Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_602_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
100
L
ow Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
F
-
ush with the stapling
a
p
p.
ig. 6–13
lamp 1 cm distal to the stapler to occlude the spec
evice using a scalpel and lightly cauterize the
verted mucosa (Fig. 6 –13) Ligate the specimen
side with umbilical tape. After the Allen clamp is
emoved, apply a sterile rubber glove over the ligated
nd and tie the glove in place with another umbilical
ape ligature
Figs. 6 –14a, 6– 14b). Alternatively,
ivide the colon with a linear cutting stapler. Retain
his segment of colon containing the specimen tem-
orarily to provide traction on the rectal stum
ring the stapled end of the proximal colon down
nto the pelvis and line it up tentatively with the
ectal stump 4–5 cm beyond the tumor. Place a
scratch mark along the antimesenteric border of the
escending colon beginning at a point 1 cm proximal
o the stapled end and continuing cephalad for a
istance equal to the diameter of the rectal stump.
ow insert a lateral guy suture into the left lateral
margin of the rectal stump and the proximal colon
and hold this suture in a hemostat. Place a second
uy suture in a similar fashion between the right
lateral margin of the rectum and the colon and hold
Fig. 6–14
ig. 6–14b
Op
erative Technique
10
5
-
-
-
-
.
fi
cult, it is sometimes helpful to
-
b
.
-
d.
w
1
Fig. 6–1
t in a hemostat (Fig. 6 –15). Approximate the pos
erior muscular layer with interrupted 4-0 silk
ushing sutures, taking bites of colon and rectum
mm wide. Use a Stratte or a Finochietto angled
needleholder (see Glossary) when sewing deep in
e pelvis; this facilitates smooth insertion of the
curved needle. Insert these sutures 6–7 mm behind
he anticipated lines of transection of the colon and
ectum. The preferred technique is successive bisec
on (Figs. 6– 16, 6 –17). Tie none of these sutures
until all have been placed. When the anastomosis is
at a very low level, it is convenient to keep the
proximal colonic segment well above the promon
ory of the sacrum until all the posterior seromuscu
lar sutures have been inserted. Be sure these stitches
catch the longitudinal muscle of the rectum. If only
mucosa is used for anastomosis, failure is likely.
Incise the previous scratch mark in the proximal
colonic segment with a scalpel and Metzenbaum scissors (Fig. 6 –18). Make a similar incision along a line
–7 mm proximal to the sutures already placed in the
ectum
If exposure is dif
maintain gentle traction on the tails of the Cushing
sutures to improve exposure while suturing the
mucosa. Then cut the tails of the Cushing sutures
successively as the mucosal sutures are inserted. Oth
erwise, cut all the Cushing sutures at one time,
except for the two lateral guy sutures, which should
e retained for the moment
egin the posterior mucosal closure at the mid
point of the posterior layer using an atraumatic
suture of 3-0 PG. Start a continuous locked suture at
the midpoint and continue it to the right lateral
margin. The second suture of the same material
should progress from the midpoint toward the left
lateral margin of the suture line (Fig. 6 –19)
Divide the anterior wall of the rectum below the
large right-angle clamp and remove the specimen.
equest an immediate frozen section histologic
examination of the distal margin of the specimen to
rule out the presence of cancer. If tumor cells are
found at the margin, resection of additional rectum
is indicate
Now approximate the anterior mucosal layer by a
continuous suture of the Connell or Cushing type
Fig. 6 –20) Accomplish this by grasping the needle,
hich has completed the posterior mucosal layer
102
L
ow Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
Fig
g
8
. 6–16
ig. 6–17
Fi
. 6–1
Op
erative Technique
103
h
y
-
p
9
0
Fig. 6–1
and is now in the lumen at the right margin of the
anastomosis, and passing it from inside out throug
he rectum. The suture line should progress from the
ight lateral margin toward the midpoint of the ante-
rior la
er. When this has been reached, grasp the
second needle, located at the left lateral margin of
the posterior mucosal layer. Use this needle to com
lete the anterior mucosal layer from the left lateral
Fig. 6–2
10
4
L
m
l
.
h
ill
-
-
ow Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
ig. 6–21
argin to the midpoint where the anterior mucosal
ayer is terminated with the mucosa completely
inverted (Fig. 6–20)
Close the anterior muscular layer with interrupted
-0 atraumatic silk Lembert or Cushing sutures
Figs.
6 –21, 6 –22). Insert this row of sutures about 6 mm
way from the mucosal suture line to accomplish a
ertain amount of invagination of the rectum into the
olon. Because the dimension of the side-to-end
lumen is large narrowing does not result. A sagittal
section of t
e anastomosis in Figure 6 –23
ustrates
his point. After the anastomosis is completed, care
fully inspect the posterior suture line for possible
efects, which if present can be corrected by addi
ional sutures.
