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ϮϮϲ
Ɋɟɥɚɩɚɪɨɬɨɦɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɸ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ (ɜɩɟɪɜɭɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ) ɢ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. ɂɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɦɩɨɧɵ,
ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɭɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ
ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɲɨɜ. ɇɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɨɫɬɨɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ
ɬɨɥɫɬɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɨɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɡɟɤɰɢɹ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɵɠɢ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ɉɟɪɢɬɨɧɢɬ
«Ɇɨɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɹ, ɜɫɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɵ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɯɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ;
ɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ «noli me tangere»».
Ʉ. Ɏ. ȼɟɝɧɟɪ (1876)
«ɉɪɨɲɥɨ ɫɬɨ ɥɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɨ, ɤɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ,
ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɺɥ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ».
Ʉ. ɋ. ɋɢɦɨɧɹɧ (1971)
ɉɟɪɢɬɨɧɢɬ – ɨɫɬɪɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ – ɬɹɠɟɥɨɟ
ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɩɚɬɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ. Ⱦɨ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ
ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɪɝɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ
Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ
ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ
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ϮϮϳ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
2
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1,6-2,04 ɦ
(16000-20400 ɫɦ2), ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ 0,7-1,1
ɦɦ. ȿɺ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɦɟɡɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɚ
ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɚɦɢ. ȿɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪeɞcɬaɜɥɹeɬɫɨɛɨɣɡaɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ceɪoɡɧɵɣ ɦeɲoɤ, ɤoɬoɪɵɣ ɬoɥɶɤo ɭ
ɠeɧɳɢɧ cooɛɳaeɬcɹ c ɜɧeɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩocɪeɞcɬɜɨɦ oɱeɧɶ ɦaɥeɧɶɤoɝo
ɛɪɸɲɧoɝooɬɜeɪcɬɢɹ ɦaɬoɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ.
Ȼpɸɲɢɧacocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭx ɥɢcɬɤoɜ: ɩpɢcɬeɧoɱɧoɝo,
ɩapɢeɬaɥɶɧoɝo ɢɜɢcɰepaɥɶɧoɝo. ɉepɜɵɣ ɜɵcɬɢɥaeɬɛɪɸɲɧɵecɬeɧɤɢ,
ɜɬoɪoɣɩoɤpɵɜaeɬɜɧɭɬɪeɧɧocɬɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɢɯ ceɪoɡɧɵɣ ɩoɤɪoɜɧa
ɛoɥɶɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠeɧɢɢ. Ɉɛɚɥɢɫɬɤɚɬɟɫɧɨɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ
ɞɪɭɝ c ɞpɭɝoɦ, ɦeɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧaɯoɞɢɬcɹɩɪɢɧeɜcɤɪɵɬoɣɛɪɸɲɧoɣ
ɩoɥocɬɢ ɬoɥɶɤo ɭɡɤaɹɳeɥɶ, ɧaɡɵɜaeɦaɹɩoɥocɬɶɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɜ
ɤoɬoɪoɣ coɞeɪɠɢɬcɹɧeɛoɥɶɲoe ɤoɥɢɱecɬɜoceɪoɡɧoɣɠɢɞɤocɬɢ,
ɭɜɥaɠɧɹɸɳeɣɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ oɪɝaɧoɜɢoɛɥeɝɱaɸɳeɣ, ɬaɤɢɦ oɛpaɡoɦ,
ɩeɪeɞɜɢɠeɧɢe ɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ oɤoɥo ɞɪyɝa. ɉɪɢ ɩoɩaɞaɧɢɢ ɜoɡɞɭɯa ɜo ɜɪeɦɹ
oɩeɪaɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɜcɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɪɭɩɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ cɤoɩɥeɧɢɢ ɩaɬoɥoɝɢɱecɤɢɯ
ɠɢɞɤocɬeɣ oɛa ɥɢcɬɤa ɪacɯoɞɹɬcɹɢɬoɝɞɚ ɩoɥocɬɶ ɛpɸɲɢɧɵ ɩoɥyɱaeɬ
ɜɢɞ ɧacɬoɹɳeɣ, ɛo
ɥee ɢɥɢ ɦeɧee oɛɴeɦɢcɬoɣɩoɥocɬɢ. ɉaɪɢeɬaɥɶɧaɹ
ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɜɵcɬɢɥaeɬɧeɩɪeɪɵɜɧɵɦ cɥoeɦɢɡɧɭɬɪɢɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɢ
ɛoɤoɜɵecɬeɧɤɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɢɡaɬeɦɩɪoɞoɥɠaeɬcɹɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ ɢ ɡaɞɧɸɸ
ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ cɬeɧɤɭ. Ɂɞecɶ oɧa ɜcɬpeɱaeɬcɹ c ɜɧɭɬpeɧɧocɬɹɦɢ ɢ,
ɡaɜoɪaɱɢɜaɹcɶɧa ɩocɥeɞɧɢe, ɧeɩocɪeɞcɬɜeɧɧo ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ
ɩoɤpɵɜaɸɳɭɸ ɢx ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ.
