Рыночная экономика. Market Economy. Учебное пособие

A market economy is made up of two markets: a resource market and a product market. In each of these two markets, something is exchanged between producers and individuals.

In the resource market, the resources that producers need (labour, land, capital goods) are exchanged for money (wages, rent, interest, profits). Individuals provide resources to producers. Producers in turn provide money to individuals. Producers pay: a) wages in exchange for labour; b) rent in exchange for land; c) interest on borrowed money; d) profits to individuals who invest money.

In the product market, products and services are exchanged for money. Producers provide products and services to individuals. Individuals in turn provide money to producers in payment for the products or services.

A market economy has a number of advantages: 1) a lot of people are involved in making economic decisions; 2) individuals are free to work for their own best interests; 3) producers are free to produce what they wish; 4) individuals are encouraged to develop new ideas. This helps to create a wide variety of goods and services. 5) the economy is flexible and able to meet people’s needs; 6) consumers are free to buy the goods and services they choose.

Its disadvantages are that: 1) individuals who are unable to work (who are too young, too old or ill) have no way of meeting their own needs; 2) individuals cannot succeed in their business; 3) if individuals work only for their own interests, the good of society may suffer. Air and water pollution are examples. 4) the economy is subject to ups and downs called business cycles. The down parts of cycles hurt everyone. 5) the market economy exploits labour.

Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение:

Задание 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1.What are the most modern-day economies?

2.What does it mean the market economy?

3.What is a market made up?

4. Who owns land and capital goods in the market economy?

5.Who makes economic decisions?

6.When did a market economy start?

7.What is the difference between a resource market and a product market?

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8.What are advantages of the market economy?

9.What are disadvantages of the market economy?

Check your grammar: Perfect Continuous Tenses

Задание 6. Вставьте правильную форму глагола.

1.All the roads were blocked: it (to snow) all night long.

2.She fell ill because she (to work) very hard.

3.I (to wait) for you since 5 o’clock.

4.It (to rain) since Sunday.

5.How long you (to study) English?

6.You look tied. – Yes, I (to work) at my project.

7.Next year I (to study) for 4 years.

1.5. THE MIXED ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Задание 1. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1.public utilities – коммунальные услуги

2.to be publicly owned – быть в общественной собственности

3.to be privately owned – быть в частной собственности

4.welfare – благосостояние

5.mixed economy – смешанная экономика

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Socialist ideas are part of the economic system in several Western European countries today. Sweden and Great Britain are two examples. In these countries public utilities, transportation, and medical services are nationalized. They are publicly owned and operated by the government. However, most industry in Britain and Sweden is privately owned just as in other capitalist countries. The government controls part of the economy to protect welfare of all its citizens. These countries are called capitalist - welfare states.

In the industrial countries command and pure market economies do not exist today. All industrial countries now have combinations of market and command economies called mixed economies.

The United States has a mixed economic system. It has the basic features of a market economy, but it is not a pure market system. Government regulates some parts of the economy. Almost every developed country has a mixed economic system.

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Задание 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1.What is it a mixed economic system?

2.What countries have a mixed economic system?

3.Why does the government control some part of the economy (railroads, airlines, hydroelectric power)?

Check your grammar: Future Tenses

Задание 4. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1.Don’t phone me tonight. I (will study; will be studying; study) for my Economics exam.

2.By the time we arrive home, she (will have finished; is going to finish; will have been finishing) cooking.

3.Now that I’ve got a job, I (will buy; am going to buy; am buying) a car.

4.The train (leaves; is leaving; will leave) Moscow at nine o’clock.

5.By the end of the day, she (will be working; will have worked; will have been working) for ten hours.

6.Next week we (will lie; will have been lying; will be lying) on the beach.

7.(Will I; Would I; Shall I) help you with the shopping, Mum?

UNIT 2

TYPES OF PROPRIETORSHIP

A business may be privately owned in three important forms:

Какие формы собственности существуют в странах с рыночной экономикой?

