Micro- and Nanoelectronics. Учебное пособие

materials for optoelectronics, where functional devices, based on confinement, low potential for photonic switching and optical communication.

The information paradigm in nanostructures may involve two alternative routes. First, the bottom-up approach, starting from a single nanostructure being based on nanofabrication, miniaturization, and assembly of nanostructures to produce a nanostructured computer. Resonant tunneling devices deserve special mention in this context, since they have already demonstrated success in multivalued logic and memory circuits. Second, the top-down approach will utilize and apply the conceptual framework of supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly of nanostructures to produce organized suprastructures for information processes. Spintropic memory based on magnetic, semiconducting nanoparticles, provides a promising direction.

1. Answer the following questions:

1.Why is the field of electronics one of the most important and farreaching potential applications?

2.What are the dual goals of multidisciplinary research-technology area of nanoelectronics?

3.How do you understand the term Coulomb blockage and how is it used in physics?

4.What are the advances in the utilization of single nanostructures?

5.What do the stepwise burning of layers and chirality control allow

for?

6.Why do resonant tunneling devices deserve special mention in the context of nanostructured computers?

2.Look through the text and find the sentences that refer

to potential applications of nanomaterials and their advances.

3.Put 4 questions of different types (a general, a special, an alternative and a disjunctive) to the text. Discuss these questions with the group.

4.Use the Internet to find more material about nanoelectronics, nanooptoelectronics, and information nanoprocessing. Summarize the material and be ready to tell the group about it in brief or give a presentation in Power Point. Use the information from this electronic course https://dispace.edu.nstu. ru/ didesk/ course/show/7413 to make a good presentation.

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ward. There are some common challenges which can negate the anticipated benefits.

Ad hoc solution adoption – as SMBs attempt to cater for their customers’ requirements, they tend to grab new technologies without thinking about integration with existing tools. This results in an incompatible mismatch of solutions.

Wasted time – communicating in multiple formats means additional processes. Data has to be manually re-entered numerous times, using up valuable resources which should be invested in serving customers.

Human error – manual intervention increases the opportunity for mistakes. Errors such as sending correspondence to wrong recipients can lead to unhappy customers, fines and reputation damage.

An Automated End-to-end and Centralized Communications Process

Instead of adopting separate solutions and processes for different channels, SMBs should invest in Output Management Software (OMS) solutions that streamline and add efficiency and value to the entire outgoing communications function. Their main benefits include:

Centralized control – enables simple management, reporting and analysis through a single interface to ensure multi-channel strategies remain effective

Process automation – reduces need for human interaction, decreasing likelihood of error and ensuring recipients always receive communications via their preferred channel

Simple personalization – correspondence can be easily altered to match individual recipients, increasing engagement and satisfaction

Efficiency and resource savings – can be reinvested into serving customers and other growth activities

Multi-lingual – single batches can be distributed to multiple countries.

1. Answer the following questions:

1)What did multichannel communication use to be in the past?

2)Why are businesses adopting multi-channel strategies now?

3)What can multi-channel communication provide customers with?

4)Can you enumerate several common challenges multichannel communication now faces?

5)Why does manual intervention increase the opportunity for errors?

6)How can SMBs add value and efficiency to the communications function?

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7)What does centralized control enable?

8)What does process automation decrease?

9)What does personalization mean?

10)Where can resources be reinvested with the help of multichannel communications?

2.Find the English equivalents in the text.

1)выдающаяся роль

2)обеспечивать

3)требования клиента к коммуникации

4)значительное влияние

5)предполагаемые/ прогнозируемые преимущества

6)существующий инструментарий

7)вводить вновь

8)приводить к штрафам

9)урон, нанесенный репутации

10)принимать отдельные решения

3.Find two synonyms to the words given.

1.prominent – a) distinguished ; b)able; c)notable

2.demand – a) object; b)claim; c) requirement

3.impact – a) consequence; b) effect; c) damage

4.engagement – a) arrangement; b) contact; c) obligation

5.benefit –a) profit; b) advantage; c)account

4.Decide whether these statement are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it.

