Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_537_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Kassahun, Y., Yu, B., Tibebu, A. T., et al. (2016). Surgical robotics beyond enhanced dexterity
instrumentation: A survey of machine learning techniques and their role in intelligent and
autonomous surgical actions. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and
Surgery, 11(4), 553–568.
154. Esteva, A., Robicquet, A., Ramsundar, B., et al. (2019). A guide to deep learning in healthcare.
Nature Medicine, 25(1), 24–29.
155. Kim, W. S., Lee, H. S., Kang, S. M., Hong, H. J., Koh, Y. W., Lee, H. Y., et al. (2012).
Feasibility of robot-assisted neck dissections via a transaxillary and retroauricular (“TARA”)
approach in head and neck cancer: Preliminary results. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 19, 1009–
1017.
156. Byeon, H. K., & Koh, Y. W. (2015). The new era of robotic neck surgery: The universal
application of the retroauricular approach. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 112, 707–716.
157. Lee, S. W., Kim, H. G., Ham, M. J., Hong, D. K., Kim, S. G., & Rotaru, H. (2017). Custom
implant for reconstruction of mandibular continuity defect. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial
Surgery Off Journal American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. https:// doi. org/
10. 1016/ j. joms. 2017. 12. 003
158. Kim, J. W., Hwang, J. H., & Ahn, K. M. (2016). Fibular flap for mandible reconstruction in
osteoradionecrosis of the jaw: Selection criteria of fibula flap. Maxillofacial Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery, 38(1), 46. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s40902-016-0093-x
[Crossref]
159. Qu, X., Zhen, W., Hui, S. O., Zhang, C., & Abdelrehem, A. (2020). Accuracy of computer-
aided design/computer-aided manufacturing surgical template for guidance of dental implant
distraction in mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flaps. The Journal of Craniofacial
Surgery, 31(2), 355–359. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1097/ SCS. 0000000000006112
[Crossref]
160. Sosa, D., Carola, N., Patel, V., Levitt, S., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Surgical approach comparison
in total knee arthroplasty. In Total knee arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and
science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3-031-31099-7.
161. Brandt, S. A., Walter, U., Reimers, C. D., Schreiber, S. J., Thömke, F., & Urban, P. P. (2014).
Computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction using a patient-specific reconstruction plate
fabricated with computer aided design and manufacturing techniques. Craniomaxillofacial
Trauma & Reconstruction, 7(2), 158–166. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1055/ s-0034-1371356
[Crossref]
162. Mascha, F., Winter, K., Pietzka, S., Heufelder, M., Schramm, A., & Wilde, F. (2017). Accuracy
of computer-assisted mandibular reconstructions using patient-specific implants in combination
with CAD/CAM fabricated transfer keys. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 45(11),
1884–1897. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jcms. 2017. 08. 028
[Crossref]
163.
Tae, K., Ji, Y. B., Song, C. M., Min, H. J., Kim, K. R., & Park, C. W. (2013). Robotic selective
neck dissection using a gasless postauricular facelift approach for early head and neck cancer:
https://t.me/medicina_free
Technical feasibility and safety. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical
Techniques, 23(3), 240–245. https:// www. liebertpub. com/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1089/ lap. 2012. 0277
164. Singer, M., Seybt, M. W., & Terris, D. J. (2011). Robotic facelift thyroidectomy: I. preclinical
simulation and morphometric assessment. The Laryngoscope. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ lary.
21831
165. Terris, D. J., Singer, M. C., & Seybt, M. W. (2011). Robotic facelift thyroidectomy: II. Clinical
feasibility and safety. The Laryngoscope, 121(8), 1636–1641.
166. Tae, K., Ji, Y. B., Song, C. M., Min, H. J., Kim, K. R., & Park, C. W. (2013). Robotic selective
neck dissection using a gasless postauricular facelift approach for early head and neck cancer:
Technical feasibility and safety. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical
Techniques. Part A, 23, 240–245. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1089/ lap. 2012. 0277
[Crossref]
167. Gupta, A. K., Lyons, D. C., & Daigle, D. (2015). Progression of surgical hair restoration
techniques. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 19(1), 17–21.
168. Avram, M. R., Finney, R., & Rogers, N. (2017). Hair Transplantation controversies.
Dermatologic Surgery, 43(Suppl. 2), S158–S162.
169. Neidel, F. (2022). Hair transplantation with the hair robot. In G. Kautz (Ed.), Energy for the
skin. Springer. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-030-90680-1_ 29
[Crossref]
170. Avram, M., & Watkins, S. (2014). Robotic follicular unit extraction in hair transplantation.
Dermatologic Surgery, 40(S), 1319–1327.
