Деловой иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие по направлению подготовки 20.04.02 Природообустройство и водопользование, магистерская программ

2. В некоторых местах (над океанами и на их побережье) может увеличиться количество осадков, а шторма, наводнения, ураганы,

тайфуны, грязевые потоки и оползни могут участиться.

3.Если бы льды Антарктики полностью растаяли, то уровень воды в Мировом океане увеличился бы более чем на 70 м, и обширные густонаселенные территории оказались бы затопленными.

4.Сокращение площади ледяного покрова на Северном полюсе на

40% впервые за 50 млн лет является убедительным доказательством глобального потепления.

Wildlife Protection

1. Translate the text

What Have We Wrought?

Wc may find ourselves paying dearly for the material magic of the consumer society.

Thanks to science and technology - not to mention advertising and marketing - more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.

But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde's fictional creation "Dorian Grey", who stayed forever young while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly, the modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumption has scarred the land and stained the seas, eating away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity's only means of survival.

Today's elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world with about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life; vast expanses of wild lands were sparsely inhabited by aboriginal peoples who knew

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how to tap the land, for medicine and sustenance. Those who are born after the turn of the millennium will come of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance.

Our grandchildren may have access to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20% of its original forests intact, with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for, with most or the wetlands and reef systems destroyed or degraded, and much of the arable land under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most wiped out before even being catalogued by scientists. Gone as well will be troves of aboriginal knowledge that have disappeared as tribal peoples lost their lands or abandoned their traditional ways.

Will the nimble inventiveness of the consumer society revive the exhausted planet? Can the wizards of materialism, as a final piece of alchemy, halt environmental degradation and begin to repair the injuries inflicted on nature?

These questions cannot be ignored. The success of modern material culture has led to a sixfold increase in population in the 20lh century alone, along the way making humanity the most.

Vocabulary

work (p.p. wrought) - причинять, вызывать consume - потребовать

array - множество

scar - покрывать рубцами stain - пачкать

pristine — первобытный teem - кишеть

sparsely - редко

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tap - зд. возделывать

sustenance - жизнеобеспечение, питание squander - расточать

defile — загрязнять drudgery - тяжёлая работа intact - неповрежденный estate - территория

wipe out - уничтожать trove - сокровищница nimble - находчивый consequential - важный rhinoceros - носорог clout - влияние

apt - удачный

2.Answer the questions on the text

1.What arc the consequences of the consumer society activities for the planet?

2.What will our grandchildren inherit?

3.Do you agree with the statement that "ideas and fashions of the global marketplace rework the nature"?

4.Is government involvement necessary to heal the planet

3. Translate the sentences into English

1. Благодаря науке и технологии, не говоря о рекламе и маркетинге,

всё больше людей потребляют ещё более удивительное множество товаров, чем когда-либо в истории.

2. Возродит ли истощённую планету находчивая изобретательность общества потребителей?

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3.Мифы о возбуждающих свойствах веществ, полученных из рога носорога и костей тигра, привели к такому росту потребительского спроса, что эти млекопитающие почти вымерли в дикой природе.

4.Annotate the text

National Parks in Russia

National parks are nature protection, ecological educational and research establishments which territories (water area) include natural corn plexes and the objects having special ecological, historical, and aesthetic value and which are intended for use in the nature protection, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for controlled tourism.

Lands, waters, bowels, flora and fauna, taking place on territory of national parks, are given in use (possession) to parks on the rights stipulated by federal laws. The historical and cultural objects put on the state protection are passed in using to national parks only as agreed with the state body of historical and cultural monuments protection. On occasion in borders of parks there can be land areas of other users, and also proprietors. National parks have the exclusive right of purchase of the specified lands at the expense of means of the federal budget and other sources not forbidden by the law. These parks are exclusively objects of the federal property. Buildings, constructions, historical and cultural and other objects of the real estate are assigned by national parks on the right, of operative management. The concrete park functions on the basis of the statute are confirmed by the state body, which supervised it, as agreed with specially authorized state body of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. The security zone with the limited order of nature management is created around the national park.

