Английский язык для юристов. Учебное пособие [для студентов специальности 40.02.04 «Юриспруденция»]
.pdf4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.
1)действующие нормы права
2)отрасли и институты права
3)существующая система общественных отношений
4)в соответствии с основными признаками
5)почти все страны
6)международное право
7)история человечества
8)правовые семьи
9)современные правовые системы
10)обладать индивидуальностью
11)кодекс Наполеона
12)попытки классифицировать системы
13)быть сгруппированным по (различным признакам)
14)смешанное или плюралистическое право
15)определяться социальными отношениями
16)быть систематизированным внутри страны.
5. Используя следующие словосочетания, задайте друг другу
10 вопросов по тексту и ответьте на них.
Hundreds of , various attempts, have been grouped, legal families, modelled upon, civil law, common law, religious law, customary law, mixed law, international law.
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UNIT 7
CIVIL LAW AND СOMMON LAW SYSTEMS
TEXT 1
CIVIL LAW
1.Прочитайте текст. Назовите основные источники гражданского права, указанные в тексте.
Civil Law (Roman-Germanic legal family) is the most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries. Also referred to as European continental law, the civil law system is derived mainly from the Roman ‘Corpus Juris Civilus’, (Body of Civil Law), a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled under the Roman Emperor Justinian I between A.D. 528 and 565.
The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes. The main sources of civil law are principally legislation – especially codifications in constitutions or statutes enacted by governments – and secondarily, custom. The civil law systems in some countries are based on more than one code.
2.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.
1) основываться на нескольких кодексах
2)наиболее распространенный вид
3)основной источник
4)основная черта
5)римский император
6)называться континентальным правом
3. Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие следующим определениям.
1.Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and implemented by courts.
2.An official set of laws or regulations.
3.To come from something, to appear somewhere and then to develop into something.
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4.What someone thinks about the meaning of a law or precedent?
5.Used or enforced in different ways.
TEXT 2
COMMON LAW
4. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
1.Why is common law called “English”?
2.Why are so many countries influenced by common law?
Common Law (Anglo-Saxon legal family) is a type of legal system, often synonymous with “English common law”, which is the system of England and Wales in the UK. It is also in force in approximately 80 countries which were a part of or greatly influenced by the former British Empire. The English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as systems imposed by early conquerors including the Romans,Anglo-Saxons, and Normans.
Some legal scholars attribute the formation of the English common law system to King Henry II (r. 1154-1189). Until the time of his reign, laws customary were administered locally. Henry II, having established the King’s court, designated that laws were “common” to the entire England.
The foundation of English common law is “legal precedent” – referred to as stare decisis (Lat), meaning “to stand by things decided”. In the English common law system, court judges are bound in their decisions in large part by the rules and other doctrines developed by the judges of earlier English courts. These rules were supplemented or amended over time.
5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.
1)дополнить или исправить
2)основа общего права
3)доктрины, созданные судьями
4)быть ограниченным в своих решениях
5)ученые-юристы
6)являться синонимом
7)приписывать создание кому-либо
8)бывшая Британская империя
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6.Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие следующим определениям.
a) the country which was running half of the world during several centuries.
b) the religious book of Christians.
c) group of people or military troops who attack foreign territories in order to join them to their lands.
d) period of time when a King or a Queen is running the state.
e) something (such as a judgment) which has happened earlier than the present and which can be a guide to what should be done in the present case.
7.Укажите, какие предложения содержат информацию из
текста.
Common law was derived from customs of continental countries. Common law is a synonym to precedent law.
Common law is widely spread in many countries. English common law is influenced by the Bible.
Laws were administered universally all over England before the reign of Henry II. The King’s court designed that laws were common for the whole country.
The source of English common law is the precedent. Common law is stable and can’t be amended or changed.
