Грамматика английского языка в таблицах (начальный этап обучения). Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов средне-специальных учебных заведений
.pdf
Двойные степени |
old |
older старее, |
the oldest |
сравнения |
старый |
старше |
самый |
|
|
|
старый |
|
|
|
|
|
|
elder старший |
the eldest |
|
|
|
самый |
|
|
|
старший |
|
far |
farther более |
the farthest |
|
далекий |
далекий, |
самый |
|
|
дальше |
далекий |
|
|
further а)более |
the furthest |
|
|
далекий, |
самый |
|
|
дальше; б) |
далекий |
|
|
дальнейший, |
|
|
|
дополнитель- |
|
|
|
ный |
|
|
near |
nearer ближе |
the nearest |
|
близкий |
|
ближайший |
|
|
|
the next |
|
|
|
a)следующий |
|
|
|
(по порядку); |
|
|
|
б)будущий (по |
|
|
|
времени) |
|
late |
later позже |
the latest |
|
поздний |
|
последний (по |
|
|
|
времени |
|
|
latter последний |
появления) |
|
|
(из двух) |
the last |
|
|
|
а)последний |
|
|
|
(по порядку); |
|
|
|
б)прошлый |
|
|
|
(по времени) |
Exercise 1. Form the Comparative and Superlative of the adjectives.
Tall, old, long, lucky, expensive, young, big, little, wonderful, thin, fat, exciting, pretty, much, warm, happy, beautiful, nice, noisy, small, interesting, hot, fast, large, easy, modern, near, difficult, far, low, cheap, hard, funny, serious, quiet, strong, comfortable, good, bad.
11
Exercise 2. Put in the right form of the adjective.
1. He is (good) pupil in our class. 2. Ann is (beautiful) than Mary. 3. Jill is (pretty) girl I know. 4. Peter is (tall) than James. 5. I am (old) of the family. 6. This chair is (comfortable) than that chair. 7. Summer is (warm) than winter. 8. Winter is (cold) of the four seasons. 9. London is (big) than Manchester. 10. They are (noisy) boys in the yard. 11. I am (lucky) than you. 12. Who is (young) of her brothers and sisters? 13. Tom is (small) of the family. 14. Lucille is (slim) than she was a year ago. 15. I think I am (happy) man in the world. 16. Winter in London is (foggy) than in Paris. 17. Boys are always (noisy) than girls. 18. The plane is (fast) than the train. 19. I think I am (bad) dancer in the world.
Местоимение The Pronoun
Личные |
Притяжательные |
Возвратные |
||
местоимения |
местоимения |
местоимения |
||
Personal Pronouns |
Possessive Pronouns |
|
||
Имени- |
Объект- |
Основная |
Абсолютная |
Единственное |
тельный |
ный |
форма (перед |
форма (без |
число +self |
падеж |
падеж |
существитель |
существитель |
множествен- |
|
|
ными) |
ного) |
ное число |
|
|
|
|
+selves |
I |
me |
my |
mine |
myself |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourself/selves |
he |
him |
his |
his |
himself |
she |
her |
her |
hers |
herself |
it |
it |
its |
its |
itself |
we |
us |
our |
ours |
ourselves |
they |
them |
their |
theirs |
themselves |
Exercise 1. Put in the personal pronouns.
1. Molly is very nice. … is my best friend. 2. Jack and Tom aren’t English. … are from Sydney. 3. Greg is my brother. … is 25 years old. 4. Robert and Alison are married. … have three children. 5. Emily is 19 years old. … is a student. 6. This is Maria. … is having
12
lunch in the canteen. 7. Look at the children! … are playing football in the snow. 8. John is my friend. … likes playing football. 9. I have a cat. … is very fluffy.
Exercise 2. Put in the personal pronouns.