National parks are the most popular kind of protected areas in the world. In particular, the age of creation of some parks is more than hundred years in the USA.

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In the Russian Federation national parks began to be created only since 1983 ("Sochinsky" and "Losiny ostrov" national parks have been organized) and were the new form of territorial nature management to Russia. The idea of their creation is connected with solution of w'idc spectrum of problems: protection natural and cultural heritage the organization of tourism, search of ways of sustainable development of territory. The new' form of protected territories allows to protect both unique natural complexes, and objects of historical and cultural value. At the same time national parks provide an opportunity of their visiting by plenty of people, of acquaintance with natural, historical and cultural sights, of rest in picturesque landscapes.

Vocabulary

establishment - учреждение, заведение, ведомство bowels - недра

stipulate - обусловливать, оговаривать on occasion - иногда

proprietor - собственник, владелец purchase - покупка, приобретение at the expense ofза счёт чего-либо forbid - запрещать

real estate - недвижимость

assign - закреплять (за кем-либо), передавать (имущество); приписывать acquaintance - знакомство picturesque - живописный

5. Answer the questions on the text

1.Why arc national parks exclusive objects of the federal property?

2.Which kind of protected areas are the most popular in the world?

3.When were the first national parks organized in Russia?

4.What problems did national parks creation cause?

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6. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations

educational and research establishment controlled tourism

historical and cultural monuments protection exclusive right of purchase

at the expense of means federal property

specially authorized state body nature management sustainable development

7. Translate the sentences into English

1. Национальные парки — это природоохранные, экологические,

образовательные и исследовательские образования, территория (аква-

тория) которых включает природные комплексы и объекты, пред-

ставляющие собой особую экологическую ценность.

2. Они предназначены для решения задач в сфере охраны природы,

науки, образования и культуры, а также для развития организованного туризма.

3.Национальные парки обладают исключительным правом на приобретение особых территорий за счёт средств федерального бюджета и других источников, не запрещенных законом.

4.Вокруг национального парка создается охраняемая зона с ог-

раниченным использованием природных ресурсов.

Ecosystems Interconnection

1. Summarize the text

Ecosystems: What They Are

Part I

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It should be clear that sustainability of human society as well as sustainability of other species will depend on maintaining the integrity of the biosphere. To do this, we need to know how the biosphere works, how the biosphere functions to support all life. Thus, it is important to examine ecosystems. An ecosystem may be defined as a grouping of various species of plants, animals, and microbes interacting with each other and with their environment. The environment includes temperature, precipitation, amount of moisture, and all other chemical and physical factors to which organisms are exposed. Furthermore, the interrelationships are such that the entire grouping may perpetuate itself, perhaps indefinitely. This definition is a very condensed description of what is observed in nature and can be best understood by considering some examples of ecosystems with which you are probably already familiar.

A quick tour across the United States shows deciduous (leafshedding) forests in the East, which turn brilliant colors in the fall before the leaves drop; prairies or grasslands in the Central States; deserts with distinctive cacti in the South-West; and coniferous (evergreen) forests in the northern and western Mountain States. Across Northern Canada and on the upper slopes of mountains there arc treeless expanses called tundra, and in equatorial regions we find tropical rainforests. These different ecosystems arc the result of different climates, that is, different environmental conditions of temperature and rainfall.

Looking at these examples more closely, we note that each ecosystem is characterized by a distinctive plant community, which is defined as grouping of particular plants. Each plant community supports a particular array of animals. An array of microbes will be found in each ecosystem, feeding on dead plant and animal material. Each of these examples represents a distinctive grouping of plants, animals, and microbes interacting with one another and with the environment. Thus, each grouping in association with the environment that supports it is an ecosystem. Furthermore, we know that these groupings existed

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long before humans came on the scene and, if not disturbed by humans, would continue to exist for a very long time and perhaps even indefinitely. That is, ecosystems perpetuate themselves.

