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American English Sentence
Sample (AESS)–Background and
Description
• The sentence sample was designed to identify key characteristics of
cleft palate speech: hypernasality, audible nasal emission and/or nasal
turbulence, and consonant production errors/compensatory
articulations. In addition, the sample allows detection of hyponasality,
which can be observed postoperatively.
• The sample was constructed following speech sampling guidelines
presented in Henningsson et al. (2008), Universal Parameters for
Reporting Speech Outcomes in Individuals with Cleft Palate. These
guidelines are compatible with those presented in Huers and
Henningsson (2004) and Lohmander et al. (2009) and apply for both
monolinguistic and cross-linguistic study, with the following
requirements:
— Sentences designed to identify high pressure
consonant errors should be “loaded” with pressure
consonants, should include no nasal consonants, and
should include a representative sampling of vowels
in the language.
— Each sentence should focus on one target consonant
that should be sampled in all positions of occurrence
in the language. Any nontarget sounds should be
approximants/glides and liquids (Sell et al., 1999), or
should be as close as possible to the same place as
the target.
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— At least one consonant from each pressure
consonant category (stop, affricate, fricative) should
be sampled and, ideally, both voiced and unvoiced
cognates should be sampled. (NOTE: for crosslinguistic outcomes comparisons, the sample should
include a core set of consonants common to each
language.)
— A minimum of 15 to 20 pressure target sentences is
recommended. The American English Sentence
Sample (AESS) includes 15 high pressure target
sentences.
• In addition, the AESS includes:
— Three (3) target sentences loaded with nasals, /
m, n,
ŋ/, respectively, and containing no pressure
consonants, to assess for articulation/placement
errors on the nasals (e.g., [ŋ] for [n]) and an
additional sentence (#23) containing all three nasals
to assess for hyponasality; the nasal target sentences
can also be used to listen for hyponasality.
— Three (3) sentences loaded with low pressure
consonants
h, r, and w (#s 20, 21, 22), respectively, to
assess for articulation errors and hypernasality.
— One (1) sentence (#24) containing nasals /m, n/, high
pressure /s, t, d/, and low pressure /w/ targets to
assess influence of nasals on nonnasal targets.
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NOTE: Sentences #23 and #24 do not enter into the count for
articulation scoring.
• The sentence sample is not normed as it is not intended to provide
normative data. It is designed to capture cleft-related speech
articulation errors. Like the American English Single Word Sample
(AESW), it can be used to track therapy progress and changes related
to physical management.
American English Sentence Sample1—Recording Form
1
Trost-Cardamone J. (2013). American English Sentence Sample (AESS), in
Cleft Palate Speech, A Comprehensive 2-Part Set. American Speech,
Language, Hearing Association (ASHA). Professional Development
Course, Part 1. ASHA Store. www.asha.org/shop
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Insert a √ for targets correctly produced; transcribe errors in
appropriate columns for Initial, Medial, Final targets.
Unpublished form modified from Americleft Speech Outcomes Project.
*NOTE: Word final target occurs prior to word initial target in uerance.
Make sure to enter response in correct box.
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APPENDIX 8-E
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Spanish UPS: Single Words and
Sentences*
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*
From Cleves M, Arboledo C, Bermudez B, et al: Reliability of the
perceptual evaluation of mp3 speech samples. Presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial
Association, 2009.
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APPENDIX 8-F
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Place-Manner-Voicing Matrix for
Consonant Errors
MANNER
CLASS
VOICING
(V OR V)
PLACE CATEGORY
BILABIAL
DENTAL
LABIOINTER-
ALVEOLAR
PALATAL
(POSTALVEOLAR)
VELAR GLOTTAL
Stop V
V
Affricate V
V
Fricative V
V
Nasal
Liquid
Glide
APPENDIX 8-G
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A Reporting Form for Cleft Palate
Speech Assessment
1
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