1. Who is that lady? Why are you looking at …? 2. Do you know that young handsome man? Yes, I study with … . 3. Please, listen to
…. I want to express my point of view. 4. These puppies are so nice! Do you want to look at …? 5. We like this house. We’re going to buy
…. 6. Jack is hungry. Bring … a sandwich. 7. He can’t see … because we are sitting in the last row. 8. Ann is ill. Take … these flowers. 9. Where are the keys to our flat? I can’t find … . 10. Where is Ann? I want to talk to … . 11. Fred and Jane are in the country. Write … a letter. 12. This snake is poisonous. I`m very afraid of … . 13. I’m thirsty. Bring … a bottle of Coca Cola. 14. Don’t wait for … for dinner. I’ll return very late at night. 15. Jimmy is in the class. Give
…this book. 16. He left Moscow long ago. I haven’t seen … since then. 17. The children are hungry. Bring … these red apples. 18. You can fully rely on … . We won’t let you down. 19. Alan is at home.
Ask … to come to the yard. 20. We are at the table. Give … tea and cakes. 21. He is quite right. I agree with … completely. 22. Who is it?
– It’s … . May I come in? 23. Where shall … meet, Bob? 24. Jack took the book and opened … .
Exercise 3. Put in the possessive pronouns.
1.I left … car in the garage. 2. Mary hung … coat on the peg.
3.Neil and David ate … supper. 4. I hope you enjoy … holiday. 5. We invite you to … house. 6. Every dog has … own special basket to sleep in. 7. You should wash … hands and face before dinner. 8. We like … teacher. 9. Look! The kitten is playing with … tail. 10. My mother is a doctor. She likes … work. 11. I have … own room.
13
Предлоги Prepositions
Предлоги места
Предлог |
Значение |
Примеры |
in |
в (местоположение в |
in the room, in Paris, |
|
отдельном пространстве) |
in the picture |
inside |
внутри, в (местоположение |
inside the house, |
|
внутри предмета) |
inside the box |
outside |
вне, за пределами |
outside the door |
at |
на, у, при, за |
at the table, at the |
|
(местоположение в |
station, at work |
|
определенной точке) |
|
on |
на (местоположение на |
on the table, on the |
|
горизонтальной или |
wall, on the first floor |
|
вертикальной поверхности) |
|
by |
у, при, около |
by the river, by the |
|
|
car |
near |
возле, у, около |
near the lake |
next to |
рядом, около |
next to the fireplace, |
|
|
next to the window |
beside |
рядом с, около, близ |
beside the sea |
under |
под |
under the bed, under |
|
|
the chair |
below |
ниже, под |
below the surface, |
|
|
below zero |
over |
над, выше |
over our heads |
above |
над |
above water |
between |
между (местоположение |
between the beds, |
|
между двумя предметами) |
between two |
|
|
countries |
among |
среди, между |
among my friends, |
|
(местоположение между |
among all children |
|
несколькими предметами) |
|
in front of |
перед |
in front of the TV-set |
behind |
за, сзади, позади |
behind the tree, |
|
|
behind the sofa |
around |
вокруг |
around the house |
14
Предлоги направления
Предлог |
Значение |
Примеры |
to |
к, в (направление) |
to London, go to bed, |
|
|
to the theatre |
into |
в (внутрь) |
into the bag |
onto |
на (на поверхность чего- |
onto the desk |
|
либо) |
|
off |
от, с (удаление с |
off the table, to fall off |
|
поверхности) |
a tree |
out of |
из (движение за какие-либо |
out of the house |
|
пределы) |
|
from |
от, из (отправная точка, |
from Moscow, from |
|
исходный пункт) |
the garden |
up |
вверх по |
up the hill, up the |
|
|
steps |
down |
вниз по, вдоль по |
down the river |
along |
вдоль, по |
along the street, |
|
|
along the corridor |
through |
через, сквозь |
through the forest, |
|
|
through the crowd |
over |
через (поверх) |
over the fence |
across |
1.через, сквозь |
1.across the field |
|
2.поперек |
2.A tree lay across |
|
|
the road. |
past |
мимо |
past the house |
towards |
к, по направлению к |
towards the door |
|
Предлоги времени |
|