1)In the past the communication was complex.

2)Multi-channel strategies are used by enterprises to get more profit.

3)There is no problem of mismanaging multi-channel communication.

4)Businesses tend to use new technologies in strict integration with ex-

isting tools.

5)Automated control increases the opportunity of mistakes.

6)Centralized control does not give the opportunity of simple manage-

ment.

7)Output Management Software solutions have both advantages and disadvantages.

8)There are six benefits in OMS.

9)Engagement and satisfaction of customers are the result of centralized control.

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5. Ask questions of all types to the sentence:

There are some common challenges which can negate the anticipated benefits.

6. Match the following terms to their definitions:

TEXT 2

Vocabulary:

approach, n [ә' prouʧ] – подход

become apparent [ә'pærәnt] – становиться очевидным to cater for, v ['keitә] – позаботиться , обеспечить to embrace, v [әm'breis] – охватывать

folder, n ['fouldә ] – папка survey, n ['sɜ:vei] – опрос

to track, v [træk]– отслеживать

1. Read and translate the text given below.

MANAGING A MULTICHANNEL

COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY

If you went back thirty years, business communications were relatively straightforward. Business critical documents, such as letters, invoices and contracts, were sent and received through the post, which meant offices

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were often filled with large filing cabinets and folders. However, as technology progressed – from the introduction of the fax machine in the 1980s and email in the 1990s, to mobile devices and social media in more recent years – it has increasingly influenced how businesses communicate, and today, digital communications is playing a much more prominent role. Of course, physical mail still remains a popular and effective means of communication, but the benefits of taking a paperless, or paper-light, approach – including cost cuttings, time saving and flexibility – has seen many businesses embrace a multichannel communication strategy. Indeed, according to a recent survey, over 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) rely on emails and physical mail to reach their customers and suppliers.

Other than the cost benefits, the adoption of digital communication channels is also being driven by the customer. While inevitably, some will continue to want correspondence sent to them through traditional means, others prefer the immediacy and interactivity of digital correspondence. As such, forward looking businesses are being encouraged to change their communication strategies in order to cater for all.

However, a problem is that smaller businesses often adopt digital technology in an ad hoc fashion, grabbing new opportunities as they come about without much care or thought for complete integration. As such, managing multiple communication channels isn’t without its challenges, and only by adopting the right attitude and putting the right tools in place can SMEs avoid the most frequent pitfalls of a multichannel communication strategy.

Business Communication Challenges

While SMEs need to adapt to a quickly evolving market in order to survive, one of the biggest risks organizations face when adopting a multichannel approach to business communications is time wasting. Indeed, 47% of SMEs consider this to be their biggest challenge.Businesses are increasingly faced with a process that involves the sending and receiving of digital documents in a variety of formats, before being adapted and physically posted, for example when invoicing. Documents, including invoices, may start as an Excel spreadsheet, which is processed onto another Excel spreadsheet for consolidation, then turned into an actual invoice or pdf that needs to be printed, and finally sent to the customer via email, mail or both. Manually typing, copying and processing important documents in that way can add a lot of time to an individual’s – or a team’s – already stretched workload.

Human error is another challenge to be considered. With paper and digital documents often needing manual intervention, it only takes one per-

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son to make a mistake that impacts not only a company’s reputation, but also its bank balance. Indeed, Newcastle City Council in the UK provides a good example of how damaging human error can be when it sent the wrong letter to 180,000 residents by mistake, costing it £50,000. While it is likely most SMEs will not deal with outgoing communications of that quantity, the potential for human error only intensifies as businesses grow and more people become involved in the process. As the complexity of documents and the data they contain continues to increase, the need for technology and a more autonomous process becomes more apparent.

Unsurprisingly, when using both physical and digital mail, some businesses also struggle to track processes and documents. In fact, vital documents, such as invoices, contracts and quotes, are rarely fully tracked, with a third of SMEs revealing that they struggle to stay on top of who has which document, and at what stage it is at in the process. Not being able to trace important correspondence can make resolving customer queries much more difficult, which can lead to reputational damage. Additionally, the inability to prove where a document has been sent, particularly important documents that require fast response times, means some businesses fail to comply with increasingly stringent regulations. For example, EU legislation states that all invoices must have an electronic traceable pathway and be retrievable in a timely fashion when requested.

