Грамматика английского языка в таблицах (начальный этап обучения). Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов средне-специальных учебных заведений
.pdfExercise 13. Choose the appropriate tense form to translate the following Russian sentences. (Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect)
1. Я путешествовал по Северу прошлым летом. a) travel b) travelled c) have travelled 2. В это время в июле мы плыли на пароходе по реке. a) sailed by ship b) were sailing by ship c) had sailed by ship 3. Перед тем как отправиться в путешествие, я прочитал несколько книг о Севере. a) was reading b) read c) had read 4. К 20 августа мы уже вернулись домой. a) have returned b) were returning c) had returned 5. Сейчас мы готовимся к новому учебному году. a) prepare b) are preparing c) have prepared 6. Мы уже купили тетради и книги. a) bought b) are buying c) have bought
Exercise 14. Choose the proper English sentences which would correspond to the following Russian sentences.
1. |
Я занимаюсь каждый |
1. |
I was studying when they |
день. |
|
came. |
|
2. |
Я занимаюсь сейчас. |
2. |
I had been studying for |
3. |
Я занимаюсь уже 2 часа. |
two hours before my friends |
|
4. |
Я уже выучил урок |
came. |
|
сегодня. |
3. |
I have already studied the |
|
5. |
Я занимался английским |
lesson today. |
|
вчера. |
|
4. |
I study every day. |
6. |
Я занимался, когда они |
5. |
I will be studying when |
пришли. |
you come. |
||
7. |
Я занимался уже 2 часа, |
6. |
I have been studying for |
когда пришли мои друзья. |
two hours. |
||
8. |
Я уже выучил первый |
7. |
I am studying now. |
урок, прежде чем начал второй. |
8. |
I studied English |
|
9. |
Завтра я буду |
yesterday. |
|
заниматься. |
9. |
I will study tomorrow. |
|
10. Я буду заниматься, |
10. I had already studied |
||
когда вы придете. |
lesson one before I began to study |
||
|
|
lesson two. |
|
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Сводная таблица всех времен английского глагола в страдательном залоге
Время |
Образование |
Примеры |
Present Simple |
am/is/are+V3 |
The room is cleaned every |
|
|
day. |
Past Simple |
was/were+V3 |
The room was cleaned |
|
|
yesterday. |
Future Simple |
will be+V3 |
The room will be cleaned |
|
|
tomorrow. |
Present |
am/is/are+being+V3 |
The room is being cleaned |
Continuous |
|
at the moment. |
Past Continuous |
was/were+being+V3 |
The room was being |
|
|
cleaned when I arrived. |
Present Perfect |
have/has+been+V3 |
The room looks nice. It has |
|
|
been cleaned. |
Past Perfect |
had+been+V3 |
The room looked much |
|
|
better. It had been cleaned. |
Future Perfect |
will+have been+V3 |
The room will have been |
|
|
cleaned by 5o'clock |
|
|
tomorrow. |
Future in the |
would+be+V3 |
The room would be |
Past Simple |
|
cleaned. |
Future in the |
would+have |
The room would have been |
Past Perfect |
been+V3 |
cleaned. |
Exercise 15. Transform the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
1. People don’t use this road very often. 2. They changed the date of the meeting. 3. Somebody built this house in 1826. 4. Susan brings in the coffee. 5. They will wash the dishes. 6. Jim opened the door. 7. Pushkin wrote “Poltava” in 1828. 8. We will finish our work as soon as possible. 9. My son takes English books from the library. 10. Somebody stole my bag in the shop. 11. The boy has already packed his toys in a box. 12. The pupils are reading a book at the moment. 13. The woman listens to the radio every day. 14. The boy will be playing football from 5 till 7 o’clock next day. 15. My sister cooked dinner yesterday. 16. My father looked through these papers
32
this morning. 17. They were showing Helen the nearest way to the station.
Exercise 16. Translate into English using the Passive Voice.
