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Index 327
https://t.me/med1917
optic atrophy with blindness in spina bifida 53
optic neuropathy. 87
oral-mandibular-auricular syndrome 102
orchidopexy 14, 173
oropharyngeal injury 95
orthopaedics
child 267–73
infant/toddler 262–6
neonatal 257–61
teenager 275–9
Ortolani test 260, 261
Osgood–Schlatter’s disease 277
osteoarticular sepsis 258
osteoblastoma 278
osteochondritis dissecans of the tibial tuberosity
(Osgood–Schlatter’s disease) 277
osteogenesis imperfecta 258, 265
osteoid osteoma 278
osteomyelitis
osteosarcoma 277, 278
otitis media 91–3, 92, 100
acute suppurative (ASOM) 91–2
with effusion (OME) 91, 92–3, 92
ovary, torsion of 134, 135
overactive bladder 212
overwhelming post-splenectomy
ox eye 86–7, 86
oxygen therapy, supplementary, in newborn 7
Paediatric Trauma Score 226, 226
palpable mass 131
pancreas 159–60
acute pancreatitis
hyperinsulinism (causing hypoglycaemia) 160
pseudocyst 159
sickle cell anaemia 159
traumatic pancreatitis 159
pancreatitis
acute 159, 159
traumatic 159
papillary carcinoma 107
para-umbilical hernia 118
paralytic dislocation of the hips
paralytic squint ( sixth nerve palsy) 53
paraphimosis 184, 184
parapneumonic effusion 296
parents, neonatal care and 10
parotitis 110
partial nephrectomy
patellar instability
Pavlik harness 260, 261
pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction 204, 204
pelvic inflammatory disease 134
penis 183–7
balanitis 184–5
BXO 185
267
infection(OPSI) 158
159, 159
53
208
277
care of normal foreskin 183
circumcision 185–6
epispadias 187
hypospadias 186–7, 186
meatal stenosis 186
paraphimosis 184, 184
phimosis 183–4, 184
peptic ulcer 41
percutaneous nephrostomy 207
perianal abscess 165, 165
perineal fistula 64, 66
perineum, fistulous opening in 66
periorbital cellulitis
peritonitis 130, 131–3
guarding and percussion tenderness 131
primary (spontaneous abdominal distension) 134
peritonsillar cellulites 93, 93
persistent urogenital sinus 213
persistent vitello-intestinal remnants
Perthes’ disease 267, 268
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome 129, 167
pharyngoplasty 99
phenobarbitone 12
phimosis 183–4, 184
Pierre–Robin sequence 97, 98
pilomatrixoma 308–9, 309
pilonoidal sinus 168
pineal region tumours 76–7
plagiocephaly 74, 101, 102, 111
plain abdominal radiographs196
plastic bowing 270
pleural effusion
plica syndrome 277
pneumococcus 158
pneumonia 131
staphylococcal 294–5, 295
pneumothorax7, 22–3, 297, 297
polydactyly 282
polyhydramnios 5, 35
maternal 31
polyposis, multiple 166–7
polyps
145
rectal 165, 165
polysplenia 160
port wine stain 305
postanal dimple (coccygeal dimple) 167
posterior urethral obstruction 205, 205
Potter syndrome
pre-auricular sinus 113
premature hyperplasia (premature thelarche) 288
prepuce see foreskin
pressure sores 53
primary amenorrhoea 169
progressive obstructive jaundice 160
Proteus mirabilis
UTIs and 194, 195
vesico-ureteric reflux and 201
108–9, 109
119, 119
297–8
4
328 Index
https://t.me/med1917
protrusion deformities (pectus carinatum
or pigeon chest) 292
deficiency deformities 293, 293
high protrusion 292
low protrusion 292, 292
treatment 292–3
prune belly syndrome 171
pseudocyst 159
Pseudomonas species
in necrotising enterocolitis 42
UTIs and 194
pseudoparalysis 257
pseudostrabismus 83, 83
pseudotumour cerebri 89
ptosis 89
pubertal mastitis 288
puberty, precocious 288
pulmonary interstitial emphysema
pulmonary sequestration 21, 22, 298–9
pyeloplasty 207
pyloric stenosis 122
investigation 123–4