Managing the Multichannel Flow of Documents

In order to cope with this increasingly complex communication flow, businesses must make sure they have a well thought-out plan in place. Furthermore, while many are still reluctant to incorporate new technology due to cost and perceived complexity, it’s becoming increasingly clear that they can no longer shy away from its importance in the business world. As such, they need to start considering tools that will complement the information management systems they already use. For example, output management software (OMS) can be used to automate outgoing communication; ensuring correspondence is always sent to the intended recipient, while an electronic document management system (EDM) automatically digitizes, forwards and stores incoming mail. Moreover, such systems can stamp documents with a permanent traceable pathway. This means a document can be retrieved immediately with the use of the advanced integrated search engine, and it will be electronically stamped with who it was retrieved from, the action it required and who it was then sent to. These benefits can help small businesses save money, as well as improve efficiency and profitability.

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Ultimately, it’s imperative that businesses look at the bigger picture during adoption and don’t further complicate an already disjointed process with incompatible systems or programs. Instead, a centralized process should integrate directly into their existing communication strategy, empowering them to contend with whichever communication method or format they choose. By increasing visibility, reducing the risk of blunders and sa ving time that can then be spent on maintaining and growing the business elsewhere, they can take full advantage of the benefits going digital has to offer.

2. Answer the following questions:

1)What were business communications like in the past?

2)What benefits do multichannel communication strategies possess?

3)Who drives the adoption of digital communication channels?

4)What is the way to avoid the most frequent pitfalls of a multichannel communication strategy?

5)What processes are businesses increasingly faced with?

6)Can human error impact company’s reputation?

7)What should businesses have to cope with complex communication

flow?

8)Are invoices, contracts and quotes usually fully tracked? Why?

9)What can OMS be used for?

10)By what means can businesses take advantages of the benefits going digital?

3.Find the English equivalents in the text.

1)играть выдающуюся роль

2)значительно повлиять

3)эффективные средства связи

4)предприятия среднего размера

5)избегать наиболее частых недостатков

6)принять многоканальный подход

7)с неохотой внедрять новые технологии

8)строгие правила

9)отслеживаемая траектория

10)улучшить эффективность и прибыльность

4.Translate into English.

1)Современные технологии играют выдающуюся роль в улучшении эффективности и прибыльности бизнеса.

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2)Эффективные средства связи могут значительно повлиять на работу офиса.

3)Некоторые малые предприятия, также как и предприятия среднего размера неохотно внедряют новые технологии в свою работу.

4)Подобные системы могут помочь отследить траекторию документации.

5)Некоторым предприятиям не удается соответствовать строгим правилам, поэтому они не могут избежать недостатков в своей работе.

5. Find synonyms to the words given.

6.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it.

1)In the past business critical documents were sent via email.

2)Most of modern businesses rely on emails or physical mail to reach their customers and suppliers.

3)The adoption of digital communication channels is never driven by the customer.

4)Some customers prefer the immediacy and interactivity of digital correspondence.

5)Businesses always adopt digital technology in complete integration with what they already use.

6)SMEs have to adapt to an evolving market in order to escape human

error.

7)The potential of human error never intensifies as businesses grow.

8)Vital documents are always easily tracked when using both physical and digital mail.

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9)Businesses must have a thought-out plan to cope with the flow of documents.

10)Electronic document management system automatically digitizes,

forwards and stores incoming mail.

7. Guess the meaning of the following international words.

Market, manual, digital, track, contracts, legislation, electronic, complex, technology, automatically, fashion, efficiency.

Unit 2. Methods of Multiplexing Data

1. Read and translate the text.

METHODS OF MULTIPLEXING DATA

Conventional optical fiber communications systems employ optical fibers to transport information in optical telecommunication networks. An electrical signal carrying information is used to modulate the light emitted

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