and Other Supplements
9.7 Hair Transplantation
9.8 Chemical Peels
9.9 Other Esthetic Procedures and Scales
Phillip C. Hochwalt, MD, FACMS
Mohs and Reconstructive Surgeon
Department of Dermatology
Conuence Health
Wenatchee, WA, USA
Section Editor for Section 6, Neoplastic Dermatology
6.1 Keratinocytic Neoplasms
6.2 Cysts
6.3 Melanocytic Neoplasms
6.4 Adnexal Neoplasms and Hamartomas
6.5 Hair Follicle Neoplasms/Hamartomas
6.6 Sebaceous Proliferations
6.7 Neural Neoplasms
6.8 Smooth Muscle Neoplasms
6.9 Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
6.10 Fibrohistiocytic Neoplasms
6.11 Vascular Proliferations
6.12 Neoplasms of Adipocytic Lineage
6.13 Dermoscopy
Section Editor for Section 8, Dermatologic Surgery
8.1 Surgical Anatomy
8.2 Local Anesthetics and Perioperative Pain Control
8.3 Surgical Instruments and Needles
8.4 Suture Techniques
8.5 Wound Closure Materials
8.6 Antisepsis and Sterilization
8.7 Electrosurgery
8.8 Cryosurgery
8.9 Excisions
8.10 Mohs Surgery
8.11 Flaps
8.12 Grafts
8.13 Surgical Complications and Measures to Avoid Them
8.14 Scar Improvement
8.15 Nail Surgery
8.16 Wound Dressings
Thomas L.H. Hocker, MD, PCEO
Mohs Surgeon
Dermatopathologist and Dermatologist
Surgical Director
Department of Dermatology
University of Missouri Kansas City
Overland Park, KS, USA
Section Editor for Section 5, Infectious Diseases
5.1 Viral Diseases
5.2 HIV/AIDS Dermatology
5.3 Bacterial Infections
5.4 Fungal Diseases
5.5 Parasites and Other Creatures
Section Editor for Section 8, Dermatologic Surgery
8.1 Surgical Anatomy
8.2 Local Anesthetics and Perioperative Pain Control
8.3 Surgical Instruments and Needles
8.4 Suture Techniques
8.5 Wound Closure Materials
8.6 Antisepsis and Sterilization
8.7 Electrosurgery
8.8 Cryosurgery
8.9 Excisions
8.10 Mohs Surgery
8.11 Flaps
8.12 Grafts
8.13 Surgical Complications and Measures to Avoid Them
8.14 Scar Improvement
8.15 Nail Surgery
8.16 Wound Dressings
Julia S. Lehman, MD
Professor of Dermatology, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathology
Laboratory Director, Immunodermatology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Section Editor for Section 3, General Dermatology
3.4 Blistering Diseases
Section Editor for Section 7, Dermatopathology
7.1 Essential Concepts in Dermatopathology
7.2 High-Yield Dermatopathology Diagnoses at a Glance
7.3 High-Yield Dermatopathology Differential Diagnoses
Alexander Maley, MD
Dermatologist
Aurora Healthcare
Milwaukee, WI, USA
Section Editor for Section 2, Dermatopharmacology
2.1 Antihistamines
2.2 Retinoids
2.3 Corticosteroids
2.4 Immunomodulatory Agents
2.5 Oncologic Agents in Dermatology
2.6 Antimicrobial Agents
2.7 Phototherapy
2.8 Miscellaneous Agents
2.9 Drug Interactions and the Cytochrome P-450 System
2.10 Drug Reactions
Section Editor for Section 11, Epidemiology, Statistics, Study Design, Public
Health Principles, and Billing
11.6 Billing
Roberto A. Novoa, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Pathology and Dermatology
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA
Section Editor for Section 6, Neoplastic Dermatology
6.1 Keratinocytic Neoplasms
6.2 Cysts
6.3 Melanocytic Neoplasms
6.4 Adnexal Neoplasms and Hamartomas
6.5 Hair follicle Neoplasms/Hamartomas
6.6 Sebaceous Proliferations
6.7 Neural Neoplasms
6.8 Smooth Muscle Neoplasms
6.9 Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
6.10 Fibrohistiocytic Neoplasms
6.11 Vascular Proliferations
6.12 Neoplasms of Adipocytic Lineage
6.13 Dermoscopy
Section Editor for Section 7, Dermatopathology
7.1 Essential Concepts in Dermatopathology
7.2 High-Yield Dermatopathology Diagnoses at a Glance
7.3 High-Yield Dermatopathology Differential Diagnoses
Brea Prindaville, MD
Assistant Professor of Dermatology
Pediatric Dermatologist
Brown University
Providence, RI, USA
Section Editor for Section 4, Pediatric Dermatology
4.1 Neonatal Dermatology
4.2 Viral Exanthems and Select Infectious Disorders of Childhood
4.3 Inherited Pigmentary Disorders
4.4 Epidermolysis Bullosa
4.5 Tumor Syndromes
4.6 Vascular Tumors, Malformations, and Related Vascular Disorders
4.7 Disorders of Hair and Nails
4.8 Inherited Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
4.9 Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders
4.10 Autoinammatory Disorders (Periodic Fever Syndromes)
4.11 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
vii

Contributors
4.12 Premature Aging Syndromes and DNA Repair Disorders
4.13 Primary Immunodeciency Disorders with Cutaneous Manifestations
4.14 Disorders of Cornication
4.15 Miscellaneous Pediatric Dermatologic Disorders
Anand Rajpara, MD
Residency Program Director and Associate Professor
Department of Dermatology
Kansas University Medical Center
Kansas City, KS, USA
Section Editor for Section 3, General Dermatology
3.1 Papulosquamous Dermatoses
3.2 Eczematous Dermatoses
3.3 Interface Dermatitis
3.4 Blistering Diseases
3.5 Connective Tissue Diseases (CTDs) and Sclerosing Dermopathies
