Amar Agarwal, MS, FRCS, FRCOphth is the Chairman and Managing Director of Dr.Agarwal ’s Group of Eye Hospitals and Eye Research Centre in India, which includes 97 hospitals worldwide; past President of the International Society of Refractive Surgery; and Secretary General of the Indian Intraocular Implant & Refractive Society.

Dr.Agarwal is the pioneer of phakonit, which is phacoemulsification with needle incision technology. This technique became popularly known as bimanual phaco, microincision cataract sur- gery, or microphaco. Dr.Agarwal was the first to remove cataracts through a 0.7-mm tip with the microphakonit technique. He also discovered no anesthesia cataract surgery and FAVIT (fallen vitreous), a new technique to remove dropped nuclei. Using an aquar ium fish pump to increase the fluid into the eye in bimanual phaco and coaxial phaco has helped prevent surge. This formed the basis of vari ous techniques of forced infusion for small- incision cataract surgery. Dr.Agarwal also discovered a new refractive error called aberropia. He was the first to perform a combined surgery of microphakonit (700- μm cataract surgery) with a 25-g auge vitrectomy in the same patient, thus creating the smallest incisions pos si ble for cataract and vitrectomy. He was the first surgeon to implant a new mirror telescopic intraocular lens (IOL) for patients suffering from age-rel ated macular degeneration. He was the first in the world to implant a glued IOL, in which a posterior chamber IOL is fixed in an eye without capsules using fibrin glue. He modified the Malyugin ring (MicroSurgical Technology) for small- pupil cataract surgery into the Agarwal modification of the Malyugin ring for miotic pupil cataract surgeries with posterior capsular defects.

Dr.Agarwal pioneered the technique of IOL scaffold, in which a 3- piece IOL is injected into an eye between the iris and the nucleus to prevent the nucleus from falling in posterior chamber ruptures. He combined glued IOL and IOL scaffold in cases of posterior chamber rupture where there is no iris or capsular support and termed the technique glued IOL scaffold. Pre-Desc emet’s endothelial keratoplasty was also pioneered by Dr.Agarwal. In this procedure, the pre- Descemet’s layer and Descemet’s membrane with endothelium are transplanted en bloc in patients with a diseased endothelium.

Dr.Agarwal has designed a new instrument for complicated cases called the trocar anterior chamber maintainer, which helps provide infusion through the anterior chamber and works like a trocar cannula. He has also started a new technique of iris suturing called single- pass four- throw pupilloplasty. This is used for closed- angle glaucoma, silicone oil-in duced closed- angle glaucoma, and mydriatic cases. He has performed for the first time pinhole pupilloplasty to treat patients with astigmatism of up to 20 diopters.

Dr.Agarwal has performed more than 150 live surgeries at vari ous conferences. His videos have won awards at the film festivals of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Acad emy of Ophthalmology, and Euro pean Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons. He has written more than 75 books, which have been published in vari ous languages, including En glish, Spanish, and Polish. He trains doctors from all over the world in his center on phaco, glued IOL, LASIK, and ret i nal surgeries.

Dr.Narang is a pioneer of the no- assistant technique for glued IOL. Her technique was pub-

Dr.Narang has contributed many chapters and is an editor to variou s books published by top