2.1. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении существительных с интернациональными корнями:

firm, business, corporation, service industry, restaurant

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Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

2.a proprietor

an owner - собственник, владелец

3.partnership – товарищество, партнерство

4.corporation (амер.)

company (англ.) - корпорация, компания, фирма

5.volume – объем, количество

6.receipt – денежные поступления

7.service industry – сфера услуг

8.to account for – насчитывать

9.a repair shop – мастерская

10.profit – прибыль

11.to bear the loss – нести потери (убытки)

12.to start the business – начать дело

13.to go into business – заниматься бизнесом

Задание 3. Подберите к русским словам и словосочетаниям соответствующие английские эквиваленты:

1) быть в частной собственности; 2) самый обычный, 3) очевидно, что … 4) прежде всего; 5) в различных формах; 6) сфера обслуживания; 7) косметический салон; 8) прачечная

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1) it is evident that … ; 2) first of all; 3) to be privately owned; 4) service industry; 5) in different forms; 6) a beauty shop; 7) a laundry; 8) the most common

Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The simplest form of business organization is the sole proprietorship (or individual proprietorship). This is "one-man business". One person provides the capital (the money needed to start the business), has complete control of the business, keeps all the profit (or bears the loss). This person can start or stop his business whenever he likes. He need not consult a lawyer to form the business. And he can start the business with a small amount of capital. A sole proprietor decides upon his vacation, working hours, salary, hiring and firing.

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But there is some risk. The proprietor has unlimited liability. It means that he is responsible for all debts. So if the business fails, he has to declare personal bankruptcy and can lose his personal assets.

It is difficult to compete with large firms and to raise money for expansion. Sole proprietorships also cannot get tax benefits.

The sole proprietorship is the most common form in American business. More than 80 percent of all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships. But it is evident that they do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for less than 18 percent of all business receipts.

The examples of this form of owning business are small shops, service industries such as laundries, beauty shops, repair shops and restaurants.

Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:

1.to consult a lawyer – консультироваться у юриста

2.to hire – нанимать

3.to fire – увольнять

4.to decide upon vacation, working hours, salary, hiring and firing –

решать вопросы, связанные с отпуском, продолжительностью рабочего дня, зарплатой, наймом, увольнением

5.to have unlimited liability – нести неограниченную юридическую ответственность

6.to be responsible for all debts – нести ответственность за долги

7.to fail – потерпеть неудачу

8.to declare personal bankruptcy – объявить личное банкротство

9.personal assets – личная собственность

10.tax benefits – льготы по налогообложению

11.to get tax benefits – получать льготы по налогообложению

12.an accountant – специалист по финансам (налогам)

13.a book-keeper – бухгалтер

14. to do books – вести бухгалтерский учет

15. to compete – конкурировать

Задание 6. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение:

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1.Я сам контролирую прибыль своего предприятия.

2.Если вы занимаетесь бизнесом oдин, это называется индивидуальным частным предпринимательством.

3.Вам не нужно обращаться к юристу.

4.Директор решает вопросы, связанные с наймом и увольнением.

5.Наша фирма несет полную юридическую ответственность.

6.Нам нужно нанять бухгалтера.

7.Частный предприниматель отвечает за все долги.

8.Я хочу начать свое собственное дело.

9.Корпорации приносят большие прибыли.

10.Компания получает льготы по налогообложению.

Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1.What are the three ways that a business may be privately owned?

2.Who owns the sole proprietorship?

3.What does the unlimited liability mean?

4.Do sole proprietorships have the greatest volume of business?

5.What are the advantages of this form of business?

6.What are the disadvantages of the sole proprietorship?

7.List some businesses which are likely to be sole proprietorships?

Задание 9. Обсудите проблемы с партнерами.

You are going to start your own business.

1.Are you thinking of starting your own business?

2.What business do you want to start?

3.How do we call the business if you go into it alone?

4.Do you need a lawyer if you want to start a sole proprietorship?

5.How many employees are you going to hire for your business? In what сases will you fire them?

6.What will you do if your business fails?

7.Can you do your books yourself?

8.Are you going to hire an accountant?

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Задание 10. Расскажите о самой простой форме частной собственности - индивидуальном предпринимательстве, используя фразы:

I am going to speak about… Now just a few words about…

In conclusion I’d like to say that…

Check your grammar: Modal Verbs

Задание 11. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1.He (must; could; can’t) be rich. He never has any money.

2.Where is Ann? She (could; might; ought to) be here by now.

3.(Might; May; Must) I speak to the manager, please?

4.(Shall; Could; Must) you lend me some money, please?

5.You (should; can’t; mustn’t) walk on the grass.

2.2.PARTNERSHIPS

Какие существуют разновидности товарищества (партнерства) и в чем их отличие?

Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:

существительные: association, person, partner, public, firm, management, form, medicine, industry, capital;

глагол: to form;

прилагательные: general, secret, professional

Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1.partnership – партнерство, товарищество

2.unlimited partnership (англ.)

general partnership (амер.) - полное товарищество (партнерство)

3.limited partnership – товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью

4.to carry on a business – вести дело, заниматься бизнесом

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5.a general partner – общий партнер (несущий полную юридическую ответственность за дело)

6.a limited partner – партнер с ограниченной юридической ответственностью

7.a silent partner – партнер без права голоса

8.a secret partner – секретный партнер (с правом голоса, но неизвестный общественности как партнер)

9.law – юриспруденция

10.insurance – страхование

11.stockbrokerage – биржевое маклерство

12.real estate – недвижимость

13.oil prospecting – добыча нефти

14.quarrying industries – добывающие отрасли промышленности

15.to be legally responsible – быть юридически ответственным

Задание 3. Подберите к русским словам и словосочетаниям соответствующие английские эквиваленты:

1) заниматься бизнесом; 2) лицо, известное как…; 3) противоположное; 4) принимать участие; 5) определенные недостатки; 6) также; 7) получать налоговые льготы; 8) не соглашаться; 9) долги

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1) debts; 2) the reverse; 3) to carry on a business; 4) to take part in; 5) to get tax benefits; 6) to disagree; 7) as well; 8) a person who is known as; 9) certain disadvantages

Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

A business may be operated as a partnership. A partnership is an association of two or more people to carry on a business for profit. People who run a business together and share the profits are partners. When the owners of a partnership have unlimited liability, they are called general partners. If they have limited liability, they are called limited partners. There may be a silent partner as well - a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner - a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.

Any business may have the form of a partnership. There are partnerships in professional fields such as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.

Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs multiply sources of capital or diversified management. They are easy to form, and often get tax benefits from the government. Partners should not invest the same amount of capital, they can combine their resources. A partner can contribute services

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or skills, sometimes just a name. All partners share in the profits of the business. The size of each share depends on how much money or property each contributes and on the amount of work each partner is to do. Each partner is liable for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business and can lose personal assets. This is the main disadvantage in case the partners have unlimited liability. The partners may disagree with each other.

Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:

1.to run a business – руководить коммерческим предприятием (фирмой)

2.to get on well – ладить друг с другом

3.accounting – бухгалтерский учет

4.to put an amount of money into business – вложить сумму денег в

бизнес

5.to contribute services and skills – вкладывать умения и навыки

6.to distribute profits and losses – распределять прибыли и убытки

7.a deal – сделка

8.a joint venture – совместное предприятие

9.to be busy with – заниматься чем-либо

Задание 6. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение.

Задание 7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Партнерство имеет много преимуществ.

2.Я хочу заняться бизнесом с друзьями.

3.Мы хорошо ладим с партнером.

4.Они вкладывают большой капитал в совместное предприятие.

5.Это дело приносит много прибыли.

6.Партнерство часто получает налоговые льготы от правительства.

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7.Он хочет вложить деньги в недвижимость.

8.Секретный партнер принимает участие в управлении, но он не известен общественности.

9.Партнер без права голоса не имеет реальной власти.

Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1.What types of partnership are there?

2.What is a partnership?

3.Who are the owners of a partnership?

4.What is an important deference between a general partnership and a limited

one?

5.What does it mean a general partner (a limited partner; a silent partner; a secret partner)?

6.What are some fields in which partnerships are found?

7.In what way do the partners share the profits of the business?

8.What are the advantages of a partnership?

9. What are the disadvantages of this form of business ownership?

Задание 9. Обсудите следующие проблемы с партнерами.

1.What form of business ownership do you prefer: a sole proprietorship or a partnership?

2.Do you want to go into business alone or with a partner?

3.What partner do you get on well with?

4.Do you need to consult a lawyer when starting the business?

5.What resources, services and skills can you contribute in your business? (money; skills; experience; knowledge; education; personal characteristics; new ideas; well-known name)?

6.What kind of partner would you like to be: a general partner or a limited

partner?

7.How will you distribute profits and losses in your partnership?

Check your grammar: Passive Voice

Задание 10. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1.Numerous innovations (are being tried; are tried; are trying) now by business firms in Europe and the United States to combat the increasing dissatisfaction of employees at every level with the quality of their lives.

2.As the population on the island (grew; was growing; grow), the forests (were destroyed; destroyed; destroy).

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