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UNIT 8
LEGAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA
Vocabulary
1.to be defined according to — быть определенным в соответствии с
2.to borrow much from — здесь: унаследовать много от
3.to follow this path — идти этим путем
4.to come back to the roots — вернуться к своим корням
5.to be closer to something — быть ближе к чему-либо
6.to fit something — полностью соответствовать
7.to put together a case file — формировать дело
8.inquisitional system — система расследования
9.to bring up a sentence — вынести приговор
10.adversarial proceedings — состязательный процесс
1. Прочитайте текст и скажите, к какой правовой системе следует отнести Россию.
While establishing its legal system Russia has passed several stages which can be defined according to their historical periods.
Before the socialist revolution (1917) Russian law system borrowed much from German legal system and formally could be included into the German sub-branch of the continental law. After the October Revolution Soviet lawyers decided to find their own unique way in law and followed this path for at least 75 years, they tried to find their own identity and to create Soviet socialist law in Russia. After these attempts failed, Russia tried to come back to its roots, i.e., to the European system of law.
Therefore, from the formal point of view the Russian law system is closer to the RomanGerman law than to the Anglo-American one. It has many features of European continental law but we cannot say that it fully fits it. Modern post-soviet Russian legal system obtains its individual approaches to various aspects of law.
As Russia’s legal system is based on a civil law system, influenced by Roman law, its emphasis is made on codification. All decisions are based on the foundation of statutes and codes rather than judicial precedent, as it is evident in common law. It is brightly demonstrated, for example, in criminal
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law. As in other civil law countries, the pretrial investigation in Russia is the dominant phase in the criminal process. In this part of the process, a judicial official of the state puts together a case file which contains all evidence of the case and then comes the court which holds an active role in determining case facts, using a more inquisitional system and bringing up a sentence.
2.Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующим
cловосочетаниям на русском языке.
1)содержать доказательства
2)вынести приговор
3)досудебная стадия
4)заимствовать из
5)потерпеть неудачу
6)полностью соответствовать
7)иметь собственные подходы
3.Найдите в тексте словосочетания, соответствующие следующим определениям.
a) a legal system where two advocates represent their parties’ positions before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth of the case. This system is generally adopted in common law countries. An exception, for instance in the U.S., can be made for minor violations, such as traffic offenсes.
b) a legal system, opposed to the previous one, which has a judge (or a group of judges who work together) whose task is to investigate the case and bring up a sentence. It is widely spread in Europe among some civil law systems (i.e. those deriving from Roman law or the Napoleonic Code).
4.Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя следующие формулы речевого общения.
– I really think that ...
– I’m sure that ...
– In my opinion …
– I disagree that …
– I consider it to be absolutely wrong …
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–I can prove that it is …
–It can’t be true/false because …
1)Russia in the 18th century was greatly influenced by German legal
system.
2)Soviet lawyers followed common way of creating the legal system.
3)Modern legal system of the RF is much closer to Continental law than to Anglo-American one.
4)Emphasis is made on codification in Russian law system.
5)The pretrial stage of investigation is not of great importance as the court one.
5. Письменно переведите следующий текст:
TEXT 2
THE UNITED KINGDOM. COMMON LAW
Vocabulary
1.to contain something — содержать что-либо
2.to form something — образовывать что-либо
3.to relate to the political instability — быть связанным с политической нестабильностью
4.to retain distinctions — сохранить различия
5.to be binding — быт обязательным
6.to incorporate something — включать в себя что-то
7.to ensure certainty and consistency — обеспечить определенность
иустойчивость
8.to be flexible — быть гибким
9.to be derived from — происходить
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland contains three major legal systems which have been developed through ages. The three systems, each with their own legal rules, courts and legal professions, are based geographically. These are systems of England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.
England and Wales. These two areas form one jurisdiction. The national courts (High Court, Court of Appeal and House of Lords) are based
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in London, but there are local courts (Magistrates' Courts and County Courts) throughout the country and the Crown Court has many locations.
Northern Ireland. It has some unusual features in its system, which is centered in Belfast. Many relate to the political instability and violence which has taken place in the region since its establishment. One such feature is the absence of a jury in "terrorist" trials. But the legal system of Northern Ireland has otherwise grown very similar to that of England and Wales.