171. Rassmann, W. R., et al. (2002). Follicular unit extraction: Minimally invasive surgery for hair
transplantation. Dermatologic Surgery, 28, 720–728.
172. Shin, J. W., et al. (2015). Characteristics of robotically harvested hair follicles in Koreans.
JAAD., 72(1), 146–150.
173. Rose, P. T., & Nusbaum, B. (2014). Robotic hair restoration. Dermatologic Clinics, 32, 97–107.
174. Harris, J. (2012). Robotic-assisted follicular unit extraction for hair restoration: Case reports.
Cosmetic Dermatology, 25, 284–287.
175. Bernstein, R. M. (2012). Integrating robotic FUE into a hair transplant practice. Hair
Transplant Forum International, 22, 228–229.
176. Davis, J. S. (1941). Address of the president: The story of plastic surgery. Annals of Surgery,
113(5), 641.
177. Reisberg, D. J., & Habakuk, S. W. (1990). A history of facial and ocular prosthetics. Advances
in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 8, 11–24.
178. Schubert, C., van Langeveld, M. C., & Donoso, L. A. (2014). Innovations in 3D printing: A 3D
overview from optics to organs. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98, 159–161.
179.
https://t.me/medicina_free
Banks, J. (2013). Adding value in additive manufacturing: Researchers in the United Kingdom
and Europe look to 3D printing for customization. IEEE Pulse, 4, 22–26. https:// ieeexplore.
ieee. org/ abstract/ document/ 6656987/
180. Truden, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Surgical approaches used for total hip arthroplasty. In Total
hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #:
9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
181. Truden, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Preexisting conditions leading to total hip arthroplasty. In
Total hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer.
ISBN #: 9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
182. Truden, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Surgical approach comparisons in total hip arthroplasty. In
Total hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer.
ISBN #: 9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
183. Truden, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Perioperative patient care for total hip Arthroplasty. In Total
hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #:
9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
184. Truden, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Complications of total hip arthroplasty. In Total hip
arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #:
9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
185. Truden, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Medical improvement suggestions for total hip arthroplasty.
In Total hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer.
ISBN #: 9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
186. Tokgöz, E., & Truden, A. (2022). Biomechanics of total hip arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty:
Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 9783031089268.
https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
187. Tokgöz, E., & Truden, A. (2022). All-inclusive impact of robotics applications on THA:
Overall impact of robotics on total hip arthroplasty patients from manufacturing of implants to
recovery after surgery. In Total hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and
science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10.
1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
188. Tokgöz, E., & Truden, A. (2022). Biomechanical success of traditional versus robotic-assisted
total hip arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science
concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-
031-08927-5_ 6
189. Tokgöz, E., & Truden, A. (2022). Optimization for total hip arthroplasty applications, total hip
arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #:
9783031089268. https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
190. Tokgöz, E., & Truden, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning
applications in total hip arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical
engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 9783031089268. https:// link. springer.
com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
191.
https://t.me/medicina_free
Tokgöz, E. (2022). Advancing engineering of total hip arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty:
Medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 9783031089268.
https:// link. springer. com/ chapter/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-031-08927-5_ 6
192. Van Mulken, T. J. M., Schols, R. M., Scharmga, A. M. J., Winkens, B., Cau, R., Schoenmakers,
F. B. F., et al. (2020). First-in-human robotic supermicrosurgery using a dedicated
microsurgical robot for treating breast cancer-related lymphedema: A randomized pilot trial.
Nature, 11, 757.
193. Sosa, D., Carola, N., Patel, V., Levitt, S., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Perioperative patient care for
total knee arthroplasty. In Total knee arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and
science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3-031-31099-7.
194. Levitt, S., Patel, V., Carola, N., Sosa, D., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Complications of total knee
arthroplasty. In Total knee arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science
concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3-031-31099-7.
195. Carola, N., Patel, V., Levitt, S., Sosa, D., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Ergonomics of total knee
arthroplasty. In Total knee arthroplasty: Medical and biomedical engineering and science
concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3-031-31099-7.
196. Marina, A. C., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Non-surgical facial aesthetic procedures. In Cosmetic and
reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A review of medical and biomedical engineering and
science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3031311673.
197. Marina, A. C., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Aesthetic surgery of the upper face and cheeks. In
Cosmetic and reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A review of medical and biomedical
engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3031311673.