Meɠɞɭ ɛɪɸɲɢɧoɣɢcɬeɧɤaɦɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɪacɩoɥaɝaeɬcɹ
coeɞɢɧɢɬeɥɶɧo-ɬɤaɧɧɵɣ cɥoɣ, oɛɵɱɧocɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲɢɦ
coɞeɪɠaɧɢeɦɠɢɪoɜoɣɬɤaɧɢ - ɩoɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɧaɹɤɥeɬɱaɬɤa, ɤoɬoɪaɹɧe
ɜeɡɞeoɞɢɧaɤoɜo ɜɵɪaɠeɧa. B oɛɥacɬɢ ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɵ oɧa, ɧaɩɪɢɦeɪ,
oɬcɭɬcɬɜɭeɬ, ɚɧa ɡaɞɧeɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬa ɪaɡɜɢɬa ɛoɥɶɲe ɜceɝo,
ϮϮϴ
oxɜaɬɵɜaɹɩoɱɤɢ, ɦoɱeɬoɱɧɢɤɢ, ɧaɞɩoɱeɱɧɢɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ aoɪɬɭ ɢ
ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ c ɢɯ ɜeɬɜɹɦɢ. ɉo ɩepeɞɧeɣɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤe ɧa
ɛoɥɶɲoɦɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ ɩoɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɧaɹɤɥeɬɱaɬɤa ɜɵɪaɠeɧacɥaɛo, ɧo
ɜɧɢɡɭ ɤoɥɢɱecɬɜo ɠɢpa ɜɧeɣɭɜeɥɢɱɢɜaeɬcɹ
, ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɡɞecɶ
coeɞɢɧɹeɬcɹ co cɬeɧɤoɣɠɢɜoɬa ɛoɥee ɪɵɯɥo, ɛɥaɝoɞaɪɹ ɱeɦɭ ɦoɱeɜoɣ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɩpɢ cɜoeɦɪacɬɹɠeɧɢɢ oɬoɞɜɢɝaeɬɛɪɸɲɢɧɭoɬɩeɪeɞɧeɣ
ɛpɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ ɢ eɝo ɩeɪeɞɧɹɹ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɧa ɪaccɬoɹɧɢɢ oɤo
ɥo5
cɦɜɵɲe ɥoɛɤa ɩɪɢɯoɞɢɬ ɜ coɩɪɢɤocɧoɜeɧɢecɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤoɣɛeɡ
ɩocɪeɞcɬɜa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧa ɜɧɢɠɧeɣɱacɬɢ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣɛɪɸɲɧoɣ
cɬeɧɤɢ oɛɪaɡɭeɬɩɹɬɶcɤɥaɞoɤ, cɯoɞɹɳɢɯcɹ ɤ ɩɭɩɤɭ;oɞɧacɪeɞɢɧɧɚɹ
ɧeɩaɪɧaɹɢɞɜe ɩaɪɧɵe, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ.
ɪeɱɢcɥeɧɧɵɟ cɤɥaɞɤɢ ɨɬɝɪaɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧa ɤaɠɞoɣ cɬoɪoɧe ɧɚɞ
ɉe
ɩaxoɜɨɣ cɜɹɡɤoɣɩo ɞɜe ɩɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɤɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɩaɯoɜɨɦɭ ɤaɧaɥy. Ɍɨɬɱac ɩoɞɦeɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱacɬɶɸ ɩaxoɜoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ
ɢɦeeɬcɹɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɚɹɹɦɤɚ, ɤoɬopaɹ cooɬɜeɬcɬɜɭeɬɩoɥoɠeɧɢɸ
ɜɧɭɬpeɧɧeɝo ɤoɥɶɰa ɛ
eɞɪeɧɧoɝo ɤaɧaɥa. Kɜeɪɯyoɬɩɭɩɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧa
ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ c ɩeɪeɞɧeɣɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɵ ɧa
ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦaɥɶɧɭɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɜ ɜɢɞeceɪɩoɜɢɞɧoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ,
ɦeɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɤoɬoɪoɣɜcɜoɛoɞɧoɦ ee ɤpae ɡɚɥo
ɠeɧa ɤɪɭɝɥaɹ
cɜɹɡɤa ɩeɱeɧɢ (ɡaɪocɲaɹɩɭɩoɱɧaɹɜeɧa).
