Английский язык. Профессиональная лексика для юриста. Учебное пособие

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Future Continuous

Слова-указатели

now, at this time, at this

at that time,

at 4 o’clock tomorrow

moment, all day/the whole day

at 6 o’clock yesterday, the whole day

at this time tomorrow

yesterday, then, while, when he came

the whole day tomorrow,

when he comes

Утвердительная

am, is, are + working

was/were + working

shall be+working

форма

She is watching TV.

She was watching TV all evening.

will be

She will be watching TV all evening

tomorrow.

Отрицательная

am (is, are) not + working

was/were not + working

will not (won’t) + be working

форма

She isn’t cooking now.

She wasn’t cooking at 2 o’clock.

She won’t be cooking anything for supper

this evening.

Вопросительная

Are you reading now? – Yes,

Was he working at 5 yesterday?

Will you be working at 2 tomorrow?

форма

I am.

What are you reading?

When was he working in the library?

When will he be working at his report?

Слова-указатели

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Future Perfect

already, just, ever, never,

by that time, by 5 o’clock yesterday, by

by this time tomorrow, by then,

yet, today, lately, this year

the end of last year, after, before he came;

by 6 o’clock tomorrow, until,

(week, month), since, for

no sooner… than, scarcely/hardly…

by the end of next year; before he comes

when

Утвердительная

have

+ done

had + done

shall

have + done

форма

has

will

I have just spoken to the

No sooner had I come home than the

I’ll have written the report by tomorrow.

dean.

telephone rang. (Не успел … как; как

только)

Отрицательная форма

have

not + done

had not + done

shall

not have + done

has

will

I haven’t seen you for

He hadn’t got any information before

I won’t have moved into a new flat until I’ve

ages.

I left.

saved enough money for new furniture.

Вопросительная

I (we)

have done

форма

I,we

I, he, she

Shall

+

it by

Have you + done it?

Have we, you + done it?

Will

you (he,

tomorrow?

they

she, they)

they

he

By what time had he returned home?

By what time will it have stopped raining?

Has {she + asked her?

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous

Слова-указатели

for (five hours)

since (morning, last year, we finished school, 5 o’clock)

Утвердительная форма

have/has been working

had been working

will have been working

Отрицательная ворма

have not/has not been working

had not been working

won’t have been working

Вопросительная форма

How long have you been working

How long had you been

How long will you have been

here?

studying English before you

studying English before you pass

finished school?

your final exam?

Future-in-the Past. Будущее в прошедшем

The Future Indefinite in the Past

should/would write

The Future Continuous in the Past

should/would be writing

The Future Perfect in the Past

should/would have written

The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

should/would have been writing

would learn English.

He said that he

would be learning English at 5 o’clock (when I came).

would have learnt English by the end of the course.

would have been learning English for two years before he passed it.

Продолжение табл.

to have (to)

Необходимость, вызванная

have/has to,

had to,

shall/will have to…

какими-то обстоятельствами. Пе-

do not have to,

did not have to

You will have to tell him about it.

ревод: должен, приходится

doesn’t have to

Did you have to go

Do you have to get up early?

there? – Yes, I did.

to be (to)

Необходимость в соответствии с

am

was (were) to meet

am

договоренностью, планом, распи-

is +to meet

We were to meet here.

is +to meet

санием.

are

are

Need, needn’t

Необходимость

или отсутствие

needn’t come

needn’t have come

needn’t come

необходимости

выполнить дей-

ствие. Перевод: нужно, не нужно,

You needn’t go there.

You needn’t have

gone

не нужно было

there yesterday.

Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в настоящем или буду-

says

she lives in Minsk.

щем времени, то в дополнительном придаточном предложении глагол будет

He

that

she lived in Minsk.

стоять в том времени, которое требуется по смыслу.

will say

she will live in Minsk.

Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем време-

He said (that)

she lived in Minsk.

ни, то в придаточном предложении глагол должен стоять в одном из про-

she had lived in Minsk.

шедших времен.

she would live in Minsk

Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported Speech). Прямая и косвенная речь

При преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную необходимо произвести следующие изменения:

1. Если прямая

a) употребить союз that (его можно опустить);

речь – повествова-

b) изменить местоимения в зависимости от смысла;

тельное предложе-

c) изменить времена глаголов в соответствии с правилом согласования времен, если глагол-сказуемое в главном

ние, то нужно:

предложении стоит в прошедшем времени:

Present Indefinite

→

Past Indefinite

go/goes

went

Past Indefinite

→

Past Perfect

went

had gone

Future Indefinite

→

Future Indefinite-in-the Past

shall/will go

should/would go

Present Continuous

→

Past Continuous

am/is/are going

was/were going

Past Continuous

→

Past Perfect Continuous

was/were going

had been going

Future Continuous

→

Future Continuous-in-the Past

will be going

would be going

Present Perfect

→

Past Perfect

has/have gone

had gone

Past Perfect

↔

Past Perfect

had gone

had gone

Future Perfect

→

Future Perfect-in-the Past

will have gone

would have gone

Present Perfect Continuous

→

Past Perfect Continuous

have/has been going

had been going

Past Perfect Continuous

↔

Past Perfect Continuous

had been going

had been going

Future Perfect Continuous

→

Future Perfect Continuous-in-the

will have been going

Past

would have been going

d) глагол say, за которым следует дополнение, заменить глаголом tell (без предлога to);

e) заменить наречия места и времени:

now – then, today – that day, tomorrow – the next day, yesterday – the day before, ago – before, here – there, this

year/these days – that year/those days, this (pen) – the (pen)

Mother said to me, “ I bought this book for you yesterday”.

Mother told me (that) she had bought the book for me the day before.

2. Если прямая

a) употребить союзы if или whether (ли);

речь – общие во-

b) порядок слов вопросительного предложения заменить на прямой, соблюдая правило согласования времен.

просы, то нужно:

Произвести все другие требуемые изменения, указанные выше.

He asked me, “Have you spent your holiday in the South this year?”

He asked me whether I had spent my holiday in the South that year.

3. Если прямая

a) вопросительное слово употребить в качестве союза;

речь – специаль-

b) порядок слов вопросительного предложения заменить порядком слов повествовательного предложения, соблю-

ные вопросы, то

дая при этом правило согласования времен и другие требуемые изменения.

нужно:

She said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”

She asked me where I had gone the day before.

4. Если прямая

а) глагол повелительного наклонения заменить инфинитивом.

речь – повелитель-

b) глагол say заменить глаголом tell или order (при выражении приказания) и глаголом ask (при выражении

ное наклонение, то

просьбы)

нужно:

She said to me, “Don’t ring me up today as I will be very busy”.

She asked me not to ring her up that day as she would be very busy.