Scotland. It had its own system of laws and courts (based in Edinburgh) before its union with England and Wales in 1707. The Acts of Union of 1707 expressly allowed these to continue, and so Scotland retains many distinctions from the English system. It should be noted that the United Kingdom has incorporated the legal system of the European Union since 1972.
The legal systems within the United Kingdom were based largely on judge-made law since the 17th century. The law developed through decisions made by judges and was called “case law” or “common law” (common to all courts of the country). Since that time, new laws and law reforms have increasingly been brought about through Acts of Parliament, usually inspired by policies of the Government.
Even so, the development of case law still remains an important source of law. A statement of law made by a judge in a case can become binding on later judges and can in this way become the law for everyone to follow.
Precedent has a very important role in the common law. It ensures certainty and consistency and logical progression and development in the law. Many countries (especially in Continental Europe) prefer a codified system in which laws are set out in legislation and cases which apply them may be illustrative but do not become binding. Nevertheless, the common law does have advantages over codified systems - it is more flexible, it is more practical as it is derived from real life dramas played out before the courts.
6.Прочитайте текст и определите различия между Британской
иАмериканской правовой системами
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TEXT 3
THE US LAW
Vocabulary
1.island possessions — островные владения
2.to define the division between something — определить деление на
3.to claim independence — требовать независимость
4.to shift — сдвигать, перемещать
5.to retain substantial legal authority — сохранить существенные правовые полномочия
6.to outline the general structure — определить общую структуру
7.to lack something — здесь: быть в недостатке
It is a type of common law, which is the basis of the legal system of the United States and that of its island possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. This legal system has several layers, more than in most other countries, and defined the division between federal and state law. The United States was founded not as one nation but as a union of 13 colonies, each claiming independence from the British Crown. The US Constitution, implemented in 1789, began shifting power away from the states and toward the federal government, though the states today retain substantial legal authority.
US law draws its authority from four sources: constitutional law, statutory law, administrative regulations, and case law.
Constitutional law is based on the US Constitution and serves as the supreme federal law. Taken together with those of the state constitutions, these documents outline the general structure of the federal and state governments and provide the rules and limits of power.
US statutory law is legislation enacted by the US Congress and is codified in the United States Code. The 50 state legislatures have similar authority to enact state statutes.
Administrative law is the authority delegated to federal and state executive agencies.
Case law, also referred to as common law, covers areas where constitutional or statutory law is lacking. Case law is a collection of judicial decisions, customs, and general principles that began in England centuries ago, that were adopted in America at the time of the Revolution, and that continue to develop today
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TEXT 4
THE COMPARATIVE LAW
Vocabulary
1.comparative law — сравнительное право
2.applicability of laws — применимость законов
3.world trade — мировая торговля
4.intergovernmental organization — межправительственная организация
5.to simplify rules — упростить правила
7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
1.Why do you think the comparative law is so necessary?
2.Do you agree that the law needs to be uniformed?
3.Сan you imagine the possibility of creating the unique world law
system?
This law is a newly made one and studies differences and similarities between different jurisdictions, including civil-law systems, common-law systems and religious (or theological) legal systems.
Comparative law has become of increasing practical importance for two reasons. First, the globalization of world trade means that commercial lawyers are often required to work with colleagues and clients from unfamiliar jurisdictions. The second reason is the increasing harmonization (or unification) of laws between previously separate jurisdictions, as with the European Union and the Union of SouthAmerican Nations.
This kind of law is closely related to private international law and the harmonization of law. Private international law concerns the applicability of laws in situations involving other jurisdictions. Harmonization of law developed out of a need to simplify these rules, both at a national level and between sovereign states.
One more aspect of comparative law is the idea of uniform law. There are two main sources of international uniform law: The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCC) and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). The Hague Conference, a global intergovernmental organization with over 60 member states, is the leading
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