Ȼɪɸɲɢɧa ɩoɡaɞɢ ceɪɩoɜɢɞɧoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ c ɧɢɠɧeɣɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ
ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɵ ɡaɜopaɱɢɜaeɬcɹɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦaɥɶɧɭɸ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ ɩeɱeɧɢ,
oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɜeɧeɱɧyɸ cɜɹɡɤɭ ɩeɱ
eɧɢ, ɤoɬoɪaɹɩo ɤpaɹɦ ɢɦeeɬɜɢɞ
ɬɪeɭɝoɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥacɬɢɧoɤ, ɧocɹɳɢɯ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɬɪeɭɝoɥɶɧɵɯ cɜɹɡoɤ. C
ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦaɥɶɧoɣɩoɜepxɧocɬɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɛpɸɲɢɧa ɱeɪeɡɧɢɠɧɢɣocɬɪɵɣ
ɤɪaɣɩeɱeɧɢ ɩepeɝɢɛaeɬcɹɧa ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧɭɸ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ;o
ɬcɸɞaoɧa
oɬɯoɞɢɬ oɬɩɪaɜoɣɞoɥɢ ɧa ɜeɪɯɧɢɣ ɤoɧeɰɩpaɜoɣɩoɱɤɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ
ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, a oɬɜoɪoɬ - ɤɦaɥoɣɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɜ
ɜɢɞe ɬoɧɤoɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɧa ɛɥɢɠaɣɲɭɸ ɤ
ɠeɥɭɞɤɭ ɱacɬɶ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞe ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-
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ϮϮϵ
ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Oɛe ɷɬɢ cɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪeɞcɬaɜɥɹɸɬ coɛoɣ
ɞɭɩɥɢɤaɬɭɪɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɬaɤɤaɤɜoɛɥacɬɢ ɜoɪoɬɩeɱeɧɢ ɜcɬɪeɱaɸɬcɹ
ɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ:oɞɢɧ - ɢɞɭɳɢɣ ɤ ɜoɪoɬaɦ c ɩepeɞɧeɣɱacɬɢ
ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧoɣɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ, a ɜɬoɪoɣ -cɡaɞɧe
ɣ ee ɱacɬɢ.
ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ,
ɹɜɥɹɹcɶɩpoɞoɥɠeɧɢeɦ oɞɧa ɞɪɭɝoɣ, cocɬaɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɦecɬe ɦaɥɵɣ
caɥɶɧɢɤ. Ha ɦaɥoɣɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥɭɞɤaoɛa ɥɢcɬɤa ɦaɥoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa
ɪacɯoɞɹɬcɹ:oɞɢɧ ɥɢcɬoɤɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɠeɥɭɞɤa,
ɞɪɭɝoɣ - ɡaɞɧɸɸ. Ha ɛoɥɶɲoɣɤɪɢɜɢɡɧeoɛa ɥɢcɬɤa ɜɧoɜɶ cɯoɞɹɬcɹɢ
cɩɭcɤaɸɬcɹɜɧɢɡɜɩepeɞɢ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣɤɢɲɤɢɢɩeɬeɥɶ
ɬoɧɤoɣɤɢɲɤɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa.
Cɩɭcɬɢɜɲɢcɶɜɧɢɡ, ɥɢcɬɤɢ ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa ɧa ɛoɥɶɲe
ɣɢɥɢ
ɦeɧɶɲeɣɜɵcoɬe ɡaɜoɪaɱɢɜaɸɬ oɛɪaɬɧo ɜɜeɪɯ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ eɝo ɡaɞɧɸɸ
ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ (ɛoɥɶɲoɣ caɥɶɧɢɤ, ɬaɤɢɦ oɛɪaɡoɦ, cocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ ɱeɬɵpeɯ
ɥɢcɬɤoɜ). Ⱦocɬɢɝɧyɜɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣɤɢɲɤɢ, ɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa,
cocɬaɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɡaɞɧɸɸ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa, cɪacɬaɸɬcɹ c
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ceeɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣɢɜɦecɬec
ɩocɥeɞɧeɣɡaɬeɦɢɞɭɬɧaɡaɞɤɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦɭɤɪɚɸɩoɞɠeɥɭɞoɱɧoɣ
ɠeɥeɡɵ;oɬcɸɞa ɥɢcɬɤɢ ɪacxoɞɹɬcɹ;oɞɢɧ - ɜɜepx, ɞɪɭɝoɣ - ɜɧɢɡ. Oɞɢɧ,
ɩoɤɪɵɜ ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢɞeɬɜɜeɪx ɧa
ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ, a ɞɪɭɝoɣ - ɩoɤɪɵɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ ɠeɥeɡɵ,
ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.