198. Marina, A. C., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Aesthetic surgery of the nose and lower face. In Cosmetic
and reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A review of medical and biomedical engineering and
science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3031311673.
199. Marina, A. C., Donofrio, G., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Surgical reconstruction of craniofacial
malformations. In Cosmetic and reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A review of medical and
biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3031311673.
200. Marina, A. C., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Surgical reconstruction of craniofacial trauma and burns.
In Cosmetic and reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A review of medical and biomedical
engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3031311673.
201. Marina, A. C., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). Cosmetic and reconstructive facial plastic surgery related
simulation and optimization efforts. In Cosmetic and reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A
review of medical and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-
3031311673.
202. Musafer, H., & Tokgöz, E. (2023). A facial wrinkle detection by using deep learning with an
efficient optimizer. In Cosmetic and reconstructive facial plastic surgery: A review of medical
and biomedical engineering and science concepts. Springer. ISBN #: 978-3031311673.
https://t.me/medicina_free
(1)
(2)
©The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG2023
E. Tokgöz, M. A. Carro, Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial Plastic Surgery
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31168-0_11
Engineering Psychology of Facial Plastic Surgery
Patients
EmreTokgöz
1
and MarinaA.Carro
2
Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
The Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven,
CT, USA
MarinaA.Carro
Email: Marina.Carro@quinnipiac.edu
Keywords Psychology of facial plastic surgery patients – Facial plastic surgery by
numbers – Psychological factors impacting facial plastic surgery – Psychological reflection
of physical self-image – Self-esteem measurements used for plastic surgery – Negative
outcomes of facial plastic surgeries – Possible psychological factors that impact facial
plastic surgery patients – Engineering facial plastic surgeries
Emre Tokgöz completed two Ph.D. degrees, one in Mathematics and another one in
Industrial Engineering, at the University of Oklahoma along with a master’s degree in
Computer Science and two master’s degrees in Mathematics. Due to his interest in
biomedical engineering applications of mathematics and engineering, he pursued an online
biomedical engineering master’s degree for professionals at Johns Hopkins University. His
other research interests include nonlinear optimization, game theory, deep/machine
learning, financial engineering, facility allocation problems, vehicle routing problems,
systems’ design and improvement, network theory and analysis, inventory systems, and
Riemannian geometry.
Marina A. Carro is a second-year medical student at the Frank H. Netter School of
Medicine (Quinnipiac University). Prior to medical school, she worked as a project
manager at Clínica Esperanza Hope Clinic in Providence, Rhode Island, where she
organized and managed a satellite COVID-19 vaccination clinic for underserved
populations in the area. Additionally, she has worked as a certified nursing assistant for
3years in the emergency department and intensive care unit at South County Hospital in
Kingston, Rhode Island. Currently, she is on the board for the Frank H. Netter Wellness
Committee, ENT Surgical Interest Group, and American Medical Student Association at
Netter. She hopes to continue exploring her interests in clinical procedural research,
https://t.me/medicina_free
healthcare business and administration, and provide equitable healthcare for marginalized
patients throughout the rest of her career.
1 Introduction
Facial plastic surgeons care about unfavorable clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and
meeting patient expectations [11]. In the cases when patient satisfaction is not met, the
surgeon needs to proactively work to make the necessary changes. Facial plastic surgery–
associated complications can result in a variety of outcomes, including pain, suffering, and
permanent harm [10]. There are psychological factors that impact facial plastic surgery
decisions, such as the following:
Personal body image – Personal notion of the person’s physical appearance based on
emotions, self-observation, physical sensations, and the reactions of others about our
bodies [13].
Self-esteem, which is defined as confidence in one’s own worth or abilities, self-respect
[14].
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) [12].
Experienced teasing in childhood or adolescence [15].
Culture [12].
Individual’s education [16].
Influence of media [17].
The following are some of the factors measured for determining the direction and
magnitude of psychological changes after cosmetic surgeries to determine patients’
cosmetic surgery satisfaction [3]:
Patient’s preoperative mental status.
Level of education.
Type of cosmetic procedure.
Postoperative healing time.
Sex.
Age.
A mix of different patient satisfaction of facial plastic surgery results are reported in the
literature by different researchers. There have been several psychological quantification
methods employed for some of the facial plastic surgeries in the literature [22, 23]. In
addition to the coverage of literature results on facial plastic surgeries from both positive
and negative perspectives with the associated data analysis, we will cover the role of
psychological factors playing a significant role in facial plastic surgery decisions in this
work. Facial plastic surgeries by numbers over a 10-year period will be covered to discover
the changes in the number of facial plastic surgeries. The ways to engineer psychological
aspects of facial plastic surgery will be briefly discussed in this work.
https://t.me/medicina_free
2 Facial Plastic Surgery by Numbers
Over 20 million plastic surgeries were performed on head and face during 2013–2018 [68].