1. Её отправили в больницу два дня назад. 2. Все ваши сочинения будут возвращены на будущей неделе. 3. Эту книгу взяли из библиотеки вчера. 4. На этой фабрике делают очень красивые сумки. 5. Эти письма уже написаны. 6. Этот перевод будет закончен через несколько дней. 7. Эти вопросы обсуждают сейчас.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
Modal Verbs
Глагол |
Значение |
Примеры |
Эквиваленты |
must |
1. Долженствование: |
1. You must be |
have to |
|
обязанность, приказ, |
here at 5 |
1.Долженствова |
|
внутренне |
o’clock. Вы |
ние: |
|
осознанная |
должны быть |
необходимость, |
|
необходимость, |
здесь в 5 часов. |
вызванная |
|
настоятельный |
Passengers must |
обстоятельства- |
|
совет, |
not speak to the |
ми. |
|
категорическое |
driver! |
I can’t play tennis |
|
запрещение (в |
Пассажирам |
tomorrow. I have |
|
отрицательных |
запрещается |
to go to the |
|
предложениях). |
разговаривать |
dentist. Я не |
|
2. Предположение |
с водителем! |
смогу завтра |
|
(почти уверенность). |
2. Mary must be |
играть в |
|
|
at the station |
теннис. Я |
|
|
now. Мэри |
должен идти к |
|
|
сейчас, должно |
дантисту (у |
|
|
быть, на |
меня назначен |
|
|
станции. |
прием). |
|
|
|
2. Заменяет |
|
|
|
глагол must в |
|
|
|
прошедшем |
|
|
|
времени. |
|
|
|
I was busy and I |
|
|
|
had to take a taxi. |
33
|
|
|
Я был занят и |
|
|
|
мне пришлось |
|
|
|
взять такси. |
should |
Долженствование: |
Kate should |
|
|
личный совет, |
consult a doctor. |
|
|
мнение, |
Кейт нужно |
|
|
рекомендация; |
обратиться к |
|
|
упрек, порицание. |
врачу. |
|
|
|
You should be |
|
|
|
more polite. |
|
|
|
Тебе следовало |
|
|
|
бы быть более |
|
|
|
вежливым. |
|
ought |
Долженствование: |
You ought to |
|
to |
выражение |
help your aunt. |
|
|
морального долга |
Ты должен |
|
|
или совета. |
помочь своей |
|
|
|
тете. |
|
|
|
You ought to |
|
|
|
visit your |
|
|
|
grandmother. Ты |
|
|
|
должен |
|
|
|
навещать свою |
|
|
|
бабушку. |
|
to be to |
Долженствование: |
I am to go there. |
|
|
необходимость по |
Я должен |
|
|
договоренности, |
пойти туда |
|
|
плану или приказу. |
(договорились |
|
|
|
или такое |
|
|
|
расписание). |
|
can |
1. Возможность. |
1. I can help |
be able to |
|
2. Умение, |
you. Я могу |
Способность |
|
способность. |
тебе помочь. |
или |
|
3. Разрешение |
2. I can play the |
возможность |
|
(просьба). |
piano. Я умею |
совершения |
|
4. Сомнение, |
играть на |
действия |
|
удивление, |
пианино. |
(употребляется с |
|
недоверие, |
3. Can I use |
временными |
|
невероятность. |
your pen? |
формами, в |
34
|
|
Можно я |
которых |
|
|
возьму твою |
невозможно |
|
|
ручку? |
употребление |
|
|
4. She looks so |
глагола can). |
|
|
young. She can’t |
She will be able |
|
|
be 30. Она так |
to see you |
|
|
молодо |
tomorrow. Она |
|
|
выглядит. Не |
сможет |
|
|
может быть, |
встретиться с |
|
|
что ей 30. |
тобой завтра. |
could |
1. Выражение |
1. He could read |
|
(проше |
способности/возмож |
when he was 5. |
|
дшее |
ности в общем в |
Он умел |
|
время |
прошедшем |
читать, когда |
|
глагола |
времени. |
ему было 5. |
|
can) |
2. Более вежливая |
2. Could you |
|
|
просьба. |
show us the way |
|
|
3. Предположение |
to the stadium? |
|
|
(сомнение). |
Не могли бы вы |
|
|
|
показать нам |
|
|
|
дорогу на |
|
|
|
стадион? |
|
|
|
3. Could he have |
|
|
|
translated the |
|
|
|
whole book? |
|
|
|
Неужели он |
|
|
|
перевел всю |
|
|
|
книгу? |
|
may |
1. Разрешение. |
1. May I come |
be allowed to |
|
2. Предположение с |
in? Можно |
Разрешение |
|
оттенком сомнения, |
войти? |
(заменяет глагол |
|
допускаемая |
2. He may be |
may в |
|
возможность. |
here any minute. |
прошедшем и |
|
|
Он может |
будущем |
|
|
быть здесь в |
временах). |
|
|
любую минуту. |
We will be |
|
|
|
allowed to stay at |
|
|
|
home. Нам |
|
|
|
разрешат |
35
|
|
|