ɍɜɡpocɥoɝo ɩɪɢ ɩoɥɧoɦ cɪaɳeɧɢɢ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣɢɡaɞɧeɣɩɥacɬɢɧoɤ
ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤacɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɧa ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɣ
ɥɟɧɬɟ oɤaɡɵɜaɸɬcɹ, ɬaɤɢɦ oɛɪaɡo
ɦ, cɪaɳeɧɧɵɦɢ 5 ɥɢcɬɤoɜɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ:
ɱeɬɵɪe ɥɢcɬɤacaɥɶɧɢɤa ɢɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧaɹɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɤɢɲɤɢ.
ɉpocɥeɞɢɦ ɬeɩeɪɶ ɯoɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɵoɬɬoɝo ɠe ɥɢcɬɤa ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ
ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ, ɧo ɧe ɜɧaɩɪaɜɥeɧɢɢ ɜɜeɪx ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ, a ɜ
ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɦɧaɩɪaɜɥeɧɢɢ. C ɩeɪeɞɧeɣɛpɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧa,
ɜɵcɬɢɥaɹɛoɤoɜɵecɬeɧɤɢ ɩoɥocɬɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɢɩepexoɞɹ ɧa ɡaɞɧɸɸ
ϮϯϬ
cɬeɧɤɭ cɩpaɜa, oɤɪɭɠaeɬ co ɜceɯ cɬoɪoɧ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ cee
ɱeɪɜeoɛɪaɡɧɵɦ oɬpocɬɤoɦ; ɩocɥeɞɧɢɣ ɩoɥɭɱaeɬɛɪɵɠeɣɤɭ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ
ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ cɩeɪeɞɢ ɢ c ɛoɤoɜ, ɡaɬeɦ
ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱacɬɶ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɩɪaɜoɣɩoɱɤɢ, ɩeɪeɯo
ɞɢɬ ɜ
ɦeɞɢaɥɶɧoɦɧaɩpaɜɥeɧɢɢ ɱeɪeɡ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɢ ɦoɱeɬoɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɭ
ɤoɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɬoɧɤoɣɤɢɲɤɢɡaɝɢɛaeɬcɹɜɩɪaɜɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤɷɬoɣ
ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ. Cɧaɛɞɢɜ ɬoɧɤɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɩoɥɧɵɦ ceɪoɡɧɵɦ ɩoɤɪoɜoɦ,
ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɩepeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɥeɜɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ; ɭɤoɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ
ɥeɜɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤɩocɥeɞɧeɣɩ
eɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɩpɢcɬeɧoɱɧɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤɡaɞɧeɣ
ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬɞaɥee ɜɥeɜo ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱacɬɶ
ɥeɜoɣɩoɱɤɢ ɢ ɩoɞxoɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɤoɬoɪaɹ
oɬɧocɢɬcɹɤɛɪɸɲɢɧe, ɬaɤɠe ɤaɤ ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ;
ɞaɥee ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɧa ɛoɤoɜoɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɡa
ɜɨɪaɱɢɜaeɬcɹɧa
ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ cɬeɧɤɭ (ɪɢɫ. 50).
Ɋɢɫ. 50. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. 1 - ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ;2-ɩɟɱɟɧɶ;3-
ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ;4-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ;5-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ;6-
ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ;7-ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ;8-ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ
ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ;9-ɬɨɳɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ;10-ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ;11-
ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ;12-ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ;13-ɩɨɡɚɞɢɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.
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Ϯϯϭ
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨ), ɫɬɪɺɯɫɬɨɪɨɧ(ɦɟɡɨɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨ) ɢɥɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɫɟɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ
(ɧɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɥɸɥɶɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɨɫɨɛɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɨɫɚɬɶ ɞɨ 70 ɥɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɟɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.
Bcɹɩoɥocɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɜ ɰeɥɹx ɛoɥee ɥeɝɤoɝo ɭcɜoeɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
oɬɧoɲeɧɢɣ ɦoɠeɬɛɵɬɶɩoɞɪaɡɞeɥeɧa ɧa ɬɪɢ oɛɥacɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɚɠɚ:
ɪɯɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧ cɜeɪɯɭ ɞɢaɮpaɝɦoɣ, cɧɢɡɭ
1) ɜe
ɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣɤɢɲɤɢ;
2) cɪeɞɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠɩɪocɬɢɪɚeɬcɹ oɬɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ
oɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞo ɜɯoɞa ɜɦaɥɵɣ ɬaɡ;
3) ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɠ ɧaɱɢɧaeɬcɹ oɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɯoɞa ɜɦaɥɵɣ ɬaɡɢ
cooɬɜeɬcɬɜyeɬɩoɥocɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬaɡa, ɤoɬoɪoɣɡaɤaɧɱɢɜaeɬcɹɤɧɢɡɭ
ɛpɸɲɧaɹɩoɥocɬɶ.
Bepɯɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠɛɪɸɲɧɨɣɩoɥocɬɢ
Bepɯɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠɛɪɸɲɧɨɣɩoɥocɬɢ ɪacɩaɞaeɬcɹɧa ɬɪɢ cɭɦɤɢ:
ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ, ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ. ɉɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ
oɯɜaɬɵɜaeɬɩɪaɜɭɸ ɞoɥɸ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɢ oɬɞeɥɹeɬcɹ oɬɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩocpeɞcɬɜoɦ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ;cɡaɞɢ oɧaoɝɪaɧɢɱeɧa
ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. B ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ, ɩoɞɩeɱeɧɶɸ,
ɩpoɳɭɩɵɜaeɬcɹɜeɪɯɧɢɣ ɤoɧeɰɩpaɜoɣɩoɱɤɢ ɫ ɧ
aɞɩoɱeɱɧɢɤoɦ.
ɉɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ oɯɜaɬɵɜaeɬɥeɜɭɸ ɞoɥɸ ɩeɱeɧɢ, ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ
ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɢ ceɥeɡeɧɤɭ; ɩo ɡaɞɧeɦɭ ɤɪaɸɥeɜoɣɞoɥɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ
ɩɪoɯoɞɢɬ ɥeɜaɹɱacɬɶ ɜeɧeɱɧoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ;ceɥeɡeɧɤacoɜceɯ cɬoɪoɧ
ϮϯϮ
ɩoɤɪɵɬa ɛɪɸɲɢɧoɣ, ɢɬoɥɶɤo ɜ oɛɥacɬɢ ɜopoɬ ee ɛpɸɲɢɧa ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ
cceɥeɡeɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɠeɥɭɞoɤ, oɛpaɡɭɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɢɧa
ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ – ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ.
ɋaɥɶɧɢɤoɜɚɹ cɭɦɤa, ɩɪeɞcɬaɜɥɹeɬ coɛoɣɱacɬɶ oɛɳeɣɩoɥocɬɢ
ɛpɸɲɢɧɵ, ɥeɠaɳɭɸ ɩo
ɡaɞɢ ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɢɦaɥoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa. B cocɬaɜ
ɦaɥoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa ɜɯoɞɹɬ, ɤaɤɛɵɥo ɭɤaɡaɧo, ɞɜɟ cɜɹɡɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ:
ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ, ɢɞɭɳaɹ oɬɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧoɣɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɢ ɜoɪoɬ
ɩeɱeɧɢ ɤ ɦaɥoɣɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥyɞɤa, ɢɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ,
coeɞɢɧɹɸɳaɹɜoɪoɬa ɩe
ɱeɧɢ c ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ
ɤɢɲɤɢ. Meɠɞɭ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ
ɩɪoɯoɞɹɬ oɛɳɢɣ ɠeɥɱɧɵɣ ɩpoɬoɤ (cɩɪaɜa), oɛɳaɹɩeɱeɧoɱɧaɹ aɪɬeɪɢɹ
(cɥeɜa) ɢɜoɪoɬɧaɹɜeɧa(ɤɡaɞɢ ɢ ɦeɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɛɪaɡoɜaɧɢɹɦɢ), a ɬaɤɠe
ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢecocyɞɵ, ɭɡɥɵɢɧeɪɜɵ.
ɉoɥocɬɶ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ
cɭɦɤɢ cooɛɳɚeɬcɹ coɛɳeɣɩoɥocɬɶɸ
ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɬoɥɶɤo ɩocɪeɞcɬɜoɦ cɪaɜɧɢɬeɥɶɧo ɭɡɤoɝo ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧocɜepɯɭ ɯɜocɬaɬoɣɞoɥeɣɩeɱeɧɢ,
cɩeɪeɞɢ -cɜoɛoɞɧɵɦ ɤɪaeɦɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ,
cɧɢɡɭ - ɜeɪɯɧeɣɱacɬɶɸ ɞɜeɧaɞɰa
ɬɢɩeɪcɬɧoɣɤɢɲɤɢ, cɡaɞɢ - ɥɢcɬɤoɦ
ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɩoɤɪɵɜaɸɳɢɦ ɩpoɯoɞɹɳɭɸ ɡɞecɶɧɢɠɧɸɸɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ, a
ɛoɥee ɤɧaɪɭɠɢ -cɜɹɡɤoɣ, ɩepexoɞɹɳeɣ c ɡaɞɧeɝo ɤɪaɹɩeɱeɧɢ ɧa
ɩpaɜɭɸ ɩoɱɤɭ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɑacɬɶ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ
cɭɦɤɢ, ɧeɩocɪeɞcɬɜeɧɧo
ɩɪɢɦɵɤaɸɳaɹɤcaɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɦɭ oɬɜepcɬɢɸ ɢ
ɪacɩoɥaɝaɸɳaɹcɹɩoɡaɞɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ,
ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɩpeɞɞɜeɪɢɹ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ;cɜeɪɯɭ oɧo
oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧo ɯɜocɬaɬoɣɞoɥeɣɩeɱeɧɢ, a cɧɢɡɭ – ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ
ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Beɪxɧeɣ cɬeɧɤoɣ
caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ c
ɭɦɤɢ cɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ ɯɜocɬaɬoɣɞoɥɢ
ɩeɱeɧɢ, ɩɪɢɱeɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ ɜɢcɢɬ ɜ caɦoɣ cɭɦɤe.
ɉaɪɢeɬaɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, oɛɪaɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɡaɞɧɸɸ cɬeɧɤɭ
caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ, ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬɪacɩoɥoɠeɧɧɵe ɡɞecɶ aoɪɬɭ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ
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Ϯϯϯ
ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ, ɩoɞɠeɥɭɞoɱɧɭɸ ɠeɥeɡɭ, ɥeɜɭɸ ɩoɱɤɭ ɢ ɧaɞɩoɱeɱɧɢɤ. ɉo
ɩepeɞɧeɦɭ ɤɪaɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɩaɪɢeɬaɥɶɧɵɣ
ɥɢcɬoɤɛɪɸɲɢɧɵɢɩɪoɞoɥɠaeɬcɹɜɩeɪeɞɢɜɧɢɡɜɤaɱecɬɜe ɩeɪeɞɧeɝo
ɥɢcɬɤa ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢɥɢ, ɬoɱɧee, ɡaɞɧeɣ
ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɢ ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa, cpaɳeɧɧoɣ c ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ
ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, oɛɪaɡyɹɧɢɠɧɸɸcɬeɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ.
Ʌeɜɭɸ cɬeɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ cocɬaɜɥɹɸɬ cɜɹɡɤɢ ceɥeɡeɧɤɢ:
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ.
Ȼoɥɶɲoɣ cɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɜ ɜɢɞe ɮaɪɬɭɤacɜɢcaeɬɜɧɢɡoɬɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ
ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜaɹɧa ɛoɥɶɲeɦɢɥɢɦeɧɶɲeɦɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ
ɩeɬɥɢ ɬoɧɤ
oɣɤɢɲɤɢ; ɧaɡɜaɧɢecɜoe ɩoɥɭɱɢɥ oɬɧaɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɧeɦɠɢɪa.
Oɧ cocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ 4 ɥɢcɬɤoɜɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, cɪaɳeɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞe ɩɥacɬɢɧoɤ.
ɉeɪeɞɧeɣɩɥacɬɢɧɤoɣɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤacɥɭɠaɬɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa
ɛpɸɲɢɧɵ, oɬxoɞɹɳɢe ɜɧɢɡ oɬɛoɥɶɲoɣɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵɠeɥɭɞɤa ɢ
ɩɪoɯoɞɹɳɢe ɜɩeɪeɞɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, c ɤoɬoɪoɣ oɧɢ
cɪacɬaɸɬcɹ, ɩɪɢɱeɦɩeɪeɯoɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɵc ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɧa ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ
ɤɢɲɤɭ ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɍɤaɡaɧɧɵe ɞɜa
ɥɢcɬɤacaɥɶɧɢɤa ɦoɝyɬ oɩycɤaɬɶcɹɜɩeɪeɞɢ ɩeɬeɥɶ ɬoɧɤoɣɤɢɲɤɢ
ɩoɱɬɢ ɞoyɪoɜɧɹ ɥoɛɤoɜɵx ɤocɬeɣ, ɡaɬeɦ oɧɢ ɡaɝɢɛaɸɬcɹɜɡaɞɧɸɸ
ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤa, ɬaɤɱɬo ɜcɹɬoɥɳa ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤacocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ
ɱeɬɵɪeɯɥɢcɬɤoɜ;cɩeɬɥɹɦɢ ɬoɧɤɢɯ ɤɢɲoɤɥɢcɬɤɢ caɥɶɧɢɤa ɧopɦaɥɶɧo
ɧecɪacɬaɸɬcɹ. Meɠɞɭ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣɩɥacɬɢɧɤɢ caɥɶɧɢɤa ɢ
ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɡaɞɧeɣɢɦeeɬcɹɳeɥeɜɢɞɧaɹɩoɥocɬɶ, cooɛɳaɸɳaɹcɹɜɜeɪɯɭ
c ɩoɥocɬɶɸ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cyɦɤɢ, ɧɨ ɭ ɜɡɪocɥoɝo ɥɢɫɬɤɢ oɛɵɱɧo
cɪacɬaɸɬcɹɞɪɭɝc ɞɪyɝoɦ, ɬaɤɱɬo ɩoɥocɬɶ ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa ɧa
ɛoɥɶɲoɦɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ oɛɥɢɬeɪɢɪɭeɬcɹ. ɉo ɛoɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥyɞɤa
ɩoɥocɬɶ ɢɧoɝɞa ɢɭɜɡɪocɥoɝo ɧa ɛoɥɶɲeɦɢɥɢɦeɧɶɲeɦɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ
ɩɪoɞoɥɠaeɬcɹɦeɠɞɭ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa. B ɬoɥɳe ɛoɥɶɲoɝo
caɥɶɧɢɤa ɪacɩoɥaɝaɸɬcɹɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢey
ɡɥɵ, oɬɜoɞɹɳɢe ɥɢɦɮɭ oɬ
ɛoɥɶɲoɝocaɥɶɧɢɤa ɢɩoɩepeɱɧoɣɨɛoɞoɱɧoɣɤɢɲɤɢ(ɪɢɫ. 51).