Procedures included removal of birth marks, moles, scars, facelift, nose correction, lips
(filler injections), eye lid surgeries, eyebrows, facelift, cheek implants, chin modification
(genioplasty), and ear surgery. In this section, we will analyze facial plastic surgery data
provided by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). The analysis of the data
coverage includes the following procedures during the years 2011–2020:
Nose reshaping (rhinoplasty).
Eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty).
Facelift (rhytidectomy).
Forehead lift.
Ear surgery (otoplasty).
Hair transplantation.
Neck lift.
In this set of seven surgeries, rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, and rhytidectomy are the
facial plastic surgeries with the maximum number of occurrences. Figure 1 demonstrates
the histogram of these surgery types by using ASPS data [1]. One can see the dramatic
increase from year 2018 to 2019 for all these three surgical procedures. These three surgical
procedures followed a uniform distribution trend during a 5-year period between years 2013
and 2018.
Fig. 1 Historical data of rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, and rhytidectomy between years 2011 and 2020 [1]
Figure 2 shows the other four facial plastic surgical procedures, forehead lift, otoplasty,
hair transplantation, and neck lift, that are listed above. It is easy to see the dramatic
increase in forehead lift, otoplasty, and neck lift surgeries from year 2018 to 2019. These
three surgical procedures followed a uniform distribution trend during a 5-year period
between years 2013 and 2018. The number of hair transplantations started to have a
decreasing trend from 2019 to 2020.
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 2 Forehead lift, otoplasty, hair transplantation, and neck lift surgical procedures between years 2011 and 2020 by
using ASPS data [1]
Table 1 demonstrates the number of surgical procedures that occurred from years 2011
to 2020. Using the data displayed in this table, the volume of rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty,
and rhytidectomy surgeries constitute about 80% on average (ranging between a maximum
of 86.8% seen in year 2012 and a minimum of 74.5% seen in year 2020) of the total of the
seven surgical procedures over the 10-year span.
Table 1 The seven facial plastic surgeries by numbers
American
Society of
Plastic
Surgeons’ Data
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Nose reshaping
(Rhinoplasty)
2,43,772 2,12,684 2,21,053 2,17,124 2,17,979 2,23,018 2,18,924 2,13,780 3,62,299 3,52,555
Eyelid surgery
(Blepharoplasty)
1,96,286 2,04,015 2,15,641 2,06,509 2,03,934 2,09,020 2,09,571 2,06,529 3,54,105 3,25,112
Facelift
(Rhytidectomy)
1,19,026 1,26,320 1,33,320 1,28,266 1,25,711 1,31,106 1,25,697 1,21,531 2,61,987 2,34,374
Forehead lift 46,931 44,722 46,323 42,119 40,450 43,038 39,886 38,795 89,246 88,675
Ear surgery
(Otoplasty)
26,433 25,730 24,111 22,167 22,714 23,709 23,433 22,884 55,000 53,095
Hair
transplantation
15,754 16,377 15,076 15,778 15,610 16,784 19,979 23,658 24,348 9670
Neck lift – – 55,346 55,173 54,281 55,227 53,028 53,571 1,81,024 1,60,235
Total Facial
Plastic Surgeries
6,48,202 6,59,848 7,10,870 6,87,136 6,80,679 7,01,902 6,90,518 6,80,748 13,28,009 12,23,716
Data retrieved from Ref. [1]
Table 2 displays the rate of change (i.e., percentage increase per year) of each one of the
seven surgical procedures. It is easy to see that all plastic surgeries’ percentages (except hair
https://t.me/medicina_free
transplantation) decreased from year 2013 to 2014. Number of all seven surgical
procedures’ occurrences increased from year 2015 to 2016. A dramatic percentage increase
is seen for these surgeries (except hair transplantation that had a small percentage increase)
from 2018 to 2019. This percentage then decreased from year 2019 to 2020 for all seven
surgeries, with the maximum change in hair transplantation, which is observed to have
60.28% reduction.