Vocabulary

sustainability - выживать integrity - целостность, полнота

expose - выставлять, подвергать действию perpetuate - увековечивать; сохранять навсегда deciduous - лиственный; листопадный distinctive - отличительный, характерный coniferous - хвойный

community - сообщество

2.Answer the questions on the text:

1.How may an ecosystem be defined?

2.Why is it so important to examine ecosystems?

3.What examples of ecosystems arc mentioned in the article?

4.What does each of these examples represent?

5."Ecosystems perpetuate themselves". What does it mean?

3.Translate the sentences into English:

1.Для поддерживания целостности биосферы нам необходимо знать,

как работает биосфера.

2.Под экосистемой подразумевается группа разнообразных видов растений, животных и микроорганизмов, взаимодействующих друг с другом и с окружающей средой.

3.Понятие «окружающая среда» включает в себя температуру,

осадки, влагу и другие химические и физические факторы, воздействию

которых подвержены организмы.

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4. Каждое растительное сообщество, характеризующее экосистему,

поддерживает существование определенных видов животных, а микробы

питаются продуктами жизнедеятельности растений и животных.

5. Экосистемы самосохраняются.

Ecosystems: What They Are

Part II

Major terrestrial ecosystems, such as forest or prairie, arc not entirely

uniform; each consists of a number of more or less distinct but related eco-

systems. Thus, each is also called a biome, a term that refers to a number of

closely related ecosystems. Within a biome, an ecosystem may include any

more or less distinctive grouping of organisms interacting with each other in a

particular environment. For instance, a patch of woods, an open field, a pond, a

stream, eaeh may be eonsidered and studied as an ecosystem. While it is

convenient to divide the biosphere into biomes and ecosystems for study and

discussion, it is important to recognize that they seldom have distinct

boundaries, and they are definitely not independent of one another. Rather, one

ecosystem tends to blend into next through a transitional region called an

ccotone, which is a region that contains many of the species and characteristics

of the two adjacent systems.

The ecotone between adjacent systems may include unique environments that support distinctive plants and animals as well as those that are common to the adjoining ecosystems. Consider a marshy area, which often occurs between the open water of a lake and dry land. Whether they contain distinctive species or not, ecotones may be studied as ecosystems in their own right. Furthermore, some animal species - migratory birds, for instance, - may inhabit different ecosystems at different times of the year, and what happens in one ecosystem used by the migrators will definitely affect any other ecosystems used during other seasons. For example, losses and fragmentation of forests have disrupted migration lanes and resulted in drastic declines in the populations of certain

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North American songbirds. How the loss of all these birds will affect various ecosystems is a question we just cannot answer at this time.

Oceans include a variety of environments depending on temperature, water depth, nature of the bottom, and concentrations of nutrients and sediments. Each of these environments, called marine environments, supports a more or less distinctive array of seaweeds, plankton, fish, shellfish, and other marine organisms. Thus, different areas of oceans - reefs, continental shelves, deep oceans - may be studied as separate ecosystems, even though their interconnections and interdependencies are obvious.

All ecosystems and biomes are interconnected through the movements of air (wind) and water. Thus, the entire biosphere is really one mammoth ecosystem.

Vocabulary

terrestrial - сухопутный, наземный; земной boundary - граница

blend - смешивать(ся); незаметно переходить adjacent - смежный, соседний

drastic - радикальный; решительный, крутой nutrient - питательное вещество

sediment - осадочная порода, отложение seaweed - морская водоросль

mammoth - 1. мамонт; 2. громадный, гигантский

4.Answer the questions on the text

1.What is called a biome?

2.What is an ecotone?

3.What may the ecotone between adjacent systems include?

4.What does marine environments variety depend on?

5.May different ocean areas be studied as separate ecosystems?

5.Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations terrestrial ecosystems

distinctive grouping

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