Ϯϯϰ
Ɋɢɫ. 51. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɠ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ.
1-ɥɟɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ;2-ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ;3-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɚ;4-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ;
5-ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ;6-ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ;7-ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ.
ɋɪeɞɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠɛɪɸɲɧɨɣɩoɥocɬɢ
ɋɪeɞɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠɛɪɸɲɧɨɣɩoɥocɬɢ cɬaɧoɜɢɬcɹɞocɬɭɩeɧ oɛɡoɪy,
ecɥɢ ɩɪɢɩoɞɧɹɬɶ ɛoɥɶɲɨɣ caɥɶɧɢɤ ɢ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧɭɸ oɛoɞoɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ
ɤɜeɪɯɭ. ɉoɥɶɡɭɹcɶɜɤaɱecɬɜerɪaɧɢɰ ɜocxoɞɹɳeɣɢɧɢcɯoɞɹɳeɣ
oɛoɞoɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɲɤɚɦɢ ɩo ɛoɤaɦɢɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣɬoɧɤɢɯ ɤɢɲoɤɜ
ceɪeɞɢɧe, eɝo ɦ
oɠɧo ɩoɞɪaɡɞeɥɢɬɶ ɧa ɱeɬɵɪeoɬɞeɥeɧɢɹ: ɦeɠɞɭ
ɛoɤoɜɵɦɢ cɬeɧɤaɦɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ
ɤɢɲɤɨɣ pacɩoɥaɝaɸɬcɹɩpaɜɵɣ ɢ ɥeɜɵɣ ɛoɤoɜɵe ɤaɧaɥɵ;
ɩpocɬɪaɧcɬɜo, oɯɜaɱeɧɧoe oɛoɞoɱɧoɣɤɢɲɤoɣ, ɞeɥɢɬcɹɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣ
oɣɤɢɲɤɢ, ɢɞyɳeɣɧaɢcɤocɶ cɜeɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ cɥeɜɚ ɧaɩɪaɜo, ɧa ɞɜa
ɬoɧɤ
ɛɪɵɠeeɱɧɵɯ cɢɧɭca, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɩɪeɞcɬɚɜɥɹeɬ coɛoɣ
cocɬoɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɞɜɭx ɥɢcɬɤoɜɛɪɸɲɢɧɵcɤɥaɞɤɭ, ɩocɪeɞcɬɜoɦɤoɬopoɣ
ɬoɧɤaɹɤɢɲɤa ɩɪɢɤɪeɩɥeɧɚ ɤ ɡaɞɧeɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬ
a. Ɂaɞɧɢɣ ɤpaɣ
ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ, ɩpɢɤɪeɩɥɹɸɳɢɣcɹɤcɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬɚ, cocɬaɜɥɹeɬɤoɪeɧɶ
ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ. Ɉɧ cɪaɜɧɢɬeɥɶɧo ɤopoɬoɤ (15-17 cɦ), ɦeɠɞɭ ɬeɦɤaɤ
ɩɪoɬɢɜoɩoɥoɠɧɵɣ cɜoɛoɞɧɵɣ ɤɪaɣ, ɤoɬoɪɵɣ oxɜɚɬɵɜaeɬɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɭɸ
ɱacɬɶ ɬoɧɤoɣɤɢɲɤɢ(ɬɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ), ɪa
ɜɧɹeɬcɹɞɥɢɧe ɷɬɢɯ
ɞɜɭɯ oɬɞeɥoɜ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤpeɩɥeɧɢɹ ɤoɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɢɞeɬɤoco: oɬ
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Ϯϯϱ
ɥeɜoɣ cɬoɪoɧɵ II ɩoɹcɧɢɱɧoɝo ɩoɡɜoɧɤa ɞo ɩɪaɜoɣɩoɞɜɡɞoɲɧoɣɹɦɤɢ,
ɩeɪeceɤaɹɧacɜoeɦɩɭɬɢɤoɧeɱɧɵɣ ɭɱacɬoɤ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ
ɤɢɲɤɢ, aoɪɬɭ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ, ɩɪaɜɵɣ ɦoɱeɬoɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ʉoɪeɧɶ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɜ cɜɹɡɢ c ɢɡɦeɧeɧɢeɦɯoɞa
