Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации. Геология. Учебное пособие

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ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I и II курсов направления специалитета 21.05.02 «Прикладная геология» и направлено на реализацию дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)» на аудиторных практических занятиях и для самостоятельной работы студентов в рамках профессиональноориентированного обучения английскому языку.

Цель данного пособия — подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и аннотированию оригинальной технической литературы по специальности.

Пособие состоит из 15 разделов, в которых рассматриваются вопросы минералогии и строения земной коры.

Каждый раздел посвящен определенной теме и состоит из трех частей: основного текста; текста для чтения без словаря с целью извлечения нужной информации; текста для чтения и пересказа. Тексты снабжены лексическими упражнениями. Для удобства перед каждым текстом дан лексический минимум.

В конце издания также содержится англо-русский толковый словарь геологических терминов.

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UNIT 1. ROCK — FORMING MINERALS

II. Переведите без словаря:

natural, organic, amorphous, component, chemical, crystalline, physical, abrasion, metallic, tendency, regularity.

III. Запомните синонимы: to help = to aid — помогать;

to have = to possess — иметь, обладать; to compose = to constitute — составлять; to give = to yield — давать;

quick = rapid — быстрый;

to vary = to change = to differ = to alter — изменяться; important = essential — важный;

definition = determination = identification — определение.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Definition of a mineral. A mineral may bе defined as any natural inorganic substance of definite chemical composition. It is usually a solid, generally crystalline in structure but sometimes amorphous, and it maу or may not occur bounded by crystal faces. As a rule, minerals occur in rocks in the form of crystalline grains marked by irregular boundaries because of interference with one another during growth.

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Altogether more than a thousand mineral species are known but only twenty of them are important as rock constituents or rock — forming minerals. These are the most abundant and the most essential components of rocks. They comprise silicates, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, phosphates and native elements.

General physical properties. The most important physical properties of rockmaking minerals are hardness, cleavage, luster, colour, specific gravity.

Hardness. Hardness is resistance to abrasion and is measured by scratching the spectrum with an object of known hardness. Mineralogists measure hardness by

Mohs’ scale, which consists of ten minerals numbered in order of increasing hardness: 1. Talc. 2. Gypsum. 3. Calcite. 4. Fluorite. 5. Apatite. 6. Feldspar. 7. Quartz. 8. Topas. 9. Corundum. 10. Diamond.

Hardness is an important property of minerals and is of great value in their rapid determination.

Cleavage. Many minerals possess a tendency to split easily in easily in certain regular directions and yield smooth plane surfaces called cleavage planes when thus broken. These directions depend on the arrangement of the atom in a mineral, and are parallel to crystal faces.

Fracture. The nature of a broken surface of a mineral is known as fracture, the break being irregular and independent of cleavage. Fracture is called conchoidal, when the mineral breaks with a curved surface, e.g. in quartz. Fracture is called even, when it is nearly flat; uneven, when it is rough; and hackly when the surface carries small sharp irregularities. Most minerals show uneven fracture.

Lustre. The lustre of a mineral (the appearance of its surface in reflected light) is an important aid in the determination of minerals. Two kinds of lustre are recognized: metallic and non-metallic.

Specific gravity. The specific gravity of a mineral is its weight compared with that of an equal volume of water. In a pure mineral of given composition it is a constant factor and an important aid in mineral identification.

Colour. Colour is one of the most important properties of minerals and is of great help in their rapid determination. The colour of metallic minerals is a constant property, but it may vary greatly in many of the non-metallic minerals, owing to the presence of impurities.

IX. Перескажите текст по вопросам:

1.What is a mineral?

2.In what form do minerals occur in rocks?

3.How many mineral species are there in nature?

4.How many rock-forming minerals are known in nature?

5.What groups of minerals do the rock-forming minerals comprise?

6.What are the most important physical properties of rock-forming minerals?

X. Прочтите текст без словаря и выполните тесты:

The majority of the known minerals occur in a crystalline state (состояние) and only a small number is in an amorphous state. The difference between the crystalline and amorphous state is that when elements are in a crystalline state the molecules, atoms or ions of each, are arranged in a definite order and form a spatial lattice (пространственная решётка), while in the second case there is no regular arrangement of particles.

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Minerals which are in a crystalline state are generally found in grains of irregular shape (форма) and seldom in the form of crystals.

Each mineral has its own more or less constant crystal form which defends on the internal (внутренний) structure of the substance — its spatial lattice. Each crystal is bounded by planes called crystal faces.

In order to conduct geological exploration in the field it is necessary to be able to identify the principal minerals on sight. Attention must be paid to the following basic properties of minerals: colour, lustre, cleavage, hardness and specific gravity. These properties are closely associated with the internal structure of minerals, with the texture of their crystalline lattice. Each mineral which is in a crystalline state has a definite number of properties, which change regularly with the anisotropy of minerals.

XI. Определите, какой из заголовков соответствует:

1)абзацу I:

a.Crystalline structure of minerals;

b.Amorphous state of minerals;

c.Difference between crystalline and amorphous state of minerals;

2)абзацу IV:

a.Basic physical properties of minerals;

b.Kinds of minerals;

c.Structure of minerals.

XII. Укажите абзацы текста, в которых содержатся ответы на следующие вопроса:

a.In what state do the majority of known minerals occur?

b.What is the difference between the crystalline and amorphous state?

c.In what item are minerals of crystalline structure generally found?

d.On what factors does the constant crystal form of a mineral depend?

e.By what planes in each crystal bounded?

f. What properties of a mineral help to conduct geological exploration in the field?

g. What factors influence the basic properties of minerals?

XIII. Прочитайте текст:

All rocks are aggregates of minerals. A mineral is a natural inorganic substance with definite chemical and physical characteristics.

Minerals usually have definite crystal forms.

The main physical properties of minerals are: cleavage which is the property of minerals to split in certain directions; fracture which is the property of minerals to break with uneven surface; hardness which is the resistance of minerals to scratching and some others.

Out of 1000 species of minerals only 30 are rock-forming ones.

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The rock-forming minerals may be divided into three general groups:

1)native minerals which are composed of uncombined elements;

2)sulphides, chlorides and oxides;

3)silicates, carbonates or sulphates.

The third group is the most abundant one, especially silicates and carbonates.

XIV. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What is the text about?

2.What are the main physical properties of minerals?

3.Into what three groups are rock-forming minerals divided?

4.What is the most abundant group of the rock-forming minerals?

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