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Emerging Technologies
in Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery
ArashKhojasteh
AshrafF. Ayoub
NasserNadjmi
Editors

Emerging Technologies in Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery

Arash Khojasteh • Ashraf F. Ayoub
https://t.me/medicina_free
Nasser Nadjmi
Editors
Emerging Technologies
in Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery

Editors
https://t.me/medicina_free
Arash Khojasteh
Advanced Technologies in Medicine
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sc
Tehran, Iran
Nasser Nadjmi
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Antwerp
Antwerp, Belgium
Ashraf F. Ayoub
School of Medicine
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, UK
ISBN 978-981-19-8601-7 ISBN 978-981-19-8602-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8602-4
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore
Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore

Preface
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Advanced technologies and their applications have undergone drastic changes over
several industrial revolutions. The third industrial revolution was associated with
implying electronics and information technology to produce automated products.
The emergence of cyber-physical systems and smart technologies led to the fourth
industrial revolution, strongly emphasizing the use of articial intelligence, cloud
computing, and big data in different elds. At this point, the peculiar role of alphabetic congruence of basic sciences and developments in their diverse, yet tangled,
elds in contribution to fusion of different elds of scientic practice and research
must be noticed. Multiple elds of science, ranging from computer sciences to biology and genetics, have gone through periods of fusion. Such fusions may have
started as singular interscience experiments but have led to revolutionary changes in
data manipulation and large-scale employments of emerging technologies even in
the miniscule details of healthcare procedures.
The application of advanced technologies in oral and maxillofacial surgery has
had a blurring effect on the separating borders of physical, digital, and biological
areas of research and practice in the eld. These transitions have resulted in a widespread application of laboratorial and clinical technologies in oral and maxillofacial
surgery, especially computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing
(CAD-CAM). It is worth mentioning that this transition tremendously owes its pace
of development and popularity to progressions of the data acquisition tools.
This book aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art
applications of emerging technologies in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The book
includes 18 chapters, discussing the role and pertaining aspects of each technological method, including workow, advantages, pitfalls, future research opportunities,
and different clinical procedures and outcomes. The editors hope that this book can
be benecial to undergraduate dental students, oral and maxillofacial surgeons,
head and neck surgeons, plastic surgeons, and any other dental and medical staff
specializing in the head and neck region.
Tehran, Iran ArashKhojasteh
Glasgow, UK AshrafF.Ayoub
Antwerp, Belgium NasserNadjmi
v

Contents
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The Emergence of Advance Technologies and Industrial Revolutions . . . . 1
Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei and Arash Khojasteh
CBCT and MRI Data Acquisition as a Basis for
Computer-Assisted Maxillofacial Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Mitra Ghazizadeh Ahsaie
Data Storing and Conversion in Computer-Assisted
Oral and Maxillofacial Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Mitra Ghazizadeh Ahsaie and Hekmat Farajpour
Classification of Cutting-Edge Additive Manufacturing Techniques . . . . . . 53
Helia Sadat Haeri Boroojeni, Sadra Mohaghegh, and Arash Khojasteh
Rapid Prototyping Models in Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery: History, Definition, and Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Sadra Mohaghegh, Sahar Baniameri, and Arash Khojasteh
Bone Contouring in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery:
Definition, Indications, and Manufacturing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Zeinab Bakhtiari and Arash Khojasteh
Functional Bone Replacement in Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery: Definition, Indications, and Manufacturing Considerations . . . . 101
Farshid Bastami and Arash Khojasteh
Functional Bone Regeneration in Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery: History, Definition, and Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Parham Hazrati and Arash Khojasteh
In Situ Bone Regeneration in Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery: Definition, Indications, and Manufacturing Considerations . . . . 143
Helia Sadat Haeri Boroojeni, Niusha Gharehdaghi, Sahar Moghaddasi,
and Arash Khojasteh
Digitally Assisted Orthognathic Surgical Planning: Definition,
History, and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Noura M. AlOtaibi and Ashraf F. Ayoub
vii

viii
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Contents
Application of Advanced Technologies in Facial
Cosmetic Surgery: History, Definition, and Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Seied Omid Keyhan, Behnaz Poorian, and Tirbod Fattahi
Fabricating Dental Implants with Predesigned Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Seied Omid Keyhan, Shaqayeq Ramezanzade, Abbas Azari,
Parisa Youse, and Hamid Reza Fallahi
Definition, History, and Indications of Robotic
Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Nasser Nadjmi
Brief Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Saeed Reza Motamedian, Sahel Hassanzadeh-Samani,
Mohadeseh Nadimi, Parnian Shobeiri, Parisa Motie,
Mohammad Hossein Rohban, Erfan Mahmoudinia,
and Hossein Mohammad-Rahimi
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing
Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions, Facial Corrective
Surgeries, and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Parisa Motie, Ghazal Hemmati, Parham Hazrati, Masih Lazar,
Fatemeh Aghajani Varzaneh, Hossein Mohammad-Rahimi,
Mohsen Golkar, and Saeed Reza Motamedian
Future Trends of Using Artificial Intelligence in
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Parisa Motie, Rata Rokhshad, Niusha Gharehdaghi,
Hossein Mohammad-Rahimi, Parisa Soltani,
and Saeed Reza Motamedian
Application of Bioprinting Technology in
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Sadra Mohaghegh and Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei
Application of Bioreactors in Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Helia Sadat Haeri Boroojeni and Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei

About the Editors
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ArashKhojasteh is a full professor and chair of OMFS department at Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences and “Dental Research Center” in Iranian Institute for Dental Research. Prof.
Khojasteh received his doctorate in dental surgery and OMFS from Tehran University of Medical
Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, respectively, with notable honors
and ranked rst in board exam. He received his PhD from Antwerp University in Belgium.Prof.
Khojasteh has coauthored numerous peer-reviewed articles, international scientic projects, and
textbook chapters. His areas of research include bone augmentation, bone regeneration, and stem
cell therapy. In his resume, he holds a history of receiving multiple presidential awards as the best
young researcher, best innovative scientist, and best student in the past 15 years of Iranian
academia.
AshrafF.Ayoub is an OMFS professor at the University of Glasgow, UK, since 2003. He is the
editor-in-chief of Frontiers of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and the director of the university’s
postgraduate program. Prof. Ayoub is the lead surgeon of a team consisting of orthodontists, technologists, psychologists, and computer scientists to investigate facial malformations. He has
received several awards and honors and published numerous articles on two research themes, tissue bioengineering and facial imaging. He has given several lectures on the same topic at many
national and international conferences.
NasserNadjmi is currently working as a professor and coordinating program director for OMFS
at the University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium. He graduated as an aspirant ofcer in merchant
marine from Nautical College of Antwerp-Belgium. Subsequently, he nished his medical and
dental education at the Catholic University of Leuven-Belgium. He was trained in craniomaxillofacial surgery in Belgium (Bruges and Leuven) and the USA (Houston, Detroit, and Miami).
ix

The Emergence ofAdvance Technologies
https://t.me/medicina_free
andIndustrial Revolutions
HaniehNokhbatolfoghahaei andArashKhojasteh
1 Introduction
The multiple industrial revolutions have well impacted consolidation of modern
technologies with the eld of oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Following the two
rst industrial revolutions, the third one, namely, the “digital revolution,” started in
1960 by the end of world wars [1]. Digital revolution was characterized by implementation of electronics and information technology for automated production [2].
Digital revolution occurred after a slowdown of industrialization and technological
advancements and accelerated development of technological advancements.
Consequently, machinery forces alleviated the need for human labor, resulting in
the emergence and stemming of fourth industrial revolution from the third. The
fourth industrial revolution entails computer-generated product design and threedimensional (3D) printing technologies that fabricate solid objects through piling
successive layers of working materials [2, 3]. This era is characterized by fused
technologies that blur borders of physical, digital, and biological territories.
The essential part of this change has been developed in the computer-aided
design system (CAD) and subsequent computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
Following the progress of CAD/CAM, robotic surgeries (navigation surgeries)
evolved, leading to the establishment of trans-oral robotic surgery (TORS).
Subsequently, the two presented themselves to regenerative dentistry. This led to the
advent of areas of bioprinting and bioreactor. The current chapter encompasses a
H. Nokhbatolfoghahaei
Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
A. Khojasteh (*)
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. Khojasteh et al. (eds.), Emerging Technologies in Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8602-4_1
1

2
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H. Nokhbatolfoghahaei and A. Khojasteh
general introduction of these new technologies and their applications in oral and
maxillofacial surgeries.
CAD technologies have been implemented in dentistry for nearly two decades
[4]. In the eld of oral and maxillofacial surgery, CAD can be used for virtual surgical planning (VSP) [5–8] and designing of surgical guides and splints [9–11]. CAD
technology has also a new area in dental and medical education, referred to as
“virtual- based learning”(VBL).
Along with CAD, CAM technologies have also progressed signicantly and
well-incorporated in different regions of dentistry. Additive manufacturing (AM)
and subtractive manufacturing (SM) are two chief subbranches of CAM systems.
These technologies have resolved many formidable challenges of surgical reconstruction and corrections, arising mainly from the complex three-dimensional anatomy of the craniofacial skeleton [12] (Fig.1).
ATM in OMFS
rd
3
Industrial Evolution
(computer & Automation)
th
4
Industrial Evolution
(Cyber Physical System)
VSP
CAD
Surgical Guide VBL
Inkjet Printing
SLA/DLP
FDM
Powder Bed
Fusion (SLM/SLS)
Navigation
Surgery
TORS
Regenerative
Dentistry
Bioprinting Bioreactor
CAM
AM
SM
Machining
Drilling
Milling
Fig. 1 Flowchart of advanced technology (ATM) in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). CAD
computer-aided design system, CAM computer-aided manufacturing, VSP virtual surgical planning, VBL virtual-based learning, AM additive manufacturing, SM subtractive manufacturing, SLA
stereolithography, DLP digital light processing, FDM fused deposition modeling, SLS selective
laser sintering, SLM selective laser melting, TORS trans-oral robotic surgery
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