Ординатура / Хирургия / @xirurgi_2025 / @xirurgi_2025 - 1010 - файл

The SF36 is a 36-item survey with eight multi-item scales and one single item on health transition. The multi-item scales measure the following domains: physical function, role physical, pain, social function, mental health, role emotional, vitality, and general health.Norms have been established for general populations as well as for other specific populations. The instrument is perhaps the most widely used HRQoL tool, and a new version of it has been recently developed (www.qualitymetric.com).As with the EuroQoL, the SF36 has demonstrated that it can be successfully used in the in­continent population.

[Lubeck et al. 1999]). The IIQ and IIQ-7, while originally developed for females, have been adapted and are used in the male population (Fleshner and Herschorn 1996). The IIQ family of instruments have been successfully used in trials and outcomes research.

In addition to these instruments,there are other instruments that are used to assess CSQoL. There are several good reviews published that focus solely on CSQoL for UI that contain a discussion of these and other instruments (Corcos et al. 2002; Symonds 2003; Naughton et al.2004).

The translation issue generally focuses on the instrument but we have found in our work that factors beyond language and culture have to be taken into account. In con­ducting research in diverse populations living in the U.S. (primarily refugees of the Hmong people and from Somalia) we have found that the method of measurement it­self is not understood. Surveys are closely related to multiple-choice tests given to peo­ple going through the education system in North America and Europe and,as a result, the form of communication used in survey instruments is generally understood by anyone who grew up in that culture. In other cultures there can be significant barriers posed, not due to the language used in the instrument, but the form of communication that underlies instruments; the question/answer format of communication used in surveys is not understood in some cultures. Finally, for many cultures surveys are understood as a conversation with a purpose, but in working with Hmong and Soma­li populations we have found that surveys are conceived as more of an interrogation than a conversation.

Over the course of the last few decades, many urinary incontinence operations with modifications and variations of several techniques have been described, and the num­ber is ever increasing; see also Zubke et al. (2004a,b).The task of the surgeon is to se­lect and apply the most suitable procedure for a particular case from the copious sup­ply of techniques on offer. In the past, one proceeded with a static influence and chose the method depending on the institution’s school of thought. However, now the present dynamic and globalized science of medicine demands a constant updating of the many methods and theories so that every patient can be optimally treated accord­ing to the current level of knowledge.The goal of surgery is to do justice to the patient and to be able to offer her the best operation possible. Essential aids to help the sur­geon in the choice of technique for a urinary incontinence operation are the results of clinical studies, using prospective and randomized trials where possible. Using the re­sults from long-term studies, the surgeon must familiarize himself with how the pro­cedure functions over time and ask himself whether the procedure will help in the long term, whether relevant side effects will dominate, and what the risks and benefits are.