Ramstedt operation 124
signs 122
string sign 124
symptoms 122
treatment 124
ultrasound 123
pyloric tumour 122, 122
palpation 122–3, 123
pyogenic granuloma 304
quinsy 93, 93
rachischisis 51, 52
radial fracture 271, 271
radiation retinopathy 87
ranula
96
reactive hyperplasia
rebound tenderness 131
rectal anomalies, congenital
rectal examination 131
rectal polyps 166, 166
rectal prolapse 141, 145, 165–6, 166
aetiology 165
clinical features 166
differential diagnosis
treatment 166
rectoprostatic fistula 65
rectourethral fistula 64, 65
rectovestibular fistula 64
red currant jelly stool 145
relative afferent pupil defect 81
Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome 306
respiratory care of newborn 7–8
respiratory distress 19–25
acute respiratory failure 23–5, 23, 24
109
166
22, 22
140
causes 20
congenital cystic lung 21, 21
congenital lobar emphysema 20–1, 21
congenital pulmonary airway
malformation (CPAM) 22
haemothroax 23
management 20
mediastinal conditions 22
neonatal pneumothorax 22–3
pulmonary interstitial emphysema 22, 22
pulmonary sequestration 21, 22
recognition of 19
respiratory failure, acute see acute
respiratory failure
resuscitation fluids
retinal tumours 87
retinoblastoma 81, 88
retinopath of prematurity 11
retrograde pyelography 204
rhabdomyosarcoma 88–9
rickets 101
rubella embryopathy 87
Rule of Nines
sacral agenesis
sacrococcygeal teratoma
management 167
prognosis 167–8
salmon patch 305
Salmonella 148, 150
salpingitis, acute 134
scaphocephaly 102
scoliosis 53, 275–6, 276
scrotal examination 131
scrotal hydroceles 16
scrotum, acute 175–8
testicular torsion 175–6
causes
176
testicular appendage torsion
epididymitis 176
epididymo-orchitis 176
idiopathic oedema
fat necrosis 178
sentinel tag 144–5
septic arthritis 267
Serratia marcescens, UTIs and 194
setting sun sign 72
shell ears
Shigella 148, 150
sialectasis 110, 111
sickle cell anaemia 159, 162
sickle cell disease 132
sigmoid sinus thrombosis 92
sinusitis 94
skull fractures 231, 233, 233
114
base of 95
basilar 231
251–2
250–1, 251
140
167, 167
176, 177
177–8
Index 329
https://t.me/med1917
depressed 231, 231
linear 231
slipped upper femoral epiphysis 276–7, 276
small bowel atresia 40–1, 41
smegma pearls 183, 184
sodium bicarbonate 12, 24
soft tissue lumps 308–10
dermoid cysts 308
epidermal and pilar cysts 308
fibromatosis 310
ganglia 309–10
hypertrophic scars and keloids 309, 309
molluscum contagiosum 308
naevus sebaceous 309
neurofibromatosis 310
pilomatrixoma 308–9, 309
soft tissue sarcomas 310
warts
308
soft tissue trauma 224
solitary bone cyst 278, 278
spherocytosis, hereditary 158, 162
spina bifida 50–6
aetiology and antenatal diagnosis 50–1
assessment in the newborn 54
associated anomalies and sequelae 53, 140
complications 53–4
developmental delay 53
faecal incontinence 54
meningitis 53
paralytic squint ( sixth nerve palsy) 53
pressure sores
special senses 53
urinary infection 53–4
embryology 50
orthopaedic deformities 53
prognosis 56
psychological and social management 54
treatment 55
sac 55
hydrocephalus 55
orthopaedic
schooling and employment 55–6
urinary tract abnormalities 53
variants 52–3
spina bifida cystica 52, 53, 55
spina bifida occulta 52
spinal cord lipoma
spleen 158–9
hereditary spherocytosis 158
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 158
overwhelming post-splenectomy
infection(OPSI) 158
thalassaemia 159
trauma 159
splenectomy 158
indications for 159
splenorrhaphy 237
53
55
52, 140
Staphylococcus aureus
UTIs and 194
Staphylococcus spp.
