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Wound Healing - Recent Advances and Future Opportunities
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Figure 22.
(A) The MNA integrated with flexible microfluidic patch for drug distribution in the wound bed. Figure shows a
3D printed SEM image hollow microneedles. (B) The smartphone controlled wireless pumping system which is able
to deliver the therapeutics on demand [39].
Figure 23.
(A) The mechanism involved in release of VEGF into the wound bed with the increase in temperature during
wound inflammation. (B) The mechanism involved in MNA patch action. (C) Fabricated-MNA (top) MNA
which is loaded with fluorescent-labelled drugs (bottom) [40].
the antibacterial test. The MNA patch developed was applied to the rats with severely
infected wounds, in which it was found that the VEGF-loaded MNA group showed the
thickest granulation tissue and the most wound closure. It also demonstrated
increased deposition of collagen, angiogenesis, and downregulated inflammatory
response.
The MNA systems are also fabricated using bacteria-responsive smart materials to
treat infected wounds [40].
Figure 23A shows the mechanism involved in the release of VEGF in the wound
bed with the increase in temperature during wound inflammation.
The mechanism involved in the MNA patch is shown in Figure 23B. Figure 23C
shows the fabricated MNA on the top and MNA loaded with florescent loaded drugs in
the bottom.
9.4 Mechanically interacting systems
The wound closures are improved by using MNAs and by the physical application
of mechanical forces. The MNAs developed are to bring about mechanical interlocking
after insertion due to swelling. The mechanism of interlocking by using MNAs helps
20
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DOI:
the
from
consisting
ISF
through
resistance
The
age.
healed,
mechanism
suture
place
replace
9.5
Invasive Microneedle: A Novel Approach for Drug Delivery System and Infected…
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/105771
process of healing a wound by inducing wound closure and protecting the tissue
mechanical stress. This is achieved using hybrid core-shell structured MNAs
of a
non-swellable core and a swellable hydrogel shell. After insertion, the
is
absorbed by the hydrogel, due to which physical entanglement is induced
the swelling of microneedle tips. There has been a significant increase in the
against bacterial incursion compared to surgical staples using MNA patches.
application of MNA patches has also limited the scar formation and tissue dam-
The use of MNA patches also enhances the mechanical strength of tissues that are
which consequently reduces the susceptibility of wound reopening. The
also improves both external and internal wound closure rates compared to
application in rats. Mechanically self-interlocking needles can hold the MNA in
for a long-term drug delivery which makes them appealing. This strategy can
the use of sutures on wounds [41].
Bioinspired design for efficient drug/vaccine coating
Biomimetics is an interdisciplinary scientific field that is aimed to solve complex
technological
lateral
sides of pyramidal MNs are ornamented, with European true bugs structure,
facilitating
(TPP)
is
ex vivo skin tests and in vivo tests were performed. The arrays of MNs can
both
replicated
depicting
issues. It focuses on the imitation and study of biological systems. The
an
efficient and directional liquid transport. Two-photon polymerization
used to realize this kind of MNs. To prove that these MNs pierce the skin,
be
accurately using a micro-molding technique. Figure 24 shows an image
the idea behind biomimetics [42].
9.6
Photon-based smart bandage
Wound healing can be assessed by measuring the pH of the wound. This method is
one
of
the most potential wound healing assessment methods. It indicates the condition
and the stage of wound healing. Photons-based smart bandages for assessing
wound
method
embedded
dage
0–0.3
Figure 24.
An image showing the idea behind the concept of biomimetics for the study of biological systems [42].
healing present the first smart wound dressing for pH assessment. This
is
based on embedded optical fiber. Optical fibers are pH sensitive and are
in
gauze fabric and hydrocolloid wound dressing. A fiber-embedded ban-
can measure pressure as low as 0.1 kPa and has high linearity in the range of
kPa. This is due to the low Young’s modulus of PDMS, which is the component
21
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of the system. The smart bandage, based on optical fiber, is capable of assessment of
pressure and pH in the wound region simultaneously [42].
10. Conclusions
In this chapter, we have tried to bring out the understanding of wounds and the
healing process, various types of wound healing, their causes, and how today's technology has influenced the rate at which it heals. Microneedle-based drug delivery has
played a prominent role in faster wound healing as it is capable of closely monitoring
and treating the wound with no physical pain. The research related to microneedlebased wound care management is required to explore more, and we believe that it has
a long and promising way to go for the welfare of humanity. Minimally invasive
microneedle: a novel approach for drug delivery systems and infected wound care
management is making wound healing less painful with microneedles and faster with
the appropriate drug usage.
Acknowledgements
The authors of this chapter would like to acknowledge the support of the Indian
Institute of Goa, India.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
ROS reactive oxygen species
MI myocardial infraction
NIR near infrared
GO graphene oxide
PVA poly vinyl alcohol
VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
MIS minimally invasive surgery
PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
US ultrasound
DDS drug delivery systems
MNs microneedles
TPP two-photon polymerization
MNAs microneedle array
POC point of care
Zn zinc nitrate
CS chitosan
PACT photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy
VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
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