Рыночная экономика. Market Economy. Учебное пособие

3.In a most spectacular manifestation of computer crime, the defendant (has alleged; alleged; is alleged) to have stolen forty-seven million dollars from banks and security firms.

4.Popular papers (are used; use; used) large headlines and (are concerned; concern; concerned) especially with events commonly termed front-page news.

5.The construction of a new plant in another place (is negotiating; negotiates; is being negotiated) with the local authorities.

6.He found that three economists (could be recognized; can recognize; will be recognized) by the way how they had described some facts in the economy of the country.

7.Most performances (have run; are run; is being run) with the assistance of many technical specialists under the supervision of a state manager.

8.It’s difficult to say exactly what technological changes (are made; will make; will be made) in economy in the future.

9.There is nothing more annoying than (interrupt; has been interrupted; being interrupted) when you (are spoken; are speaking; spoke).

10.This American car was the finest vehicle that (was ever appeared; ever appeared; had ever appeared) in the world.

Задание 11. Переделайте предложения из активного залога в страдательный.

1.Merchants buy and sell a lot of goods from each other.

2.Instead of making payments every day to each other, they write down

accounts.

3.You measure the value in terms of money.

4.You may keep money with you as long as you wish.

5.At the end of every month they make a small amount of payment to the

creditor.

2.3.CORPORATIONS

Что вам известно об акционерных формах собственности?

Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:

существительные: company, certificate, capital, management, risk, factor, service, dividends;

глагол: to result, to determine; прилагательные: total, financial

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Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1.a corporation (амер.)

a company (англ.) – корпорация, фирма

2.a private limited company (LTD) – закрытая акционерная компания с ограниченной ответственностью (ЗАО)

3.a public limited company (PLC) – открытая акционерная компания

(АО)

4.to establish – учреждать

5.a stock certificate – акция, сертификат акции

6.a stockholder (shareholder) – акционер, держатель акций

7.tо own property – владеть собственностью

8.to incorporate –объединяться, соединяться

9.to attract financial resources – привлекать финансовые ресурсы

10.to offer high salaries – предлагать высокие зарплаты

11.to attract a large amount of capital – привлекать большой капитал

12.educational, religious, charitable institutions – образовательные,

религиозные, благотворительные учреждения

13.to issue stock – выпускать акции

14.to invest – вкладывать деньги

15.to reinvest – вкладывать деньги повторно

16.nonprofit – неприбыльный

17.to obtain a charter – получать патент

18.capital stock – основной капитал

Задание 3. Подберите к русским словам и словосочетаниям соответствующие английские эквиваленты:

1) с целью извлечения прибыли; 2) доли собственности; 3) владеть акциями; 4) акционерная форма собственности; 5) следующий; 6) таким образом; 7) городские коммунальные сооружения; 8) специальные агентства; 9) неприбыльный

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1) nonprofit; 2) a corporate form of ownership; 3) shares of ownership; 4) special agencies; 5) city owned utilities; 6) to own stock certificates; 7) for the purpose of making profit; 8) the next; 9) thus

Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

A corporation is an institution formed by people who obtain a charter giving them legal rights. A corporation can own property, buy and sell and manufacture products.

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Business corporations are the most common type of corporations established for the purpose of making profit. In the United States they make up only about 15 per cent of all business enterprises but they account for more than 75 per cent of all business assets. A business corporation is operated by individuals whose shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. People owning stock certificates are called stockholders or shareholders.

The corporate form of ownership has several advantages. The first is its ability to attract resources. The next advantage is that if the corporation attracts a large amount of capital, it can invest it in plants, equipment and research. A third is - that a corporation can offer high salaries and thus attract talented managers and specialists. And the main advantage is that the owners (the stockholders) have limited liability. If the corporation fails they can lose only their investments, but not the personal assets.

Business corporations may be public or private. The public corporation (PLC) obtains funds by selling ownership shares, called capital stock, to large number of investors. A PLC has at least two members but since it offers its shares for sale to the public it may have hundreds of thousands of shareholders, who have one vote for each share they own. A person who succeeds in buying 51 per cent of the shares can gain control of a PLC. Shareholders can sell their shares to the people who wish to buy on the Stock Exchange. The price of shares will go up if the PLC is making good profits and will go down if it is not doing so well.