in conjunctivitis 86
in umbilical sepsis 119
sternomastoid fibrosis 111–12, 112
sternomastoid tumours 16
Stevens–Johnson syndrome 195
stillbirth 3
stork’s beak mark
strabismus (squint) 81, 82, 83–4
strangulated inguinal hernia 127
Streptococci. in umbilical sepsis
Streptococcus faecalis
in necrotising enterocolitis 42
UTIs and
Streptococcus pneumoniae 92
Streptococcus pyogenes 134
Streptococcus viridans 110
stress, abdominal pain and 137
structural urinary incontinence 212
Sturge–Weber syndrome 305
stye 88
subarachnoid haemorrhage 232
subdural haematoma 71, 231, 234
subgaleal haematoma 233
sublingual dermoid 108
supra-umbilical hernia 118
swinging light test
symbrachydactyly 282
syndactyly 280, 281, 281
systemic lupus erythematosus 216
talipes calcaneovalgus 258, 259, 259
talipes equinovarus 248, 259, 259
technetium bone scan 265
telangiectasia 306
temperature, body, neonatal 8
temporal bone fracture 95
teratomal 6, 300
Tessier classification 102, 103, 104
testes
absent
173
ascending 172
bell-clapper 176
examination 172, 172
impalpable 172
retractile
sequelae of maldescent 172–3, 173
testes, undescended (UDT) 171–3
acquired 171
congenital 171
hypospadias with 58
treatment 173
testicular appendage torsion 176, 177
clinical signs 176
treatment 176
258, 295
305
119
194
81
171–2
330 Index
https://t.me/med1917
testicular torsion 131, 175–6
clinical signs 176
extratunical (extravaginal) 175
intratunical (intravaginal) 175
treatment 176
tetanus 224
active immunisation 225
passive imunisation 225
tetanus-prone wounds 225
thalassaemia 159, 162
third cranial nerve palsy 89
thoracic trauma 238–9, 239
investigation 238–9
management 239
penetrating 239
thumb
clasp 281
thumb
281, 282
thymomas 300
thyroglossal cyst 107, 107
thyroid, ectopic 107–8
thyrotoxicosis 101, 107
tibia, fractures of 272–3
toe-walking 264
tongue, trauma 224
tongue-tie 96
tonsillitis 93–4, 131
torsionof the ovary 134, 135
torticollis 111
total nephrectomy 208
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
tracheomalacia 33
tracheo-oesophageal fistula 30–4
tracheopexy 33
transient tachypnoea of the newborn 7
transport
abdominal wall defects 46
emergencies 10
choice of vehicle 11
communication 11
neonatal
10–12
stabilisation prior to 11–12, 11
incubator temperature 11
oxygen requirements 11
metabolic derangements 11–12
respiratory distress 11
respiratory failure 11
temperature control
trauma 221–6
analgesia 223
antibiotics 224
base of skull with temporal bone fracture 95
causes 222
craniofacial 103
eyes 87
fingertips 283
head 228–34
161, 162
11
initial assessment and management
mechanism 222
nasal 95
oropharyngeal 95
pancreas 159
prevention 221
primary survey (ABCs) 222–3
secondary survey 223
spleen 159
straddle injury 224
superficial soft tissue 224
tetanus
224
224
tongue
trimodal distribution of death 221
trauma scores 226, 226
traumatic brain injuries (TBI) 228
see also head trauma
trigger thumb
trigonocephaly 103
Trisomy 18 32
Trisomy 21 see Down syndrome 32
tubal menstruation 134
tubular duplications 146
tufted angioma 304
twisted bowel 136
ulcer, peptic 41
ulcerative colitis 150–1, 151
clinical features 150
investigations 150
colonoscopy 150
contrast imaging 150
other tests 150
natural history
risk of malignancy 150–1
medical treatment 151
surgical treatment 151
proto-colectomy 151
subtotal colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis 151
ultrasound, antenatal, indications and timing for 3
umbilical cord, encysted hydroceles of 16
umbilicus 117–20
abnormalities 118
at birth
discharge from 119–20
