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Gastrointestinal Oncology
Gastro­intestinal Oncology
A Critical Multidisciplinary Team Approach
EDITED BY
Professor Janusz A. Z. Jankowski JP
MBChB (Glasgow) MSc (Oxford) MD (Dundee) PhD (London) PCME (Cambridge) PGCM (C Lancs.) PGCC (Warwick) AGAF (USA). FACG (USA) FRCP (Edinburgh & London) SFHEA (UK)
Clinical Professor University College London, London, UK
Non-Executive Director Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London
Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist National Health Service, UK
Provost, Dubai Medical College, United Arab Emirates
&
Former Sir James Black Senior Fellow University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
SECOND EDITION
This edition first published 2024 © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
Blackwell Publishing (1e, 2008)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Janusz A. Z. Jankowski to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Hardback ISBN: 9781119756392; ePub ISBN: 9781119756415; ePDF ISBN: 9781119756408; oBook ISBN: 9781119756422
Cover images: CT imaging courtesy of Prof P. Milkiewicz, Dr K. Korzeniowski and Dr G. Rosiak; Dietary interventions courtesy of Helena Jankowska; Neuroendocrine histology courtesy of Atsuko Kasajima, Günter Klöppel, Stefano La Rosa Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12 pts Minion Pro by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Contents
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List of Contributors , vii Preface , xvii Foreword , xviii
Screening, Surveillance, and Prevention for
11
Colorectal Cancer, 170
12
Colorectal Cancer, 181
Section I: Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, 1
1 Epidemiology, Microbiome, and Risk Factors Involved
in Carcinogenesis of Esophagus, Gastric, and Intestine, 3
2 Genomics, Molecular Pathology, and Pathology of
Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, 23
3 Screening, Surveillance, and Prevention of
Esophageal and Gastric Cancers, 42
4 Management of Esophageal Dysplasia and
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, 63
5 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 82
6 Management of Diffuse Gastric Cancer, 116
7 Intestinal-type Gastric Cancer, 120
8 Cancer of the Small Intestine, 139
Section II: Colorectal and Anal Cancer, 145
9 Epidemiology, Microbiome, and Risk Factors Involved
in Carcinogenesis of Colorectal Cancer, 147
10 Genomics, Histopathology, and Molecular
Pathology of Sporadic and Hereditary Colorectal Cancer, 149
13 Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Prevention, and
Management of Anal Cancer, 235
Section III: Hepatobiliary and Pancreas
Cancer, 249
14 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular
Carcinoma, 251
15 Pathology, Molecular Pathology, and Genomics of
Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, 264
16 Screening, Surveillance, and Prevention of
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 271
17 Pancreatic and Biliary Tract Cancers: Risk Factors and
Etiology, Screening, Surveillance, and Biomarkers of Detection and Prognosis, 291
18 The Multidisciplinary Management of Primary
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 321
19 Management of Metastatic Liver Cancer, 347
20 Management of Primary Pancreatic Cancer, 386
21 Management of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic
Cholangiocarcinoma, 407
22 Management of Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas, 438
v
VI CONTENTS
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Section IV: Specialist Abdominal Cancer
Management Teams, 455
23 Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Prevention,
and Management of GI Stromal Tumors and Other GI Sarcomas, 457
24 Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Digestive
System, 470
25 Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Prevention,
and Management of Unknown Primary Cancer, 538
26 Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal
Lymphomas, 546
27 Palliative and Supportive Medicine in Gastrointestinal
Oncology, 561
28 Psychological Oncology and Wellbeing: Wellbeing
(part 1) and narrative practices in child palliative care (part 2), 576
29 Nutrition for Cancer Prevention, Adjunctive Cancer
Care, and Rehabilitation: Nutrition and Cancer, 587
Cancer – The Road Less Traveled, 591
Index, 593
List of Contributors
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Mostafa Abasseri
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology St. George Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
School of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
Aidalena Abidin
Candiolo Cancer Institute Italy
Pilar Acedo
Institute for Liver and Digestive Health University College London London UK
Raja A.R. Ali
Gastroenterology Unit Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
School of Medical and Life Sciences Sunway University Selangor Malaysia
GUT Research Group Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Martin Anlauf
Institute of Pathology and Cytology St. Vincenz Hospital Limburg Limburg Germany
Pietro Antonini
Section of Pathology Department of Diagnostics and Public Health University of Verona Vero na Italy
Nadir Arber
Oncology Unit Tel Aviv Medical Center Israel Middle East
Maya Balakrishnan
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
Kirill Basiliya
Consultant Gastroenterologist Leiden Medical Centre Belgium
Charlotte Benson
Institute for Cancer Research Royal Marsden Hospital London UK
Lauren E. Berninger
Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine Palliative Care Program Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Baltimore Maryland USA
Inga Boeck
Institute of Pathology and Cytology St. Vincenz Hospital Limburg Limburg Germany
vii
VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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Jessica A.L. Borbasi
Department of Palliative Medicine Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
David Bowden
Department of Radiology Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
Ilene S. Browner
Palliative Medicine Program Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Baltimore Maryland USA
Simon James Alexander Buczacki
Nuffield Department of Surgical Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
Chang Gung University Taiwan
Mingyi Chen
UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
Ka Shing Cheung
Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
Department of Medicine The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
Deborah Chia Hsin Chew
Gastroenterology Unit Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Amitabh Chak
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
Dedrick Kok Hong Chan
Division of Colorectal Surgery University Surgical Cluster National University Hospital Singapore
Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
Annie On On Chan
Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
Hong Kong Sanatorium Hospital Hong Kong China
Yin-Kai Chao
Department of Thoracic Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou
Zhikai Chi
UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
Francis Chu
Department of Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery St. George Hospital Sydney Australia
Wen-Yu Chuang
Department of Anatomic Pathology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Chang Gung University Taiwan
David Church
Cancer Research UK Advanced Clinician Scientist Fellow Honorary Consultant Medical Oncologist Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
D. Chamil Codipilly
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic SW Rochester MN USA
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS IX
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Natalie Collier
Department of Radiation Oncology Wollongong Hospital and University of New South Wales New South Wales Australia
Alicia-Marie Conway
The Christie Hospital Foundation Trust Manchester UK
Gareth Corbett
Department of Gastroenterology Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
Eithne Costello
Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
Philip I. Craig
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology St. George Hospital Sydney and University of New South Wales Medical School New South Wales Australia
Brian Czito
Department of Radiation Oncology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
S. Lindsey Davis
Department of Medical Oncology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado
Levent Dizdar
Department of Surgery Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf Duesseldorf Germany
Yardenna Dolev
Oncology Unit Tel Aviv Medical Center Israel Middle East
Michail Doukas
Department of Pathology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
Clarisse Dromain
Department of Radiology Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Rue du Bugnon 46 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
Emad M. El-Omar
UNSW Microbiome Research Centre St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
Hashem B. El-Serag
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
Justin Davies
Cambridge Colorectal Unit Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
Mihir Desai
Department of Interventional Radiology Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
Prince of Wales Clinical Campus School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales New South Wales Australia
Irene Esposito
Institute of Pathology Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital and of Dusseldorf Germany
Oliver M. Fisher
Department of Surgery St. George Hospital Sydney and University of New South Wales New South Wales Australia
Yuman Fong
Department of Surgery City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte California USA
X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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Giuseppe K. Fusai
Institute for Liver and Digestive Health University College London London UK
Department of HPB Surgery Royal Free Hospital London UK
Robert C. Gandy
Department of General Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine & Health UNSW Sydney New South Wales Australia
Andres Garcia-Sampedro
Institute for Liver and Digestive Health University College London London UK
Xing Gao
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam the Netherlands
Department of Thoracic Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Chang Gung University Taiwan
Elena Geuna
Candiolo Cancer Institute Italy
Ravit Geva
Oncology Unit Tel Aviv Medical Center Israel Middle East
Prithwish Ghosh
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic SW Rochester MN USA
Frederik L. Giesel
Department of Nuclear Medicine Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
Brooke Glessing
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
William Greenhalf
Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
David Goldstein
School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine & Health UNSW Sydney New South Wales Australia
Department of Medical Oncology Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
Lena Häberle
Institute of Pathology Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital and of Dusseldorf Germany
Koroush S. Haghighi
Department of General Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine & Health UNSW Sydney New South Wales Australia
Mahnur Haider
Department of Hepatology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA
Umar Hayat
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
Felix Ho
Department of Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado
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