At this point cut the sutures and thoroughly irri-
ate the pelvis with a dilute solution of antibiotics.
The large defect in the peritoneum need not be
ig. 6–22
Op
105
Make a fi
nal check to ensure there is no tension
cient slack that the colon
fi
lls up the hollow of
um
.
lternative to Colorectal
When the surgeon does not fi
nd it practicable to
for the anastomosis. After the fi
rst step in the Baker
-
-
-
rst suture at the midpoint of the
mu
h
-
.
halfway between the fi
lateral
-
p
t
l
)
.
l
s
T
-
w
lev
Fig. 6–2
3
closed. This omission has brought no noticeable ill
effect, probably because the defect is so large as not
o entrap any small intestine permanently.
on the colorectal suture line. If there is, additional
proximal colon must be liberated. There must be
the sacr
eliminating any deadspace
n its way to the anastomosis, thereby
A
Side-to-End Anastomosis
leave the specimen attached to the rectal stump
for purposes of traction (the preferred technique
described above), an alternative method may be used
erative Technique
Insert a guy suture of atraumatic 4-0 silk from the
left lateral wall of the rectal stump to the termination
of the incision in the colon. Grasp this suture in a
hemostat without tying it. Place a similar suture in the
right lateral walls of the rectal stump and colon.
lose the remainder of the posterior wall with
interrupted horizontal mattress sutures of atraumatic
posterior layer. Using a curved needle, begin the
stitch on the mucosal side of the proximal colon and
go from inside out through all layers of colon. Then
pass the needle from outside in into the rectal stump.
t is vitally important that the muscularis of the
rectum be included in this bite. Often the muscularis
retracts 1 cm or more beyond the protruding rectal
cosa.
ring the same needle back from inside out on the
rectal stump and then from outside in on the proximal colon. Leave this suture untied but grasp it in a
emostat. When it is tied at a later stage in the pro
cedure, the knot lies on the mucosa of the colon
Place the second horizontal mattress suture
rst suture and the
guy suture by the same technique. Place the third
suture so it bisects the distance between the mid
oint of the posterior layer and the righ
suture. Place the remaining stitches by the technique
of successive bisection until this layer is complete
Fig. 6 –24
The colon should slide down against the rectal
stump while the assistant holds the ends of all the
sutures taut. Tie the sutures and leave the tails long,
grasping each again in a hemostat. Retaining the long
tails of these stitches and applying mild upward
traction improves the exposure for insertion of the
mucosal sutures. The remainder of the anastomosis
is similar to that described above for the Baker
technique
left
ateral guy
method (Fig. 6–12) has been completed, remove the
specimen by a scalpel incision across the rectum
distal to the right-angle clamp. This leaves the rectal
stump wide open. To prevent the short rectal stump
from retracting beyond the prostate, apply long
(30 cm) Allis clamps to the right and left corners of
e rectal stump. Then insert a Lloyd-Davies bladder
etractor deep to the prostate for exposure.
ring the previously prepared segment of descend
ng colon down to the sacral promontory. The end
of this segment of colon should have already been
occluded by application of the linear stapling device.
Make an incision on the antimesenteric border of the
colon beginning 1 cm from the stapled end and con
inuing proximally for 4–5 cm, which is the approxi
mate diameter of the rectal ampulla.
Circular Stapled Low
orectal Anastomosi
Co
o use the circular stapling technique for low
colorectal anastomosis, place the patient in the Lloyd
avies position, with thighs abducted, anus exposed,
nd sacrum elevated on a small sandbag. For tumors
situated 6–9 cm above the anal verge, it is necessary
to dissect the rectum down to the levator diaphragm,
hich requires complete division of Waldeyer’s
fascia posteriorly, dissection of the anterior rectum
way from the prostate to the level of the urethra,
nd division of the lateral ligaments down to the
ators.
Unless the patient has a narrow pelvis, the entire
levator diaphragm then comes into view
Fig. –25)
10
6
L
l
p
p
.
h
cient
ll the hollow of the sacrum on
cient slack.
p
.
-
p
Ascer-
ow Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
ig. 6–24
All of the perirectal lymphatics readily peel off the
evator musculature. Then follow the posterior wall
f the rectum down to the puborectalis muscle,
which marks the cephalad margin of the anal canal.
