ENGLISH-IN-LAW. Textbook

9.There was a royal hunting lodge on the site of the current Queen’s House, … to the church, which was known to have had a chapel attached.

10.Labour’s experiment in democratic socialism led to the creation of the National Health Service and the … of coal mining and the steel industry.

11.The rise in figures could be … to a number of factors, including the fact we have carried out a review of both our recording processes and the circumstances under which the notices are issued.

12.In … to a jail term, the 20-year-old will forfeit any future earnings from selling his story.

TASK 2 Answer the following questions:

1.What resulted in the emergence of national governments?

2.What undermined the feudal system?

3.What was the feudal system based on?

4.What results of the Reformation are mentioned in the texts?

5.What was the nation-state like in the 16th century?

6.What results of the Glorious Revolution are outlined in the texts?

7.What played a big role in the rise of modern democratic government?

8.What forms of the 20th century governments are mentioned in the text?

Comment on the following:

1.“The famous aphorism of King Louis XIV of France, “L’etat, c’est moi” (“I am the state”), was not an idle boast, but an

expression of existing reality.”

1.“A tendency that became especially marked in the 20th century was the development and implementation of the concept that government, in addition to maintaining order and administering justice, must be an instrument for administering public and social services including, among many others, conservation of natural resources, scientific research, education, and social security.”

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1.“From the late 1940s until the end of the 1980s, most eastern European countries adjacent to or near the USSR had governments similar in many respects to that of the USSR.”

TASK 3 Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:

1)to comprise a) realization, accomplishment, fulfilment

2)to undermine b) superiority, supremacy

3)to challenge c) groundless, not serious, or not done with

8)emergence g) completely, utterly

9)implementation h) to spread, to widen

10)in this respect i) usually, commonly, basically, for the most

TASK 4 Match the words on the left with the words on the right and make up your own sentences with them to speak on political development of your country:

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TASK 5 Find the following phrases in the text. Insert the missing prepositions according to the text:

1.Its deep, verdant flavour is attributed in large part … Britain’s cool growing conditions.

2.The expansion … trade in recent years has been accompanied by the expansion of employment in higher-paying positions.

3.The film is based … a true story.

4.Six women have succeeded … their attempt to be the first women to swim the English Channel three times.

5.Secondly we discussed the influence of West Indian English … young people’s speech across the country.

6.The London Voluntary Service Council said demand … its services in areas such as debt, housing, mental health and employment had increased.

7.The cabinet will meet in north-west England on Thursday and the trip will culminate … a “jobs summit” in Downing Street next week.

8.The church dates … the 13th century.

9.These sessions are notable … the balance they achieve between melody and freedom and the unexpected, but natural way in which one develops from the other.

10.This was in addition … winning the European women’s junior and senior titles this year.

11.It was just an instrument … creating this conception.

12.With such integration, shocks can spread easily from country to another, hence the need … cross-border supervision.

13.Meetings were held weekly in a room above the Ambulance Garage which was set back off Park Road and adjacent … the Unemployment Office.

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TASK 6 a) Look up the following words. What suffixes are used to form adjectives? Provide your own examples:

final, national, feudal, constitutional dynastic, autocratic, historic, democratic

b)Open the brackets and form adjectives:

1.All … (Nature) Law Party policies are based on this for a start.

2.Being a photographer he left us the legacy of his pictures as a reminder of a happy and … (idyll) childhood.

3.Passengers can expect a … (norm) train service in between the South East and London, rail operators say.

4.Pain rarely has solely a … (physic) cause: sometimes … (emotion) worries can make it much worse.

5.The prosecution had admitted at the start of the trial that the case against Chris Ward was built on purely … (circumstance) evidence.

6.Meanwhile 19% of chief executives said they were earning less

…(base) pay than at the same time last year.

7.No doubt we’ll have the … (use) phone calls saying they’re stuck in traffic.

8.This was extremely … (romance) – with the rain making it even more … (drama).

TASK 7 a) Look up the words practice, justice, service. What other legal words of Roman origin do you know?

b) Provide more examples of similar verb-noun pairs: practice-practise, advice-advise, device-devise

TASK 8 a) Find gerunds in the text and translate the sentences.

b) Make sentences from the words in brackets:

1.I’ve got a lot of luggage. (you/mind/help/me?)

2.I wouldn’t go to see the film. (it is not/worth/see)

3.(I/look forward to/come to you)

4.(It/can/prevent us from/make mistake)

5.(I/apology for/come/too late)

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6.(I/regret/our/misunderstand)

7.(you/have/experience in/collect/stamps)

8.(there is/no interest in/play/hockey)

9.(there are/reasons for/sell/this car)

10.(they/have/habit of/play/the piano/at 12 o’clock)

TASK 9 Find equivalents in your language or paraphrase the following idioms:

1.The leaders of this war have the blood of many thousands of people on their hands.

2.I have never laid a hand on my wife.

3.‘I’m dreading giving that talk.’ ‘You’ll be all right. I’ll be there to hold your hand.’

4.He knew East London like the back of his hand.

5.It’s a wilderness area, and the oil companies should keep their hands off it.

6.Hands off, Buddy. That’s my beer.

7.He’s always willing to lend a hand where he is needed.

8.I would never raise my hand against/to a child.

9.On the way out, the president stopped to shake hands with many in the audience. (AmE)

10.How will the Director cope without his right-hand man, who resigned yesterday due to ill health?

11.We’ve got to get all this cleared up before they arrive so it’s all hands on deck.