embryology 117
epigastric hernia 118
heterotopic mucosa 119
para-umbilical (supra-umbilical) hernia 118
persistent vitello-intestinal remnants
sepsis
umbilical granuloma 119
umbilical hernia 16, 117–18, 118
urachal remnants 120
underactive (lazy) bladder 212
upper limb fractures 271–2, 271
upper motor neurone spastic paralysis 51
280, 281, 282
150
117
119
222–3
119, 119
Index 331
https://t.me/med1917
urachal remnants 120
ureters, double 206, 206
urethral valve 5
posterior4, 6
urge syndrome 212
urinary incontinence 209–14
assessment 210–11
clinical examination 211
conditions 212–13
daytime 212
bladder outlet obstruction 213
dysfunctional voiding 212
ectopic ureter 213
epispadias/bladder exstrophy 213
functional urinary incontinence
(bladder instability) 212
giggle incontinence 212
neuropathic bladder
overactive bladder or urge syndrome 212
persistent urogenital sinus 213
structural urinary incontinence 212
underactive (lazy) bladder 212
voiding postponement 212
definitions 210, 210
development of continence 209–10
history 210–11
ICCS terminology 210
investigations 211–12
management 213
nocturnal 212
pharmacotherapy
prevalence 210
urotherapy 213, 213
urinary infection 53–4
urinary tract dilatation 202–8
aetiologic factors 204–6
clinical presentation 202–3, 203
intravenous pyelogram 203
investigations 203–4
management of obstructive lesions 206–8, 207
older children
micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) 203
MR urography 204
PET 204
physical examination 203
renal isotope scan 203
retrograde and antegrade pyelography
ultrasonography 203
urinary tract infection 5, 191–6
choice of antibiotics 195
circumcision and 185
clinical presentation 192, 192
diagnosis 192–4
in children 192–3
dipstick analysis 194
infants 193–4
organisms 194
213
214, 214
207–8
204
pitfalls in
recurrence 194
sample analysis 194
urine microscopy 194
younger children 193
incidence/prevalence 191–2
investigations 195–6
management 194, 195
treatment 195
vesicoureteric reflux and
urolithiasis 206
VACTERL anomalies
vaginal discharge 169
valproate syndrome, foetal 101
varicocele 173–4
vascular malformations 304, 305–6
arteriovenous malformations 305–6
capillary malformation
lymphatic malformations 306
venous malformations 305, 306
VATER (VACTERL) 32
vein of Galen malformations 78
velopharyngeal incompetence 99
vesicostomy 6
vesicoureteric obstruction 205, 205
vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) 5, 192, 197–201, 205
antenatal diagnosis 198
consequences 198
diagnosis 199
family history 198–9
incidence
IRSC grades 198
lower tract studies 199
management
endoscopic treatment (STING or HIT) 201
medical 200
surgical 200–1
ureteric reimplantation 201
natural history 200, 200
pathogenesis 197–8
presentation 198
timing of investigations
upper tract studies 199
urinary tract infection 198
vision, examination 80–1, 81
vitamin K 32
deficiency 144
vitello-intestinal band
voiding postponement 212
Volkman’s ischaemia 272
volvulus 133
volvulus neonatorum 39–40, 39
clinical features 39
investigations 39
treatment 39–40
with ischaemia 144
194
198
62, 65
305, 305
197
199–200
120
332 Index
https://t.me/med1917
vomiting, in first months of life 121–5
gastro-oesophageal reflux 124–5, 124
pyloric stenosis 122
WAGR 156
warts 308
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma of the kidney) 154, 155–6, 174
clinical features 156
investigation 156–7
prognosis 157
staging 156
treatment 157
ultrasound 156, 156
wobbly eyes 84–5
Yersinia 148, 150
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