Take care not to continue dissecting beyond the
uborectalis, as it is easy to enter the intersphinc-
eric plane and liberate the rectum down to the anal
verge. An anastomosis to the skin of the anal canal
is technically feasible but would result in excision of
he internal sphincter together with the specimen
because the intersphincteric space is the natural
lane of dissection one enters from above
lace a large right-angle renal pedicle clamp across
e rectum about 1 cm beyond the lower edge of the
umor. Then divide the upper colon between Allen
lamps at the site previously selected for this purpose.
igate the cut distal end of the descending colon
umbilical tape and cover it with a sterile rubber
wit
love (Figs. 6–14a, 6–14b). Bring the proximal colon
ts way to the site of the anastomosis. If not, liberate
ext, remove the Allen clamp and gently dilate
he colon with appropriate sizers or a Foley catheter
balloon. Dilating the colon may prove the most frus-
rating step of the entire operation. Be careful
ot to
roduce any serosal tearsduring this maneuver. It
s advisable to use the largest cartridge possible to
nsure an ample lumen
Then insert a 2-0 Prolene continuous over-and
ver whip-stitch starting at the left margin of the
roximal cut end of the colon
Fig. 6 –26a)
ain that all fat and mesentery have been dissected
Op
erative Technique
1
5
6a
v
ring the stapler may
produce signifi
cant bleeding in the rectal lumen,
which is diffi
cult to control. Alternatively, a purse-
-
.
A
07
Fig. 6–2
off the distal 1.5 cm of colon so no fat or blood
essels are interposed between the layers of bowel
ncluded in the staple line. If blood vessels are
string instrument may be used instead of a
whip-stitch.
Insert a sterile short proctoscope into the anal
canal and aspirate the rectum of its contents. Thor
oughly irrigate the rectum with sterile water to wash
out any desquamated tumor cells and remove the
proctoscope
Next, insert an over-and-over whip-stitch into the
ectal stump. To accomplish this, make an incision
rough the full thickness of the rectal wall on its left
anterolateral aspect, leaving a 4 cm margin beyond
he tumor. Place traction on the right-angle clamp to
maintain exposure of the lower rectum. Initiate a 2-0
atraumatic Prolene over-and-over whip-stitch at the
left lateral corner of the rectal stump
Fig. 6 –26b)
s this stitch progresses along the anterior wall of
he rectum toward the patient’s right, divide more
Fig. 6–2
108
L
ow Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
p
after
the specimen
h
6
l
-
6c
b
ig. 6–26d
Fig. 6–26
Fig. 6–2
nd more rectal wall
Fig.
–26c) Continue the
ame suture circumferentially along the posterior
wall of the rectum until the point of origin at the left
ateral wall is reached and the specimen is com
ig. 6–26e
letely detached
Figs. 6 –26d, –26e) Do not
attempt to insert the whip-stitch
as been detached because the rectal stump would
etract beyond the prostate and suturing from above
would be impossible in the case of tumors of the
mid-rectum (6–10 cm above the anal verge). Each
bite should contain 4 mm of full-thickness rectal wall,
and the stitches should be no more than
mm apart
o prevent gaps when the suture is tied. A 1.5–2.0 cm
width of muscular wall of rectum behind the whipstitch should be cleared of fat, blood vessels, and
Op
erative Technique
109
w
p
pel
.
-
fi
eld. Check that the stapler is correctly assem-
b
v
-
p
Tie the rectal purse-string suture fi
rmly around the
.
v
7
8
.
rm complete closure.
Fig. 6–2
red, there
should be no fat or mesentery between the muscular
all of the rectum and the seromuscular wall of
e proximal colon. Grasp both ends of the Prolene
urse-string suture in a hemostat. Irrigate the
vis
Now move to the perineal portion of the opera
ive
led. Because devices from different manufacturers
ary, it is crucial to be familiar with the circular sta
ling device in use. Lubricate the tip of the stapling
device with sterile surgical jelly. Insert the device
nto the anal canal and the rectum with the trigger
handles pointing anteriorly (Fig. 6 –27)
Slowly push
e anvil of the stapler through the lower rectal
purse-string suture, then rotate the wing nut at the
end counterclockwise until the device is wide open.
shaft of the stapler
Fig. 6 –28) and cut the tails 5 mm
from the knot
Apply three Allis clamps in triangular fashion to
e cut end of the proximal colon, the lumen of
which has been dilated so the colon may be brought
over the cap of the circular stapler. When this has
been accomplished, tie the colonic purse-string suture
and cut its tails 5 mm from the knot (Fig.6 –29). It is
ital to observe the integrity of the two purse-string
sutures, as any gap in the purse-string closures can
cause a defect in the anastomosis
ow completelyclose the circular stapler by rotat-
ing the wing nut in a clockwise fashion
Fig. 6–2
Fig.
–30)