Ординатура / Хирургия / @xirurgi_2025 / @xirurgi_2025 - 639 - файл

To date, a plethora of biomaterials as wound dressings for different clinical treatment protocols have been developed, which may be composed of synthetic or natural materials, or may be a hybrid of the two. Naturally occurring polymers, such as sodium alginate (SA), chitosan (CS), gelatin, and hyaluronic acid (HA), are biocompatible and biodegradable, which allow adhesion and coordination of cellular responses [16]. Unfortunately, natural hydrogels suffer from some limitations, such as not having strong mechanical properties and significant batch-to-batch variability [17]. In contrast, synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAM), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have become increasingly popular due to their strong mechanical properties, customizable structures and low immunogenicity [18]. However, the application of synthetic polymers in the field of biomedicine should pay attention to the rejection of the body. Therefore, more complex hydrogels were synthesized. Currently, the material design of hydrogels usually combines natural biopolymers and synthetic polymers to overcome the limitations brought by a single polymer [18]. Hydrogels are formed by cross-linking polymer chains dispersed in an aqueous medium, and the cross-linking methods mainly include physical entangle­ment, ionic interactions, and chemical cross-linking (Figure ) [19]. Physical cross- linking is usually non-permanent, not as stable as chemical cross-linking, and has cross-linking reversibility, but it is sufficient for polymer chains to aggregate to form gel substances that are insoluble in aqueous media. Due to the covalent bonds between different polymer chains, chemically cross-linked gels have excellent mechanical strength because they are mainly connected by covalent bonds, but their prepara­tion requires the addition of chemical initiators or cross-linking agents. It has been reported that the cross-linking agent has certain toxicity, so the cross-linking agent used to prepare the hydrogel should be extracted from the hydrogel before use, which increases the complexity of the use of chemically cross-linked gel [20]. Electron beam (EB) radiation cross-linking technology can overcome the above defects, which belongs to the grafting in chemical cross-linking and is more stable than the physical cross-linking network structure. Furthermore, when using radiation crosslinking, neither initiators nor crosslinking agents are required, making it safer, softer, and more stretchable than traditional chemical crosslinking [21]. Work in the late 1990s showed that hydrogel precursors can be injected via standard syringes without the need for pre-molding and the use of highly invasive surgical procedures to deliver the material to the target site. Injectable hydrogels have received increasing attention in recent years due to their excellent self-healing ability and minimal invasiveness [22]. Injectable hydrogel technology can better reproduce the complex extracellular