Английский язык для логопедов. Учебно-методическое пособие

3. Answer the questions:

1.What are the main elements of life that every person should follow?

2.What are the benefits of sports activities?

3.What are some examples of sports equipment that make sports activities more attractive and efficient?

4.What are some examples of places where sports activities can be done?

5.What are some examples of audio training cassettes that allow you to play sports at home?

6.What are some of the most popular sports in Britain?

7.What is cricket and where is it often played?

8.What is the most popular game in Britain?

9.What is the chief spectator sport in British life?

10.What are some other popular sports in Britain?

11.Are there any winter sports in England?

12.What is the role of sports in organizing a healthy lifestyle?

4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the text.

1. A healthy lifestyle includes proper __________, regular exercise, and adequate rest.

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2.Many people find sports __________ such as treadmills and exercise bikes useful for home workouts.

3.Regular physical activity can improve __________, help maintain a healthy weight, and boost mood.

4.Thanks to the sport, _____ are burned, _____ strengthen, a ____ appears, the figure looks slim and fit.

5.The chief spectator sport in British life is _______.

6.In Britain winter is a good season for _______.

5.Read and translate the text:

Text B

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games is an international sports competition held every four years, alternating between the Summer and Winter Games. Thousands of athletes from over 200 countries compete in a variety of individual and team sports.

The Games have a rich history. The ancient Greeks first had the idea of getting men together every four years to hold and witness sporting events (in those days women did not participate, though they had their own, independent, events). The idea was to have the best athletes from all over Greece gather in one field and compete every four years. All wars and fighting had to stop while the athletes and their supporters came together in the town of Olympia for a few days to compete in a few events, mostly related to warfare (throwing the javelin, running, wrestling, boxing and chariot racing).

The first written reference to the Games is 776 BC. They lasted until 389 AD. The idea of having the modern Games was suggested in the mid 19th century but they weren't a world event until 1896. Besides being postponed because of wars, they have been held since then every four years in different cities around the world.

The ancient Games had only a few events. Foot racing was in every game and each race had a variety of lengths - the longest being the marathon named after the Greek city and famous battle. The pentathlon had five events (running, jumping, wrestling, discus throwing and javelin throwing) which were all scored together. Three pentathlon events were important and popular enough to have their own events. Wrestling, discus throwing and the javelin were all recorded in the Homeric poems and were seen as vital for all men to be skilled in. Boxing was one of the oldest events and was written about by Homer. Finally there was the pancration, a combination of boxing and wrestling and various events with horse racing.

Today, of course, there are many more events. The chart below lists the most popular modern events in the Summer and Winter Olympics:

The following summer sports have been recently recognized and are now legitimate events: air sports; automobile; bandy; billiards; boules; bowling; bridge; chess; dancesport; golf; karate; korfball; life saving; motorcycle racing; mountaineering and climbing; netball; orienteering; polo; racquetball; roller sports; rugby; squash; surfing; tug of war; underwater sports; water skiing; wushu.

The Games have a significant global audience, with over 1 billion people watching on TV. The Olympics have a set of important symbols, including the five rings on the Olympic flag, which represent the five continents. The event has evolved over time, with new sports being added to the program, and it is often regarded as the world's foremost sports competition.

6.Make up 5 questions on the text.

7.Make up 6 true or false sentences on the text.

8.Speak about the Winter Olympic Games held in Sochi in 2014.

UNIT 12

MODERN MEDICINE. DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS

Условные предложения

1.Questions for discussion:

1.Do you know the symptoms of COVID 19?

2.How often do you catch a cold?

3.Do you know any nontraditional methods of treatment? Are they effective?

4.Do you visit doctors for preventive examination?

2.Read and translate the text:

Text A

Modern Medicine

Modern medicine has its roots in Ancient Greece, where a practising physician was the widely accepted father of modern medicine.

A true visionary, despite living well over 2,000 years ago in Ancient Greece, Hippocrates (460 - 375 BCE) profoundly influenced modern medicine. His belief that medicine was a science and his emphasis on diet are ideas that remain important today. With the failures of medieval medicine, the Renaissance brought a rebirth of classical theories such as those of Hippocrates.

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Most of all, Hippocrates' legacy is evident in the Hippocratic Oath, a code of ethics and professionalism that many new doctors still take to this day. He established the duties of the doctor as a respected field. Despite this, medical progress largely stood still until the nineteenth century.

Modern medicine can be defined by the medical breakthroughs and practices that took place during the twentieth century and beyond. Modern medicine allows for an excellent understanding of causes and accurate diagnosis of medical issues. The treatment and surgery can be engineered for each specific case and the government plays a leading role. Therefore, many health issues can be effectively addressed.

Modern medicine began in the second half of the nineteenth century during the time of a series of important scientific breakthroughs.

Here is the information about the most important discoveries in medicine: 1890 German scientist Emil Behring developed a new way of combating

diseases. He used the bacteria in diphtheria and tetanus to help the body to create antitoxins that fought the harmful bacteria.

1895 Another German scientist, Wilhelm Röntgen, created x-rays using electromagnetic radiation. This was incredibly beneficial in diagnosing the location of injuries, particularly in World War I.

1897 Chemical company Bayer found a way to make the painkiller aspirin palatable. It was widely available in powder form, finally available without prescription in 1915.

1898 Pierre and Marie Curie found that radium and polonium effectively destroy tissue. Radiotherapy was born as a method of treating cancer growth. After analysing mustard gas in 1945, chemotherapy (chemical therapy) also became a way of destroying cancerous cells.

1901 Austrian-born Karl Landsteiner distinguished different blood groups. He laid the foundation for blood transfusions and blood banks to be effective.

1905 Performance of the first cornea (outer eye) transplant.

1907 Paul Ehrlich knew antibodies were the body's defensive method against bacterial germs. He created the synthetic antibody, or 'magic bullet', Salvarsan 606, to treat syphilis. The first human trial was in 1911.

1917 In London, Harold Gillies set up a specialised hospital that focused on skin transplants for World War I soldiers, a precursor to plastic surgery.

1928 Alexander Fleming realised, by mistake, that penicillin killed bacteria. It became the first antibiotic that could fight against bacteria. Soon in World War II, the newly created Pharmaceutical Industry allowed this medicine to be widely distributed.

1948 The creation of the National Health Service (NHS) brought free healthcare to all in the UK.

1953 Francis Crick and James Watson found that the DNA genetic structure is a 'double helix'. This allowed future doctors to understand genetic

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illnesses or conditions passed from generation to generation, such as haemophilia.

Modern medicine has made significant progress in the fields of infectious diseases and emergencies, but challenges such as antibiotic resistance and environmental hazards remain. The goals of modern medicine are to prevent diseases, promote health, and improve the quality of life of individuals.

Active Vocabulary

roots - корни physician - врач visionary - провидец

profoundly - серьезно, глубоко science - наука

emphasis - акцент, ударение failure - неудача

medieval - средневековый Renaissance - эпоха Возрождения Hippocratic Oath - клятва Гиппократа legacy - наследие

evident- очевидный breakthrough - прорыв surgery - операция tetanus - столбняк diphtheria - дифтерия x-ray - рентгеновский луч beneficial - полезный injury - травма

painkiller - обезболивающее palatable - приятный на вкус prescription - рецепт

tissue - ткань

cancerous cells - раковые клетки transfusion – переливание cornea - роговица

antibodies - антитела germ - микроб

precursor - предшественник double helix - двойная спираль resistance – устойчивость hazard - опасность

remain - оставаться prevent - предотвращать

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3.Answer the questions:

1.What significant contributions did Hippocrates make to modern medicine?

2.In what ways did the Renaissance impact the development of modern medicine?

3.How did the Hippocratic Oath become a code of ethics and professionalism for doctors, and what does its legacy signify in the medical profession?

4.What were the most important scientific breakthroughs in medicine during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and how did they contribute to the development of modern medicine?

5.In what ways did the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen benefit the diagnosis of injuries, particularly during World War I?

6.How did the development of aspirin by Bayer impact pain management and its availability to the public?

7.What role did Pierre and Marie Curie's discovery of radium and polonium play in the development of radiotherapy as a method of treating cancer growth?

8.How did Karl Landsteiner's work on blood groups contribute to the establishment of blood transfusions and blood banks?

9.In what ways did the first cornea transplant in 1905 impact the field of ophthalmology?

10.In what ways did Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin impact the treatment of bacterial infections?

4.Say if the statements are true or false:

1.Hippocrates, who lived in Ancient Rome, is widely accepted as the father of modern medicine.

2.The Renaissance brought a rebirth of classical theories, including those of Hippocrates, which profoundly influenced modern medicine.

3.The Hippocratic Oath, established by Hippocrates, is still taken by many new doctors today. (True)

4.Modern medicine began in the second half of the nineteenth century.

5.Harold Gillies's discovery of penicillin in 1928 revolutionized the treatment of infections and is considered one of the most critical advances in medical history.

6.Aspirin finally became available without prescription in 1920s.

7.First skin transplants were made during the WWII.

8.The creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948 brought free healthcare to all in the UK.

5.Match the discoveries with the year:

6. Read and translate the text:

Text B

Diseases and Symptoms

Modern medicine divides diseases into infectious and non-infectious ones. An infectious disease can be transmitted from one person to another, while a non-infectious disease cannot be spread through contact. Most spread diseases are infectious.