Private limited companies (LTD) have a limited number of owners usually not more than fifty members, who provide the capital which is divided into shares. Shares cannot be offered for sale to the public. Some private corporations are large firms. But most are small companies.

The business corporation is one type of corporation. Educational, religious and charitable institutions can also incorporate. Usually this type of corporation does not issue stock and is nonprofit. If there is a profit, it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders. Nonprofit corporations provide community services. They consist of members instead of stockholders and provide no dividends.

There are governmental corporations which may be established by cities, states, the federal government. Governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and city owned utilities. They are nonprofit and usually do not issue stock certificates.

Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:

1.to expand – расширяться (о производстве)

2.to follow a legal procedure – следовать юридической процедуре

3.to apply for a corporate charter – подавать заявление на корпоративный

патент

4.to issue and sell stock – выпускать и продавать акции

5.in exchange for investment capital – взамен на вложенный капитал

6.to hold a meeting – проводить собрание

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7.to elect a board of directors – избирать совет директоров

8.to have a final authority – иметь решающее слово

9.management – руководство, управление

10.to vote – голосовать

11.an annual meeting – ежегодное coбpaние

12.to supervise – осуществлять

13.a common stock – обыкновенная акция

14.a preferred stock – привилегированная акция

2.4. A legal procedure

If you want to form a corporation you should apply for a Corporate Charter. The stockholders hold a meeting to organize a corporation. They elect the Board of Directors. The stockholders have the final authority in management. And the company’s officers supervise daily management. Stockholders vote at the annual meeting.

There are two varieties of stock: preferred and common. The common stock gives stockholders voting rights. The preferred stock does not extend voting rights to stockholders but gives holders the first claim on the company’s assets after the debts are paid. Corporations give stockholders their part of the profits. These payments are called dividends.

Задание 6. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение:

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Задание 7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Корпорация может выпускать и продавать акции.

2.Корпорация может предлагать более высокую заработную плату.

3.Каждый год акционеры проводят собрание.

4.Корпорация имеет много возможностей для вовлечения финансовых ресурсов.

5.Образовательные, благотворительные, религиозные учреждения могут быть корпорациями. Они, как правило, не приносят прибыль.

6.Сначала вы должны подать заявление на корпоративный патент.

7.Акционеры имеют решающее слово в управлении корпорацией.

8.Владельцы акций проводят ежегодное собрание и выбирают совет директоров.

Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1.What is a corporation?

2.What is a business corporation?

3.Who are the owners of a business corporation?

4.Is a corporation larger than a sole proprietorship?

5.What are the advantages of the corporate form of ownership?

6.What can you say about the disadvantages of the corporation?

7.Explain the difference between preferred and common stock?

8.Whom can the shareholders sell their stock to?

9.A business corporation generally issues stock, doesn’t it?

10.What types of corporations are there?

Задание 9. Обсудите следующие проблемы с партнером.

1.What world - known corporations do you know?

2.What legal procedure do you have to follow if you want to form a corporation?

3.Who has the final authority in the management of a corporation?

4.How often do the stockholders hold the meeting?

5.The stockholders have unlimited liability, don’t they?

6.In what corporation would you invest money?

Check your grammar: The Infinitive

Задание 10. Выберите правильную форму.

1. He was said (to be; be) a man who could always (to defeat; defeat) any opposition.

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2.She asked the chief (let; to let) her (go; to go) to conference but he didn’t want (to listen; listen) to her.

3.I persuaded Sales Manager not (to buy; buy; to have bought) that expensive

goods.

4.The city council agreed (to accept; accept; to be accepted) the architect’s proposed design for a new market.

5.The customs officer opened the suitcase (to see; see; to be seen) if anything illegal was being brought into the country.

REVISION

Задание 1. Все слова в задании связаны с различными формами собственностями. Выберите и вставьте нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке.

