Wood and the technology of wood drying (Древесина и технологии сушки древесины). Учебно-методическое пособие

3.В размельченном и химически обработанном виде – как сырье для производства бумаги, древесно-волокнистых плит, искусственного волокна.

4.Трудно назвать какую-либо отрасль народного хозяйства, где древесина не использовалась бы в том или ином виде.

5.Древесину применяют для изготовления мебели, столярностроительных изделий.

6.Древесина деревьев разных пород обладает различными физическими и механическими свойствами.

7.В воде древесина не только не загнивает, но и с десятилетиями приобретает прочность.

8.Березовые бревна никогда не применяют для строительства жилых домов.

9.Весной и летом, когда много света, тепла и влаги, дерево растет интенсивнее, осенью рост замедляется.

10.Ежегодно для нужд народного хозяйства в нашей стране вырубается около 2,5 млн. га леса.

11.При этом более половины вырубленного леса восстанавливается естественным путем, остальное – дело забот и рук человека.

6. Retell text A in short.

Section 2.

REVISION GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the forms of the Participle I and Participle II:

1.A fish taken out of the water cannot live.

2.A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.

3.Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.

4.A line seen through this crystal looks double.

5.A teacher seeing a mistake in a student's dictation always corrects

it.

6.Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: "Fire!"

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7.The word said by the student was not correct.

8.The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician.

9.Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.

10.A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.

11.He saw some people in the post-office sending telegrams. When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name.

12.Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.

13.The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.

14.A word spoken in time may have very important results.

15.The students speaking good English must help their classmates.

16.While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.

2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial construction.

1.The weather being fine, the airplane started.

2.All preparations being made, the party sat down.

3.All doors having been locked, they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor’s home.

4.Weather permitting, the airplane starts early in the morning.

5.Chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased.

6.The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location.

7.They went to the winding shaft, two of the men carrying a stretcher.

8.Hydrogen is the simplest substance, atoms of other elements having a more complex structure.

9.The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location.

10.With chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased.

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11.There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast.

12.A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, here being no cause to change that motion.

13.The evaporation increases with the temperature, other things being equal.

14.Reduced weight and size are particularly important, miniaturization becoming the necessity in order to reach the high speed.

15.The effect is highly dependent upon frequency, the lower frequencies showing less noise.

3. Complete the following sentences adding the end of the sentences.

1.The working day being over … .

2.All the problems having been solved … .

3.The experiment having been carried out … .

4.The weather being fine … .

5.The preparations being completed … .

6.All the material having been collected … .

7.The question having been studied in detail … .

Section 3.

USING A DICTIONARY

A dictionary is a most valuable tool for any serious reader, particularly when he is reading textbooks, reference works or other materials containing technical language. To use the dictionary efficiently you should know the alphabet, symbols and abbreviations used in the dictionary, the arrangement of the entries. Using a bilingual dictionary (English-Russian, for example) you should remember that there are thousands of words with no exact equivalent. That is why you should read the examples given in the dictionary which help the learner to become familiar with words in their normal context and to comprehend their general meaning.

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To indicate the range of words on the page of the dictionary

“catchwords” appear at the very top of each page. The catchword above the left-hand column indicates the first entry on the page; the catchword on the right shows the last entry on the page.

EXERCISES

1. You are given sets of catchwords and page numbers. Then you will find a series of words which would occur within the range of the dictionary pages you have been given. Decide on which page each word would occur and write the number of the page.

catchwords and pages: companionway 116 competitive coot 131 cornea correspondence 133 cozy circuit 101 civic

competitor 117 composition

cope with, compatibility, cost, component

catchwords and pages: deferential 158 degree despotic 165 deterrent detest 166 devour

demonstration 161 department dictator 168 dig

density, destroy, detailed, difficulty, definition, device

catchwords and pages: experience 216 exposure entitle 206 epidemic expound 217 extra eucalyptus 210 evening electrical 199 elite

extension, environment, experience, evaporate, exponentially, electronic

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2. Put the following words in alphabetical order in which they are usually entered and described in a dictionary.

characterize, complexity, age, almost, demonstrate, growth, increase, information, essential, extension, development, possibility, primary, unforeseen, use, technique, technology, substrate, various, while, reliability, random, structure

Section 4.

CHECK YOUR PROFRESS

1.How should a dictionary be used in the process of reading?

2.What is a catchword?

3.Do you know the English alphabet well enough?

4.Retell the text “Uses ofWood”.

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Unit 9

Section 1.

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES 1. Check up if you read these words correctly:

temperate [ˈtem.pər.ət], cellulose [ˈsel.jʊ.ləʊs], cellophane [ˈsel.ə.feɪn], rayon [ˈreɪ.ɒn], fertilizer [ˈfɜː.tɪ.laɪ.zər], rudimentary [ˌruː.dɪˈmen.tər.i], sophisticate [səˈfɪs.tɪ.kət], virgin [ˈvɜː.dʒɪn], approximately [əˈprɒk.sɪ.mət.li], pasture [ˈpɑːs.tʃər], pharmacology [ˌfɑː.məˈkɒl.ə.dʒi], plywood [ˈplaɪ.wʊd], polyurethane [ˌpɒl.ɪˈjʊə.rə.θeɪn], Mediterranean [ˌmed.ɪ.təˈreɪ.ni.ən]

2. Give the initial forms of the following words:

greater, generally, bushes, environmental, found, carriages, margins, reducing, repellent, highest

3.State to what parts of speech the following words belong:

widely, however, ivory, consumption, likewise, obtain, currently, western, sloped, restraint, include

4. Check up if you remember the following verbs:

to derive, to recover, to calculate, to transform, to grow, to obtain, to amount, to discover, to indicate, to work, to use, to have, to exclaim

5. Translate the following word groups into Russian:

a prominent matter; to decrease global warming; rudimentary tools; to built sophisticated objects of furniture; to have a low density of population; to form structural supports and covering; to reduce forest area; the small branches as firewood and pulpwood.