3.6 Granulomatous/Histiocytic Disorders
3.7 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Dermatologic Interest
3.8 Xanthomas
3.9 Urticaria and Angioedema
3.10 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
3.11 Eosinophilic Disorders
3.12 Figurate Erythemas
3.13 Follicular and Eccrine/Apocrine Disorders
3.14 Drug Reactions
3.15 Photodermatoses and Other Physical Dermatoses
3.16 Amyloidoses
3.17 Neurodermatology and Psychodermatology
3.18 Palmoplantar Keratodermas
3.19 Nutritional Disorders in Dermatology
3.20 Depositional and Calcication Disorders Not Discussed Elsewhere
3.21 Ulcers
3.22 Vasculitides, Vasculopathies, and Other Vascular Disorders
3.23 Panniculitides and Lipodystrophies
3.24 Dermatoses of Pregnancy
3.25 Hair, Nail, and Mucosal Disorders
3.26 Pigmentary Disorders
Christopher Sayed, MD
Professor of Dermatology
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Section Editor for Section 3, General Dermatology
3.1 Papulosquamous Dermatoses
3.2 Eczematous Dermatoses
3.3 Interface Dermatitis
3.4 Blistering Diseases
3.5 Connective Tissue Diseases (CTDs) and Sclerosing Dermopathies
3.6 Granulomatous/Histiocytic Disorders
3.7 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Dermatologic Interest
3.8 Xanthomas
3.9 Urticaria and Angioedema
3.10 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
3.11 Eosinophilic Disorders
3.12 Figurate Erythemas
3.13 Follicular and Eccrine/Apocrine Disorders
3.14 Drug Reactions
3.15 Photodermatoses and Other Physical Dermatoses
3.16 Amyloidoses
3.17 Neurodermatology and Psychodermatology
3.18 Palmoplantar Keratodermas
3.19 Nutritional Disorders in Dermatology
3.20 Depositional and Calcication Disorders not Discussed Elsewhere
3.21 Ulcers
3.22 Vasculitides, Vasculopathies, and Other Vascular Disorders
3.23 Panniculitides and Lipodystrophies
3.24 Dermatoses of Pregnancy
3.25 Hair, Nail, and Mucosal Disorders
3.26 Pigmentary Disorders
Tiffany C. Scharschmidt, MD
Associate Professor of Dermatology
University of California
San Francisco, CA, USA
Section Editor for Section 1, Basic Science
1.1 Structure and Function of the Skin
1.2 Embryology
1.3 Wound Healing
1.4 Genetics
1.5 Ultraviolet Light
1.6 Immunology
1.6.1 Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
1.6.2 Immunologic Mediators
1.6.3 Cells of Signicance
1.6.4 Major Histocompatibility Complex
1.7 Laboratory Techniques
Jennifer J. Schoch, MD
Associate Professor of Dermatology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL, USA
Section Editor for Section 4, Pediatric Dermatology
4.1 Neonatal Dermatology
4.2 Viral Exanthems and Select Infectious Disorders of Childhood
4.3 Inherited Pigmentary Disorders
4.4 Epidermolysis Bullosa
4.5 Tumor Syndromes
4.6 Vascular Tumors, Malformations, and Related Vascular Disorders
4.7 Disorders of Hair and Nails
4.8 Inherited Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
4.9 Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders
4.10 Autoinammatory Disorders (Periodic Fever Syndromes)
4.11 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
4.12 Premature Aging Syndromes and DNA Repair Disorders
4.13 Primary Immunodeciency Disorders with Cutaneous Manifestations
4.14 Disorders of Cornication
4.15 Miscellaneous Pediatric Dermatologic Disorders
Jonathan I. Silverberg, MD, PhD, MPH
Professor of Dermatology
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Baltimore, MD, USA
Director, Clinical Research and Contact Dermatitis
Washington, DC, USA
Section Editor for Section 11, Epidemiology, Statistics, Study Design, Public
Health Principles, and Billing
11.1 Epidemiological Denitions
11.2 Epidemiologic Principles
11.3 Types of Studies and Their Limitations
11.4 Types of Bias
11.5 Maintenance of Certication for the American Board of Dermatology
Olayemi Sokumbi, MD
Associate Professor of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine & Pathology
Mayo Clinic
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Section Editor for Section 3, General Dermatology
3.1 Papulosquamous Dermatoses
3.2 Eczematous Dermatoses
3.3 Interface Dermatitis
3.4 Blistering Diseases
3.5 Connective Tissue Diseases (CTDs) and Sclerosing Dermopathies
3.6 Granulomatous/Histiocytic Disorders
3.7 Monoclonal Gammopathies of Dermatologic Interest
3.8 Xanthomas
3.9 Urticaria and Angioedema
3.10 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
3.11 Eosinophilic Disorders
3.12 Figurate Erythemas
3.13 Follicular and Eccrine/Apocrine Disorders
3.14 Drug Reactions
3.15 Photodermatoses and Other Physical Dermatoses
3.16 Amyloidoses
3.17 Neurodermatology and Psychodermatology
3.18 Palmoplantar Keratodermas
3.19 Nutritional Disorders in Dermatology
3.20 Depositional and Calcication Disorders Not Discussed Elsewhere
3.21 Ulcers
3.22 Vasculitides, Vasculopathies, and Other Vascular Disorders
3.23 Panniculitides and Lipodystrophies
3.24 Dermatoses of Pregnancy
3.25 Hair, Nail, and Mucosal Disorders
3.26 Pigmentary Disorders
viii
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