остаться дома. |
might |
1. Позволение, |
1. Austin said |
|
(проше |
разрешение в |
you might take |
|
дшее |
прошедшем времени |
his diary. Остин |
|
время |
(используется |
сказал, что ты |
|
глагола |
только в |
можешь взять |
|
may) |
придаточной части |
его дневник. |
|
|
предложения). |
2. He might be |
|
|
2. Предположение |
at work. |
|
|
касательно |
Может быть, |
|
|
будущего или |
он и на работе |
|
|
настоящего |
(хотя едва ли). |
|
|
(выражает |
|
|
|
наименьшую |
|
|
|
степень |
|
|
|
вероятности). |
|
|
shall |
1. Желание получить |
1. Shall I shut |
|
|
распоряжение, |
the door? Мне |
|
|
выяснение |
закрыть дверь? |
|
|
инструкции. |
2. They shall |
|
|
2. Угроза, |
regret, if they |
|
|
предостережение. |
say this. Они |
|
|
|
пожалеют, |
|
|
|
если скажут |
|
|
|
это. |
|
need |
Необходимость |
Need John invite |
|
|
совершения |
her? Нужно ли |
|
|
действия или |
Джону |
|
|
отсутствие таковой. |
приглашать |
|
|
|
ее? |
|
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with a suitable modal verb (can or may):
1. Mary … read books in English. 2. You … take my exercisebook. I don’t need it anymore. 3. … I use your dictionary? 4. He … write poems. 5. You … find any kind of information on the Internet. 6. … I borrow your coat, please? 7. Peter … come today. 8. … I have a look at your new phone? 9. You … leave now if you want. 10. He … be in the yard right now. 11. I … drive a car. 12. You … come in.
36
13. … you swim? 14. … I ask you a question? 15. … you come to the meeting next week? 16. “Will Helen help us with the translation?” – “She … help us with it, but I’m not sure.”
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable modal verb (can/could, may/might, to be allowed to, to be able to):
1. … you do me a favour? 2. I’m sorry, you … (not) come in here. 3. The answer … give the key to the whole problem. 4. He will … to help you tomorrow. 5. Ann … be there too. But I’m not sure. 6. She … play the piano when she was four years old. 7. He … to go to school alone. He is too small. 8. … I have another sweet? 9. I … (not) write or read when I was three years old. 10. What … I do for you? 11. I … to swim across this river. 12. ... I see your ticket, please? 13. You … (not) leave the classroom without permission. 14. Penguins … (not) fly. 15. He … (not) to smoke in their house, because they have children. 16. Look over there! … you see that house in the distance? 17. … you to use your dad’s car? 18. He asked me if he … take my notebook. 19. Picasso … paint when he was one year old. 20. We … go to Greece for our holidays. We haven’t decided yet. 21. She … (not) have a ten-year old daughter. She is only twenty-five. 22. I like playing basketball, but I … (not) to play today. I have hurt my arm. 23. My little brother … count to ten. 24. According to the radio, it … rain today. 25. I … (not) remember where I lost my passport. 26. … you to go to the shop when you were a child? 27. The teacher said that everyone … join the sports section. 28. I will … to speak Spanish fluently by the end of the year. 29. He … be home already, but I don’t know exactly. 30. I … (not) find my wallet anywhere yesterday. 31. John can play the guitar, but he …
(not) to play today, because he is seriously ill.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with a suitable modal verb (must, have to):
1. You … (not) feed animals in the zoo. 2. I … to wake up at 6 o’clock yesterday. 3. People … take care of nature. 4. Children, why are you still watching TV? You … go to bed. 5. He … be on his way here. 6. Interpreters … translate without dictionaries. 7. Sorry, I’m late. I … wait for the doctor. 8. I … finish the article as soon as possible. 9. Liz doesn’t … keep a diet anymore. 10. You … (not) read in the dark. 11. My grandfather is retired so he … (not) go to work.