|
|
|
Предлог |
Значение |
Примеры |
at |
1.в (в часах) |
1.at 5 o’clock |
|
2.в (возраст) |
2.at the age of 25 |
in |
1.в (в месяцах, временах |
1.in April, in summer, |
|
года, в годах) |
in 1995 |
|
2.через |
2. in two hours, in ten |
|
|
minutes |
on |
в (в днях) |
on the 6th of May, on |
|
|
Sunday |
15
from |
с, от |
from 10 o’clock a.m. |
|
|
|
to |
до (до какого-то момента) |
from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. |
|
|
|
till |
до (до какого-то момента) |
till Friday, till next |
|
|
week |
before |
перед, до |
before our era, before |
|
|
Christmas |
after |
после |
after the lesson, after |
|
|
spring |
since |
от, с, с какого-то момента |
since Monday, since |
|
(точка отсчёта) |
childhood |
about |
около, приблизительно |
about 2 hours |
|
|
|
for |
в течение конкретно |
for 3 days, for 5 years |
|
указанного (в днях, в |
|
|
годах) периода времени |
|
during |
во время, в течение |
during the holidays |
|
периода времени, |
|
|
выраженного |
|
|
существительным |
|
by |
к (приближение к |
by 4 o’clock p.m., by |
|
определенному моменту, |
Thursday |
|
сроку) |
|
within |
не далее (как), не позднее, |
within a year, within |
|
в течение, за |
a month |
past |
после (в часах) |
five minutes past six |
|
Другие предлоги |
|
|
|
|
Предлог |
Значение |
Примеры |
about |
1.о, об (относительно) |
1.about him, about |
|
2.около, приблизительно |
her work |
|
|
2.about 200 people |
of |
служит для выражения |
the students of this |
|
родительного падежа |
group |
|
(кого? чего?) |
|
by |
служит для выражения |
the poem written by |
|
творительного падежа |
Pushkin |
16
|
(кем?) |
|
with |
1. с, вместе |
1.with me |
|
2. служит для выражения |
2.We write with pens. |
|
творительного падежа |
|
|
(чем?) |
|
for |
для |
for you, for my life |
besides |
кроме, вдобавок, помимо |
There were 5 boys in |
|
|
the room besides me. |
except |
кроме, за исключением |
Everybody likes it |
|
|
except me. |
over |
свыше, сверх, больше |
over five millions, |
|
|
over fifty years old |
Exercise 1. Fill in the prepositions: in, on, at, to.
1. Students have their vacations … summer. Some of them go … the South. They like swimming … the sea. They go … the beach early in the morning. I like to lie … the sun. … rainy days I go … the library and read books or magazines. 2. … the first of September the children go … school. They don’t go … school … their days off. They stay … home or they go … the country. If it is still warm … September, I often go … the forest. 3. … winter the weather is often cold. 4. My friend’s birthday is … the fourth of April. 5. I will finish my work … half an hour, … 8 o’clock.
Exercise 2. Fill in the prepositions: at, on, in.
1.We have holidays … July. 2. I was born … the 25th of March.
3.… last year they had a baby. 4. I should be there … 6 p.m. 5. Mike had a great party … his birthday. 6. He works out … the morning every day. 7. Where is your bag? – It’s … my car. 8. There were a lot of interesting people … the party. 9. My mother works … the university. 10. I left my keys … home. 11. These butterflies were grown … Africa. 12. My friend lives … the first floor.
Exercise 3. Fill in the prepositions: about, in, at, with, to, of, for, on.
1. My sister will arrive … the station … 9 o’clock … the morning. 2. Look … that beautiful photo … my baby daughter. 3. I’m hungry. What’s … lunch today? 4. This is the highest mountain … the
17
world. 5. What do you usually do … weekends? 6. We are going … the party … Saturday. 7. I bought a new pair … sunglasses … the chemist’s. 8. What do you know … Scotland? 9. The postman came … a letter … my dad. 10. Did you speak … the boss … your salary? 11. Sam lives … home … his mother. 12. Can you help me … my drawing? - … course I can. 13. I met my future husband … a queue … the bus stop. 14. Justin is … Kristy’s house. 15. The diagram is … page 76 … the left.