ɤɢɲeɱɧoɣɬpɭɛɤɢ ɢ ɪocɬoɦ oɤɪɭɠaɸɳɢɯ oɪɝaɧoɜɦeɧɹeɬ cɜoe
ɧaɩɪaɜɥeɧɢecɜeɪɬɢɤaɥɶɧoɝo ɜɷɦɛpɢoɧaɥɶɧoɦɩeɪɢoɞe ɧa ɤocoe ɤ
ɦoɦeɧɬy ɪoɠɞeɧɢɹ. B ɬoɥɳe ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ cɪeɞɢ ɤɥeɬɱaɬɤɢ, coɞeɪɠaɳeɣ
ɛoɥɶɲee
ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲee ɤoɥɢɱecɬɜo ɠɢɪoɜoɣɬɤaɧɢ, ɦeɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ceɪoɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɩɪoɯoɞɹɬ ɤɪoɜeɧocɧɵecocɭɞɵ, ɧeɪɜɵ ɢ
ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢecocɭɞɵ c ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢɦɢ ɭɡɥaɦɢ.
Ha ɡaɞɧeɦɩɪɢcɬeɧoɱɧoɦɥɢcɬɤe ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ oɬɦeɱaeɬcɹɪɹɞ
ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɹɦoɤ, ɢɦeɸɳɢɯ ɩɪaɤɬɢɱecɤoe ɡɧaɱeɧɢe, ɬaɤɤaɤ oɧɢ
ɦoɝɭɬ cɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɦecɬoɦ oɛɪaɡoɜaɧɢɹ ɪeɬɪoɩeɪɢɬoɧeaɥɶɧɵx ɝpɵɠ. ɍ
ɦecɬa ɩepeɯoɞa ɞɜeɧaɞɰaɬɢɩeɪcɬɧoɣɤɢɲɤɢɜɬoɳɭɸ oɛpaɡɭɸɬcɹ
ɧeɛoɥɶɲɢe ɹɦɤɢ - ɭɝɥɭɛɥeɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ. əɦɤɢ ɷɬɢ
oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧɵ cɩɪaɜa ɢɡɝɢɛoɦɤɢɲeɱɧoɣɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-
ɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ, cɥeɜa-cɤɥaɞɤoɣɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ,
ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-ɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɤoɬoɪaɹɢɞeɬ oɬ
ɜeɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɢɡɝɢɛa ɤɡaɞɧeɣɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬa ɬoɬɱac ɧɢɠe ɬeɥa
ɩoɞɠeɥɭɞoɱɧoɣɠeɥeɡɵ ɢ coɞeɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ. B
ɨɛɥacɬɢ ɩeɪeɯoɞa ɬoɧɤoɣɤɢɲɤɢɜɬo
ɥcɬɭɸ ɢɦeeɬcɹɞɜe ɹɦɤɢ: ɧɢɠɧɹɹ
ɢɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɧɢɠe ɢɜɵɲe ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩepeɯoɞɹɳeɣ oɬ
ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤ ɦeɞɢaɥɶɧoɣɩoɜepɯɧocɬɢ cɥeɩoɣɤɢɲɤɢ.
ɍɝɥɭɛɥeɧɢe ɩɪɢcɬeɧoɱɧoɝo ɥɢcɬɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɜɤoɬoɪoɦɥeɠɢɬ ɫɥɟɩɚɹ
ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɹɦɤɢ cɥeɩoɣɤɢɲɤɢɢɡaɦeɬɧo ɩɪɢ oɬɬɹɝɢɜaɧɢɢ
cɥeɩoɣɤɢɲɤɢɢɛɥɢɠaɣɲeɝo ɭɱacɬɤa ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤɜeɪxɭ.
Oɛɪaɡɭɸɳaɹcɹɩpɢɷɬoɦ cɤɥaɞɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɦeɠɞɭ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶɸ
ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣɦɵɲɰɵɢɥaɬeɪaɥɶɧoɣɩoɜepɯɧocɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ
ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉoɡaɞɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɟɺ
ɹɦɤe ɢɧoɝɞa ɧaɯoɞɢɬcɹɧeɛoɥɶɲoe oɬɜeɪcɬɢe, ɜeɞɭɳee ɜ
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