6. Compare the following pairs of words and translate them:

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current – currently; refuse – refusal; curious – curiosity; complete – completeness; to open – opening; establish – reestablish; fertile – fertility; use – useless; to burn – burning; success – successful

TEXT A

WOOD ECONOMY

The existence of a wood economy, or more correctly, a forest economy, is a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures. These are generally the countries with greater forested areas. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and as a source of energy are widely known. Additionally, wood from trees and bushes, can be employed in a wide variety, including those produced from wood pulp, as cellulose in paper, celluloid in early photographic film, cellophane, and rayon (a substitute for silk).

At the end of their normal usage, wood products can be burnt to obtain thermal energy, or can be used as a fertilizer. The potential environmental damage that a wood economy could occasion include (problems of reduction the biodiversity due to monoculture forestry - the intensive cultivation of very few types of trees); and CO2 emissions. However, forests can aid in reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and therefore decrease global warming.

The wood economy is historically the starting point of the civilizations worldwide, since eras preceding the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. It necessarily preceded ages of metals by many centuries, as the melting of metals was possible only through the discovery of techniques to light fire and the building of many simple machines and rudimentary tools, as canes, bows, arrows, lances. One of the most ancient handmade articles ever found is one smoothed pricked of wood (Clacton Spear) 250,000 years old, that was buried under sediments in England, at Clacton-on-Sea.

Successive civilizations such as the Egyptians and Sumerians built sophisticated objects of furniture. Many types of furniture in

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ivory and valuable woods have survived to our time practically intact, because secluded in inviolate secret tombs; they were protected from decay also by the dry environment of desert. Many buildings and parts of these (above all roofs) contained elements in wood (often of oak) forming structural supports and covering; means of transport such as boats, ships; and later (with the invention of the wheel) wagons and carriages, winches, flour mills powered by water, etc.

The main source of the lumber used in the world is forests, which can be classified as virgin, semivirgin and plantations. Much timber is removed for firewood by local populations in many countries, especially in the third world, but this amount can only be estimated, with wide margins of uncertainty.

In 1998, the worldwide production of "roundwood" (officially counted wood not used as firewood), was about 1,500,000,000 cubic meters (2.0×109 cu yd), amounting to around 45% of the wood cultivated in the world. Cut logs and branches destined to become elements for building construction accounted for approximately 55% of the world's industrial wood production. 25% became wood pulp (including wood powder and truccioli) mainly destined for the production of paper and paperboard, and approximately 20% became panels in plywood and valuable wood for furniture and objects of common use. The World's largest producer and consumer of officially accounted wood is the USA, although the country that possesses the greatest area of forest is Russia.

In the seventies, the countries with the largest forest area were:

Soviet Union (approximately 8,800,000 km²), Brazil (5,150,000 km²), Canada (4,400,000 km²), USA (3,000,000 km²), Indonesia (1,200,000 km²) and Democratic Republic of Congo (1,000,000 km²). Other countries with important production and consumption of wood usually have a low density of population in relation to their territorial extension, here we can include countries as Argentina, Chile, Finland, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine.

By 2010 the rainforest areas of Brazil were reduced by a fifth

(respect of 1970), to around 4,000,000 km²; the ground cleared was mainly destined for cattle pasture - Brazil is the world's largest

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exporter of beef with almost 200,000,000 head of cattle. The booming Brazilian ethanol economy based upon sugar cane cultivation is likewise reducing forests area. Canadian forest was reduced by almost 30% to 3,101,340 km² over the same period.

[from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_economy#Wood_economy _per_nation.2Fcontinental_area]

ASSIGNMENTS

1. After reading the text use the information you learnt to complete the following table.

1.The uses of wood

2.The wood economy is historically the starting point of the civilizations worldwide

3.The main source of the lumber used in the world is forests

4.the countries with the largest forest

2.Make up your own questions to the text.

3.Make up sentences based on the text:

the uses of wood; widely known; wood products; one of the most ancient handmade articles; the countries with the largest forest area; a

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low density of population; countries with important production and consumption of wood

4.Divide text A into logical parts and find the topical sentence of each part.

5.Retell text A in short using topical sentences.

6.Read and translate text B.

TEXT B

Wood Economy in Australia

Eucalyptus: these are seven hundred tree species from Australia, that grow very fast in tropical, sub-tropical and semi-arid climates, and are very resistant to forest fires and drought. Its essential oil is used in pharmacology, its wood for building, and the small branches as firewood and pulpwood.

Wood Economy in Brazil

Brazil has a long tradition in the harvesting of several types of trees with specific uses. Since the sixties imported species of pine tree and eucalyptus have been grown mostly for the plywood and paper pulp industries. Currently high-level research is being conducted, to apply the enzymes of sugar cane fermentation to cellulose in wood, in order to obtain methanol, but the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from corn costs.

Brazilwood: has a dense, orange-red heartwood that takes a high red shine, and it is the premier wood used for making bows for string instruments from the violin family. This trees soon became the biggest source of red dye, and they were such a large part of the economy and export of that country, that slowly it was known as Brazil.

Hevea brasiliensis: is the biggest source of the best latex, that is used to manufacture many objects in rubber, as an example gloves, anti-allergic mattresses and tires (vulcanized rubber). Latex has the

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