Exercise 4. Fill in the prepositions: in, on, at, for, since, during.
1. She has been in Africa … February. 2. Dan has had his design studio … several years. 3. The fishing season starts … a couple of weeks. 4. The kids worked on a farm … their summer holidays. 5. My car will be ready … 3 days. 6. My sister’s birthday is … September. 7. I am often very tired … Friday evenings. 8. It’s too cold here … winter. 9. I got my driving license … 2004 … the age of 23. 10. We always visit our parents … Sunday.
Глагол The Verb
Сводная таблица всех времен английского глагола в действительном залоге
Время |
Примеры |
Показатели времени |
Present Simple |
I work |
Every day, always, usually |
Past Simple |
I worked |
Yesterday, last…, …ago |
Future Simple |
I will work |
Tomorrow, next … |
Present Continuous |
I am working |
Now, at the moment |
Past Continuous |
I was working |
At 5o’clock yesterday |
Future Continuous* |
I will be working |
At 5o’clock tomorrow |
Present Perfect |
I have worked |
Ever,yet,just;today;since,for |
Past Perfect |
I had worked |
By 5o’clock yesterday |
Future Perfect* |
I will have worked |
By 5o’clock tomorrow |
Present Perfect |
I have been |
For, since |
Continuous |
working |
|
18
Past Perfect |
I had been |
For, since |
Continuous* |
working |
|
Future Perfect |
I will have been |
For, since |
Continuous* |
working |
|
Future in the Past |
I would work |
|
Simple* |
|
|
Future in the Past |
I would be |
|
Continuous* |
working |
|
Future in the Past |
I would have |
|
Perfect* |
worked |
|
Future in the Past |
I would have been |
|
Perfect |
working |
|
Continuous* |
|
|
Примечание.
Звездочкой помечены редко используемые времена английского глагола.
Употребление времен английского глагола
Времена группы Simple (Indefinite)
The Present Simple Tense (настоящее простое время)
Образование
Утвердительная |
Отрицательная |
Вопросительная |
||||||
|
форма |
|
форма |
|
форма |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
work |
I |
do not work |
Do |
I |
|
work? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
he |
|
works |
he |
does not |
Does |
he |
|
|
she |
|
|
she |
work |
|
she |
|
|
it |
|
|
it |
|
|
it |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
we |
|
work |
we |
do not work |
Do |
we |
|
|
you |
|
|
you |
|
|
you |
|
|
they |
|
|
they |
|
|
they |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19
Употребление
Употребление |
Примеры |
Показатели |
|
|
времени |
1.Общеизвестный факт, |
The earth goes round |
Always, |
истина. |
the sun. |
usually, |
|
|
normally, |
2.Обычное и регулярно |
I work in a bank. She |
often, |
повторяющееся действие, |
gets up at 7 o’clock |
sometimes, |
относящееся к настоящему |
every morning. |
seldom, |
времени. |
I don’t often drink tea. |
never; every |
|
|
day |
3.Решенное действие в |
The train arrives in |
(morning, |
будущем (по расписанию). |
London at 13.45. |
week, |
|
|
month, year, |
|
|
Monday). |
4.Действие, совершающееся в |
Do you like London? |
|
данный момент, для глаголов, |
He doesn’t |
|
не употребляющихся во |
understand. |
|
временах группы Continuous. |
I see a beautiful |
|
|
flower. |
|
|
|
|
The Past Simple Tense (прошедшее простое время)
Образование
Утвердительная |
Отрицательная |
Вопросительная |
|||||
|
форма |
|
форма |
|
форма |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
worked |
I |
did not work |
Did |
I |
work? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
he |
|
worked |
he |
did not work |
Did |
he |
|
she |
|
|
she |
|
|
she |
|
it |
|
|
it |
|
|
it |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
we |
|
worked |
we |
did not work |
Did |
we |
|
you |
|
|
you |
|
|
you |
|
they |
|
|
they |
|
|
they |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20