37
12. What time … we be at the railway station? 13. I can’t believe it! You … be joking. 14. You … (not) smoke near children. 15. The lesson starts in 5 minutes. I … go. 16. It was raining hard and we … wait until it stopped raining.
Exercise 4. Turn the following sentences into the past tense. Use the modal verbs could, had to, was to, was allowed to.
Example: Bob can’t dive. Last year Bob couldn’t dive.
1. You must show your passport here. Last night … 2. We can’t buy a new car. Last summer … 3. Mike may take my laptop for two hours. This morning … 4. Victor has to call his mother. Yesterday
… 5. You don’t need to paper the walls. Last week … 6. She is to be at the office at 9 a.m. Last Friday … 7. You must not tell lies. Last night …
Exercise 5. Turn the following sentences into the future tense. Use the modal verbs will be able to, will be allowed to, will have to.
Example: The baby can talk. Soon the baby will be able to talk. 1. He can’t get the tickets. I`m afraid … 2. You may use my
camera. Tomorrow … 3. I am to wait for him at the airport. Next
Sunday … 4. You must tell me the truth. Very soon … 5. I have to take these pills 3 times a day. Soon … 6. I can read this book in Italian. In two years …
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Таблица спряжения неправильных глаголов
Неопределен- |
Простое |
Причастие II |
Перевод на |
|
ная форма |
прошедшее |
(Past |
русский |
|
(Infinitive) |
(Past Simple) |
Participle) |
язык |
|
awake [ə'weik] |
awoke [ə'wəuk] |
awoken |
Будить |
|
|
|
[ə'wəukən] |
||
|
|
|
||
be [bi:] |
was [wɔz], were |
been [bi:n] |
Быть |
|
|
[wз:] |
|
||
|
|
|
||
beat [bi:t] |
beat [bi:t] |
beaten ['bi:tn] |
Бить |
|
become |
became |
Become |
Становиться |
|
[bi:kʌm] |
[bi:keim] |
[bi:kʌm] |
||
|
||||
begin [bi'gin] |
began [bi'gæn] |
begun [bi'gʌn] |
Начинать |
|
bite [bait] |
bit [bit] |
bitten ['bitn] |
Кусать, |
|
|
|
|
жалить |
|
break [breik] |
broke [brouk] |
broken |
Ломать |
|
|
|
['brouk(e)n] |
||
|
|
|
||
bring [briŋ] |
brought [brɔ:t] |
brought [brɔ:t] |
Приносить |
|
build [bild] |
built [bilt] |
built [bilt] |
Строить |
|
burn [bз:n] |
burnt [bз:nt] |
burnt [bз:nt] |
Гореть |
|
buy [bai] |
bought [bɔ:t] |
bought [bɔ:t] |
Покупать |
|
catch [kætʃ] |
caught [kɔ:t] |
caught [kɔ:t] |
Ловить, |
|
|
|
|
хватать, |
|
|
|
|
успеть |
|
choose [tʃu:z] |
chose [ʃəuz] |
chosen |
Выбирать |
|
|
|
[tʃəuz(ə)n] |
||
|
|
|
||
come [kʌm] |
came [keim] |
come [kʌm] |
Приходить |
|
cost [cɔst] |
cost [cɔst] |
cost [cɔst] |
Стоить |
|
cut [kʌt] |
cut [kʌt] |
cut [kʌt] |
Резать |
|
do [du:] |
did [did] |
done [dʌn] |
Делать |
|
draw [drɔ:] |
drew [dru:] |
drawn [drɔ:n] |
Рисовать, |
|
|
|
|
тащить |
|
dream [dri:m] |
dreamt [dremt] |
dreamt [dremt] |
Мечтать, |
|
|
|
|
дремать |
|
drink [driŋk] |
drank [dræŋk] |
drunk [drʌŋk] |
Пить |
|
drive [draiv] |
drove [drouv] |
driven ['drivn] |
Водить |
|
eat [i:t] |
ate [et] |
eaten ['i:tn] |
Есть |
|
fall [fɔ:l] |
fell [fel] |
fallen ['fɔ:lən] |
Падать |
39
feed [fi:d] |
fed [fed] |
fed [fed] |
Кормить |
feel [fi:l] |
felt [felt] |
felt [felt] |
Чувствовать |
fight [fait] |
fought [fɔ:t] |
fought [fɔ:t] |
Бороться |
find [faind] |
found [faund] |
found [faund] |
Находить |
fly [flai] |
flew [flu:] |
flown [floun] |
Летать |
forget [fə'get] |
forgot [fə'gɔt] |
forgotten |
Забывать |
|
|
[fə'gɔt(ə)n] |
|
|
|
|
|
forgive [fo'giv] |
forgave [fo'geiv] |
forgiven |
Прощать |
|
|
[fo'givn] |
|
|
|
|
|
get [ get ] |
got [gɔt] |
got [gɔt] |
Получать |
give [giv] |
gave [geiv] |
given [givn] |
Давать |
go [gou] |
went [went] |
gone [gɔn] |
Идти |
grow [grou] |
grew [gru:] |
grown [groun] |
Расти |
have [hæv] |
had [hæd] |
had [hæd] |
Иметь |
hear [hiə] |
heard [hз:d] |
heard [hз:d] |
Слышать |
hit [hit] |
hit [hit] |
hit [hit] |
Попадать в |
|
|
|
цель |
hurt [hз:t] |
hurt [hз:t] |
hurt [hз:t] |
Ушибить |
keep [ki:p] |
kept [kept] |
kept [kept] |
Содержать |
know [nou] |
knew [nju:] |
known [noun] |
Знать |
lay [lei] |
laid [leid] |
laid [leid] |
Класть |
lead [li:d] |
led [led] |
led [led] |
Вести |
learn [lз:n] |
learnt [lз:nt] |
learnt [lз:nt] |
Учить |
leave [li:v] |
left [left] |
left [left] |
Оставлять |
lend [lend] |
lent [lent] |
lent [lent] |
Занимать |
let [let] |
let [let] |
let [let] |
Позволять |
lie [lai] |
lay [lei] |
lain [lein] |
Лежать |
lose [lu:z] |
lost [lɔst] |
lost [lɔst] |
Терять |
make [meik] |
made [meid] |
made [meid] |
Производить |
meet [mi:t] |
met [met] |
met [met] |
Встречать |
pay [pei] |
paid [peid] |
paid [peid] |
Платить |
put [put] |
put [put] |
put [put] |
Положить |
read [ri:d] |
read [red] |
read [red] |
Читать |
ride [raid] |
rode [roud] |
ridden ['ridn] |
Ездить |
|
|
|
верхом |
ring [riŋ] |
rang [ræŋ] |
rung [rʌŋ] |
Звенеть |
rise [raiz] |
rose [rouz] |
risen ['rizn] |
Подниматься |
run [rʌŋ] |
ran [ræŋ] |
run [rʌŋ] |
Бежать |
40