Table 2 Percentage of number of surgery increases based on consecutive year calculations
American Society of Plastic
Surgeons’ Data
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Nose reshaping (Rhinoplasty) −0.45% −8.91% −1.78% 0.39% 2.31% −1.84% −2.35% 69.47% −2.69%
Eyelid surgery (Blepharoplasty) 3.94% 5.70% −4.23% −1.25% 2.49% 0.26% −1.45% 71.46% −8.19%
Facelift (Rhytidectomy) 6.13% 5.54% −3.79% −1.99% 4.29% −4.13% −3.31% 115.57% −10.54%
Forehead lift −4.71% 3.58% −9.08% −3.96% 6.40% −7.32% −2.74% 130.05% −0.64%
Ear surgery (Otoplasty) −2.66% −6.29% −8.06% 2.47% 4.38% −1.16% −2.34% 140.34% −3.46%
Hair transplantation 3.95% −7.94% 4.66% −1.06% 7.52% 19.04% 18.41% 2.92% −60.28%
Neck lift
−0.31% −1.62% 1.74% −3.98% 1.02% 237.91% −11.48%
Total Facial Plastic Surgeries 1.80% 7.73% −3.34% −0.94% 3.12% −1.62% −1.41% 95.08% −7.85%
Figure 3 demonstrates the time series progress of all seven surgical procedures’ total
numbers. The dramatic increase in this total from 2018 to 2019 and the decrease from 2019
to 2020 can be easily seen on this figure.
Fig. 3 Total number of facial plastic surgeries across the years 2011–2022, reported by ASPS [1]
The changing trends in cellular and social media technologies impact the increases in
numbers. In 2019, a full 72% of American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery (AAFPRS) members reported seeing patients seeking cosmetic procedures to look
better for their selfies, up 15 percent from 2018. In addition, AAFPRS members
experienced more patients in 2019 that were seeking cosmetic procedures due to
https://t.me/medicina_free
dissatisfaction with their profile images; this was an observed increase by 11% since 2018.
Additional factors that motivated people’s interest in facial plastic surgery included
celebrities’ influence on them as well as the minimal invasiveness of the new technologies
[18].
3 Psychological Factors Impacting Facial Plastic Surgery
As outlined in the introduction, there are several factors, such as BDD, media, self-esteem,
body image, and negative teasing, that play a role in the facial plastic surgery decisions
[12]. Social media appeared to have a big role in these motivating factors with several
famous Hollywood stars’ impact on society. Education and culture also played big roles in
the facial plastic surgery decisions. We will cover the impact of these factors on facial
plastic surgery decisions in this section.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition that causes a person to
spend a lot of time worrying about flaws in appearance, and these flaws are often
unnoticeable by others. BDD is commonly seen in teenagers and young adults; however, it
can be experienced by anyone at any age. BDD is seen frequently in persons who are
seeking cosmetic surgeries [12], and it is possible that persons with BDD would seek
multiple consecutive surgeries for appearance improvement. Skin, face, and nose are the
most common areas of complaint of persons with BDD for seeking facial plastic surgery
[21].
A screening process is introduced by the plastic surgeons to identify BDD patients [25].
The BDD Questionnaire, or by a more specific diagnostic tool, the BDD Examination SelfReport, is introduced in the literature as a simple and efficient method to identify such
patients. Cosmetic surgeons detect BDD patients by using this questionnaire, and BDD is a
treatable disease that can be treated by a psychiatrist. BDD Questionnaire—Dermatology
Version [18] is a publicly available questionnaire consisting of seven clinician-administered
and nine self-administered questions. BDD questionnaire is identified to have a positive
screen in 9.7% of 597 patients, outperforming oculoplastic and facial plastics surgeons’ 4%
perception of BDD for their patients [19]. BDD has been reported to range between 7% and
15% of cosmetic surgery patients. Liposuction and rhinoplasty are the two most frequently
seen facial plastic surgery types that people with BDD seek. Dissatisfaction of plastic
surgery patients with BDD is likely to continue and could make the condition even worse,
along with possible suicidal actions and violent actions towards the surgeon [24].
What follows next in this section is the coverage of factors that impact plastic surgery
decisions. We should note that these results are observed for general plastic surgical
procedures; therefore, they are not limited to facial plastic surgeries.
3.1 Psychological Reflection of Physical Self-Image
In this section, we define the physical self-image to be the personal notion of one’s physical
appearance based on emotions, sensations, personal observations, and the opinions of others
around us about our physical appearance [13]. Multidimensional Body-Self Relations
Questionnaire (MBSRQ) has been used on a scale of 1–5 with 1 representing “very
dissatisfied” and 5 representing “very satisfied.” The following is a subset of the
questionnaire that is used for appearance evaluation [60]:
https://t.me/medicina_free
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана