Lectures for students on Russian history (Методика освоения содержания предметного образования (История)). Учебное пособие

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Ка ф е д р а «Лингвистика, межкультурная коммуникация

ирусский как иностранный»

VASILIEVA IULIA

LECTURES FOR STUDENTS ON RUSSIAN HISTORY

(Методика освоения содержания предметного образования (История))

Учебное пособие

Самара Самарский государственный технический университет

2020

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Печатается по решению методического совета института социальногуманитарных наук и технологий, 2020 г.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК Ш13Англ-923

В 191

Васильева Ю.С.

Lectures for students on Russian history (Методика освоения содержания предметного образования (История)): учебное пособие / Ю.С. Васильева. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – Самара: Самар. гос. техн. ун-т, 2020. – 76 с.

Содержит лекционный материал по истории России на английском языке, а также вопросы и задания для самостоятельной работы и итогового контроля.

Предназначено для студентов бакалавриата (направление 44.03.05 «Педагогическое образование» (с двумя профилями подготовки)) первого курса; студентов, обучающихся по программе международного обмена, а также для преподавателей и широкого круга читателей.

Р е ц е н з е н т : канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры ЛМК и РКИ СамГТУ

Н.С. Швайкина

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК Ш13Англ-923

В 191

© Ю.С. Васильева, 2020 © Самарский государственный

технический университет, 2020

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Данное учебное пособие составлено по дисциплине «Английский язык» и предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов I курса, обучающихся по направлению 44.03.05 «Педагогическое образование» (с двумя профилями подготовки).

Целью пособия является подготовка студентов к применению специфической терминологии исторической науки на английском языке, что достигается при помощи соответствующих текстов и видеоматериалов со специально разработанной к ним системой упражнений. Учебное пособие представлено в 11 разделах.

Каждый раздел содержит текст по определенной теме и несколько заданий на закрепление изученной лексики, видеофрагмент, нацеленный на развитие навыков аудирования, и задание для активизации пройденного материала в письменной речи. Тексты значительны по объему и посвящены ключевым событиям истории России, чтобы заинтересовать, увлечь читателя и заставить его задуматься. Все материалы адаптированы в соответствии с требованиями современного исторического и художественного повествования. Терминологический словарь отражает наиболее важные понятия и явления представленной темы. Ссылки на видеоотрывки сети Интернет непосредственно связаны с темой занятия. Данное видео может служить основой для дискуссии по теме. Задание на написание эссе по заданной теме направлено на развитие письменной речи, творческого характера и помогает обучающимся создавать самостоятельные письменные работы.

Интерес к содержанию текстов должен в большей мере способствовать наиболее эффективному усвоению лексико-грамматического материала. Несомненно, что изучение английского на базе увлекательных исторических текстов даст хорошие результаты как в рамках учебного процесса, так и в случае самостоятельной работы обучающихся.

Материалы настоящего учебного пособия прошли апробацию на занятиях со студентами, обучающимися по направлению «Строительство», и в рамках программы международного обмена в Самарском государственном техническом университете.

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Lecture 1. MEDIEVAL RUS: FIRST PRINCES

The first prince in Russia was Rurik. The only information about Rurik is contained in the 12th-century Primary Chronicle written by Nestor, which states that “Eastern Slavs, Merias, Veses, and Kriviches ...

drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them tribute, and set out to govern themselves". Afterwards the tribes started fighting each other and decided to invite the Varangians, led by Rurik to reestablish order.

According to the entries in the Radzivil and Hypatian Chronic under the years 862–864, Rurik’s first residence was in Ladoga. He later moved his seat of power to Novgorod, a fort built not far from the source of the Volkhov River. The meaning of this place name in medieval Russian is 'new fortification', while the current meaning ('new city') developed later. Rurik according to the 12th-century Primary Chronicle was a Varangian chieftain of Rus. Rurik remained in power until his death in 879. He was a founder of the Rurik Dynasty, which ruled the Kievan Rus and Muscovy until 1598, and numerous noble Russian and Ruthenian families claim a male-line descent from Rurik.

His successor Prince Oleg moved the capital to Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus, which persisted until the Mongol invasion in 1240.

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Prince Oleg came down from Novgorod with the army of the Varangians to Kiev and captured it in 882. So, after that the new state is appeared – named Kievan Rus. Prince Oleg was a founder of this state. The consolidation of Kievan Rus was completed during the reign of Svyatoslav and Vladimir.

Oleg had three main tasks:

–gathering Slavic tribes into united state;

–setting down dominance of new state to the east and west;

–military campaigns against Byzantium.

The culmination of his reign was the expedition against Byzantium in 907. The result was recognition Russia as equal partner. Oleg died after his triumph and was succeeded by Prince Igor (Rurik’s son). Oleg was called “Veshchiy” by historians and writers.

Russian historians consider Igor as the true beginner of Russian princely line. Igor continued the policy of Prince Oleg. He led two attacks on Constantinople but without success. On his way back to Kiev Igor decided to stop and gather tribute from the tribe Drevlyane the second time. They attacked Igor’s small army and killed him.

The death of the Kievan Prince raised a question about the next ruler of the country. Igor’s son Svyatoslav was only 3 years old and Princess Olga (widow of Prince Igor) took the power into her hands. Princes Olga’s life was full of great deeds described in numerous historical records as well as legendary facts. Olga was born in Pskov, Varangian family. Oleg

The Veshchy initiated Olga’s marriage with Prince Igor. After killing Igor, the Drevlyans sent Olga proposal of marriage with their Prince Mal. The

Princess took revenge upon her husband’s death, killing all ambassadors.

It was taking place in 946 when Olga traveled around the land of the Drevlyans in order to gather tribute. She besieged the town Iskorosten, the capital of the Drevlyans and destroyed it by fire. Olga officially ruled over Kievan Rus until her son became 16.

Princess Olga became known for establishing the system of tribute gathering, which is sometimes considered to be the first legal tax system in Eastern Europe. She ordered to organize the centers of trade and taxation.

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The lands were divided into administrative units. Olga set fixed amounts of tributes with detailed schedule for their gathering. One of the most wellknown Olga’s actions was her conversion to Christianity. She was the first to bring this religion to the pagan society of Kievan Rus. According to the Chronicles, Olga was baptized in Constantinople in 955 or 957. Her son

Svyatoslav didn’t support his mother’s decision and he was pagan till his death but Olga had influence on her grandson Vladimir The Great who made Christianity the official religion of the state.

It’s difficult to say when Svyatoslav began his full reign because up to 959 Byzantium and Western European records name Olga as the main ruler of Kievan Rus. So Svyatoslav shared power with his mother until her death. Prince Svyatoslav spent most of his reign abroad organizing military campaigns. His goal was to extend and strengthen the borders of the state. Numerous military campaigns left little time for the civil aspects of government that’s why sometimes Svyatoslav couldn’t even defend his own country. In 968 when Svyatoslav was away and Kiev was attacked by The Pechenegs, new hostile nomads. Princess Olga with her grandchildren had to organize the defense of the city. She died soon after

Kiev’s siege. Svyatoslav ordered to bury his mother according Christian canons. Svyatoslav proposed to transfer the capital from the banks of the Dnieper to the banks of the Danube. First, he established on the Danube and after it he started campaigns against Byzantium. Emperor of Byzantium Zimisces with the help of the Bulgars defeated Russian forces and made them to sign a treaty. According the treaty Svyatoslav left all lands in Bulgaria and Crimea. On the way back home Svyatoslav met an end like his father: he was attacked and killed by the Pechenegs and his skull became a cup for the Pechenegs Khan.

Tasks 1. Answer the following questions:

1.Who was the first Prince in Russian lands and why?

2.What were the Oleg’s principal tasks?

3.What kind of policy did Prince Igor maintain?

4.What was Princess Olga famous for?

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5.What new was appeared in Russia and had great consequences?

6.What was Svyatoslav’s policy and why he was called Alexander

Macedonian of Eastern Europe?

7.What military campaigns of this period do you know?

2.Topics for writing essay.

1.The origin of Russian state: discussion of scolars.

2.The Norman theory: for and against.

3.The first princes and the Varangians.

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Lecture 2. MEDIEVAL RUS: PRINCE VLADIMIR

AND HIS SUCCESSORS

Before the campaign of 970 Svyatoslav divided Kievan Rus among his three sons. After his death a period of fraternal strife took place in which two brothers were killed. Vladimir became a ruler in 980 and remained in power until his death in 1015. Vladimir Grand Prince of Kiev was the most powerful man of the land but luckily there wasn’t content to be first among equals. The principal task of Vladimir was the struggle against the Pechenegs (his father’s murders). He constructed along the Northern bank of the rivers of the steppe five series of forts. Vladimir sent there the strongest men like knight Ilia Muromets and others. Vladimir followed his father’s policy by sending his sons to rule the cities in his name. Like Svyatoslav Vladimir carried out the same foreign policy – relations with Byzantium were the central point for him.

The Grand Prince sought greater power to reign over Rus as a godgiven ruler. One of the things which would be ruler of that large and diverse land needed was some central focus of authority some sort of central cult which would give him legitimacy and authority. Beyond simply the use of military force in the legends of Russia's birth Prince Vladimir searched for a single religion to bind together the many pagan peoples of Rus. New Emperor of Byzantium Basil II asked Vladimir for assistance because of the thread from the Bulgars and other peoples. More over Emperor promised to marry his sister Anna to Vladimir. Anna refused to marry Vladimir before his conversion.

According to the ancient chronicles Vladimir sent out emissaries and met with the Jews, the Muslims and the Catholics in a quest to find

by the sheer of aesthetic beauty of it. If you see such beauty you do not know whether you are in heaven or on earth. Probably God must live in such place as Constantinople. He was convinced to convert to the Orthodox faith to be as God's agent on earth. He commanded his subjects to baptize as Christians. Vladimir was baptized around 988 and adopted Christianity as the state religion. Adoption of world religion meant that society reached a new level of development. After the death of Vladimir, he was adopted as the Saint by Orthodox Church.

Prince Vladimir had united the land of Rus with religion till his death. He left his kingdom divided among his sons. New fraternal strife took place from 1015 to 1035 among Vladimir’s twelve sons. Civil war between rival brothers threatened to tear the kingdom apart. Iaroslav in Novgorod became a victor in this struggle. He wished to rule all by himself but he feared his brothers – Boris and Gleb. Neither Boris nor Gleb were interested in seizing power. Iaroslav was married to a daughter of the king of Sweden and he invited the Varangians to help him. Most of Vladimir’s sons died tragically: two of them – Boris and Gleb became Saints. They were killed. Boris was alone at prayer when his brothers found him. Boris knew about the fight for the throne. Boris’ murders killed another brother – Gleb like wild beasts and overcame him by piercing him with sharp blades. Boris and Gleb were canonized as the first Saints of the Russian orthodox church.

Iaroslav became Grand Prince in 1036 for 18 years and made Kiev a great cultural centre. Iaroslav extended contacts with the outside world. Under Iaroslav Russia had diplomatic relations with Poland, Bohemia, Germany and France. Iaroslav married all his children to European kings and queens: Anna became Queen of France, other daughters – Queen of Norway, Hungary and so on. Iaroslav continued relations with Byzantium fighting against Emperor. This struggle ended by a dynastic marriage. Iaroslav established Russian law – “Russkaya Pravda”. He divided Russian lands among his sons, giving Kiev to the eldest Iziaslav, and other cities to other four sons.

Iziaslav was pointed as a senior prince and ruled in Kiev until 1073. Then Iziaslav went to Poland and asked for help of Roman Emperor. After

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