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Answers: 1-3; 2-7; 3-11; 4-4; 5-9; 6-2; 7-14; 8-8; 9-1; 10-12; 11-5; 12-15; 13-21; 14-20; 15-17; 16-19; 17-10; 18-13, 19-18; 20-6; 21-16.

Задание 2. После того как вы изучили основные формы организации частной собственности, вы сможете разобраться в таблице. Закройте правую часть, заполните, а потом проверьте себя.

THE FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

Задание 3. Проанализируйте статистические данные и ответьте на вопросы. (Statistical Data about Business Organizations)

The table below summarizes: 1) the number of proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations in the United Stales in 1991 and 2) their total receipts.

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Number and Total Receipts by Type of Business

1.Rank order the business types in terms of their number.

2.Rank order the business types in terms of the total value of their receipts.

3.Which form of business organization is most likely to be a small business?

4.Which would most likely be a large business?

UNIT 3

BUSINESS STRUCTURE

Business structure includes line and staff structure.

Как вы представляете организационную структуру любого предприятия?

3.1. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN EXECUTIVE

Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями: staff, manager, nature, position, department

Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1.an executive – руководитель

2.a manager – управляющий

3.a vice president – вице-президент

4.a head of department – руководитель отдела

5.a foreman – мастер, руководитель

6.a position – должность

7.to set objectives – ставить цели

8.to delegate authority – распределить обязанности

9.staff – штат, персонал

10.to make careful decisions – принимать тщательно продуманные

решения

11.to appoint – назначать

12.an employee – служащий, работающий по найму

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13.a personnel department – отдел кадров

14.a research department – отдел разработки новой продукции

Задание 3. Соотнесите описание работы, данное в правой колонке с должностью, указанной в левой:

12.Public Relations sheets.

Answers: 1-G, 2-F, 3-L, 4-I, 5-J, 6-B, 7-E, 8-D, 9-A, 10-H, 11-K, 12-C.

Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Each company has its business structure. An organization has a number of positions and some people have more authority than others.

Top Management of a corporation consists of the board of directors and the executive officers. The board of directors determines the basic company policies and appoints the executive officers. These officers include a chairman of the board, a president and a number of vice presidents. They are responsible for carrying out the decisions of the board of directors and the stockholders. The executive officers select the managers (or the heads) of the various departments of the corporation. The Managing Director (sometimes called the Chief Executive or the President in Russia and the USA) is the head of the company.

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The number of departments in a corporation depends on the size of the company and on the nature of the goods and services that it provides. A corporation with many employees may need a personnel department. A manufacturing firm may need a research department to study ways of developing new products. Most corporations have departments that handle three basic business activities - production, finance and marketing.

The Production department consists of several divisions: Production, Packaging, Distribution, Quality and Maintenance.

The Marketing department plans how to sell new products and may include Advertising division.

The Finance department connects with customer accounts, wages and salaries, financial services, taxation, investment and cash management. Personnel department hires new employees and organizes training courses. These departments are headed by managers who report to the Director. The Director makes a lot of important decisions. He sets objectives, coordinates work, delegates authority, makes hiring and firing. It’s evident that making careful decisions is the basis of good management.

Creating the suitable business structure including all necessary specialists may be one of the parts of the business success.

Задание 5. He путайте слова: salary, wage, income, earnings. Поймите разницу и вставьте нужное слово в предложение.

1.Salary – money paid monthly directly into a bank account, normally to professional people and office workers.

2.Wages – money paid weekly and usually in cash, normally to manual

workers.

3.Income – money we receive from work, investments, etc. It can be earned income (wages or salary) or unearned income (money from dividends, interest, etc.)

4.Earnings – the total sums earned by an employee during a regular pay

period.

1.How much … did you earn on your shares last year?

2.The machine operators have asked for another rise in their weekly … .

3.My total … this year, including salary, dividends should exceed S 300,000.

Задание 6. Выберите нужный отдел из приведенного списка:

Wages and Salaries, Purchasing, Distribution, Maintenance, Advertising, Customers Accounts

Which department or division:

sends the products to the customers?(Distribution)

runs advertising campaign? (Advertising)

buys supplies? (Purchasing)

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