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.

Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. They can be called contagious. Some are transmitted by insects or other animals. And you may get others by consuming contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.

Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization.

Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and symptoms common to a number of infectious diseases include: fever, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle aches, coughing.

Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from most infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases can be caused by:

Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.

Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases ranging from the common cold to AIDS.

Fungi. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are caused by fungi. Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.

Parasites. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite.

Follow these tips to decrease the risk of infection:

Wash your hands. This is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating, and after using the toilet. And try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with your hands, as that's a common way germs enter the body.

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Get vaccinated. Vaccination can significantly reduce your chances of contracting many diseases. Make sure to keep up to date on your recommended vaccinations, as well as your children's.

Stay home when ill. Don't go to work if you are vomiting, have diarrhea or have a fever. Don't send your child to school if he or she has these signs, either. Prepare food safely. Keep counters and other kitchen surfaces clean when preparing meals.

Don't share personal items. Use your own toothbrush, comb and razor. Avoid sharing drinking glasses or dining utensils.

Travel wisely. If you're traveling out of the country, talk to your doctor about any special vaccinations — such as yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A or B, or typhoid fever — you may need.

Active Vocabulary

to examine a patient - осматривать пациента

7.Make up 5 questions on the text.

8.Match the following terms to their definitions:

9.Make up presentations on Health Care Systems of Great Britain, Russia and other English speaking countries.

10.Make 0 or I type of Conditionals:

1)If you (eat) … fruits, you …(be) stronger. 2) If you (not/eat) …now, you …(be) hungry later. 3) She …(be) sad if he (leave)… .4) If you …(leave) ice in the sun, it (melt)… . 5) If we…(go) to the show, we (have) …a lot of fun. 6) If you …(mix) black and white, you …(get) grey. 7) If I … (know) the answer, I… (raise) my hand. 8) The teacher … (be) glad, if we … (write) test well.

11.Open the brackets using 2 and 3 conditional types:

1)If you … (have) a driving license, you … (get) this job. 2) My dog … (be) 20 years old today if it … (be) alive. 3) I … (go) to the police if I … (be) you. 4) If people … (not buy) guns, the world … (become) safer. 5) Tom ... (not eat) much “fast food” if his wife … (cook) at home. 6) I … (visit) Sarah yesterday if I … (know) that she was ill. 7) If you … (go) with me to Paris last month, you … (see) the Eifel Tower too. 8) We … (not get wet) if you … (take) an umbrella. 9) If Mum … (not open) the windows, our room … (not be) full of mosquitoes. 10) Nick … (not be) so tired this morning if he … (go to bed) early last night.

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12. Name the type of the conditional and translate the sentences:

1) Если бы ты не забыл на работе ключ, ты бы открыл дверь. 2) Я бы помог тебе, если бы у меня было время – но времени у меня нет. 3) Если бы я жил в Париже, я бы ел круассаны на завтрак. 4) Он бы не женился на ней, если бы она не готовила так замечательно. 5) Ты бы купил завтра билет, если бы у тебя было свободное время? 6) Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы позвонил ей. 7) Если бы ты был умнее, ты бы так не поступил. 8) Если бы не плохая погода, мы бы пошли погулять. 9) Если бы Майк не услышал их разговор, он бы не был так зол. 10) Если бы не мой учитель, я бы никогда не поступил в университет.

UNIT 13

THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

Инфинитив

1. Read and translate the text into Russian.

The use of language is one of the basically distinguishing characteristics of man. Man's behavior is predominantly symbolic in nature. Thus, the process of language acquisition and language functioning become fundamental problems in the scientific appraisal of human behavior.

Symbolic behavior is not limited to language symbols. Music, art, and religion entail symbols which are not specifically language symbols. Therefore, man's symbolic behavior is not limited to language, but language is his most predominant type of symbolization and is the main basis of his ability to communicate. This discussion is limited essentially to that aspect of man's symbolic behavior which can be described as being attributed to the use of language.

Language is an organized set of symbols which may be either auditory or visual. It is the task of every infant to acquire the particular set of symbols which are characteristic of his culture. The auditory symbol is basic to the total language process. Genetically, it is the first language symbol which is acquired. Furthermore, it is the auditory or spoken symbol which is predominant in any cultural group. Man's symbolic behavior is determined predominantly by this auditory symbol.

It is language which makes symbolic behavior possible. Symbolic behavior is that behavior which occurs on the basis of a sign or symbol instead of the actual object, idea, or feeling. After the symbol has been acquired, an individual can relate to another individual on the basis of this symbol and this in turn makes the presence of the actual object, idea, or feeling unnecessary. When this occurs, abstract behavior has been achieved and such behavior occurs only under the circumstances of symbolization.

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