12.They are homeless! You can’t just wash your hands of the problem of homelessness.

13.I’d like to raise people’s salaries but my hands are tied.

14.Are you telling me, hand on heart, that you have never read anyone’s private mail?

TASK 10 a) Study the meanings of the following verbs:

hand down something – 1) to give something to a younger member of a family. Usage notes: sometimes said about people who are not related: He believes that confidence cannot be handed down from your coach or anyone else. 2) to announce a decision in a trial: His sentence, handed down at the Old Bailey, also came

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with a recommendation to serve a minimum of 35 years. Etymology: both meanings come from the idea of someone older or in authority literally handing something to someone smaller or less important.

hand out something – to give something to each person present:

The Football Supporters Federation (FSF) will hand out the leaflets before the match.

hand over someone/something – to give someone or something to someone else: MPs are campaigning to reverse a decision to hand over half their reserved seats in a Commons cafe to staff and visitors. hand over the reins (often + to) – to allow someone else to control something you controlled previously, especially an

organization or a country: I was sure that he would never hand over the reins of our dear club to just anyone.

have (got) to hand it to someone – to recognize that someone deserves respect for what they did: We have to hand it to our managers. They’ve really made a success of the company.

give/hand something to someone on a (silver) plate (platter) – to let someone get something very easily, without having to work for it: Few heroines could be as annoyingly smug as Ashley, who’s had everything handed to her on a silver platter.

b) Fill in the gaps with the above expressiona (some of them are used only once):

1.Fewer and fewer small farms are … from one generation to the next.

2.I built up the business, but I … to my daughter last year.

3.I don’t especially like the man, but you’ve got to … to him, he’s brave.

4.If you sell your share in the company now, you’re … the ownership to him … .

5.After a three-month trial, the jury … a guilty verdict.

6.The prisoners were … to the marshals to be taken to another jail to serve their sentences.

7.Would you please … the balloons to the children?

8.The old man … his passport … .

9.You have to … to her — she turned that company around and made it profitable.

10.You can’t expect everything to be … to you … – you’ve got to make a bit of effort.

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11.Company chiefs are often reluctant to … of power to younger people.

12.My grandfather … his toy trains … to my father.

TASK 11 Make up a story and use one of the following idioms.

The devil finds work for idle hands.

1.The hand that rocks the cradle (rules the world).

2.A bird in the hand (is worth two in the bush).

3.To bite the hand that feeds you.

4.The left hand doesn’t know what the right hand is doing.

TASK 12 a) Study the following definitions:

in hand – 1) controlled or dealt with. Usage notes: also used with have, be, take (or: be in someone’s hands/ in the hands of someone – to be dealt with or controlled by someone) 2) immediately available: This matter is too important to be left in the hands of an inexperienced lawyer. Our boss will not allow speculation about his future to distract from the job in hand.

in the palm of your hand – under your complete control: She can still hold a crowd in the palm of her hand begging for more. Janine knows that she’ll soon have Barry eating out of the palm of her hand.

be in safe hands – to be looked after by someone who can be trusted: The country’s chief police assured people the weapons would be in safe hands until they are given to the army.

be in good hands – to be managed or cared for with great attention: Tonight, I want to talk about why I’m proud to be a Republican and why I believe this country is in good hands.

your life is in someone’s hands – the person is completely responsible for what happens to you, often for whether you live or die. Usage notes: also used with place/put: When you go to hospital, you put your life, your partner’s life, and your child’s life in the hands of professionals. He thought only about the fact that his life was in his pilot’s hands.

putty in one’s hands (AmE) – willing to do anything you want:

Lynda is not the easiest of women but he seems able to deal with her domineering nature admirably, so much so that she is often putty in his hands.

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the matter in hand (BrE, AmE, AuE, formal) – the subject or situation that is being thought about or talked about: Alan gets back to the matter in hand and explains what he wants to do.

b) Paraphrase the sentences:

1.The audience was fascinated — he held them in the palm of his hand.

2.We have about 6,000 applications in hand for about 200 new positions.

3.I think the state failed to take the situation in hand.

4.The arrangements for the party are now in Tim’s hands.

5.Their youngest child needs taking in hand, if you ask me.

6.The nation’s wealth is increasingly in the hands of very, very few people.

7.Nothing gives parents greater comfort than knowing their children are in safe hands.

8.I’m just glad to know that our money’s in such good hands.

9.Every time you drive a car, you put your life in the hands of other motorists.

10.As soon as Jones realized he could get in trouble if they reported him, he became putty in their hands.

11.Do these figures have anything to do with the matter in hand?

TASK 13 a) Study the following definitions:

on hand – immediately available, near and ready if needed. Usage notes: also used with be, have (often + to do something):

Our Community Networkers, hosts and other users are on hand to welcome you so make yourself at home.

have something (someone — AmE) on your hands – if you have a difficult situation on your hands, you have to deal with it, you are responsible for someone or something: It’s very difficult, you have to do everything – It’s a complete motion capture unit on your hand!

on the one hand ... on the other hand – on the one hand followed by but on the other hand means that there are two things to be considered and you are speaking about two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation. Usage notes: two

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parts can be used separately to speak about the first or the second thing to consider (AmE): On the one hand he’s never home, and his regular income has been replaced by a stream of ‘maybes’. On the other hand, if he wasn’t doing comedy he might be dead.

b) Fill in the gaps with “hand”, “one’s hands”, “the one hand” or “the other hand”:

1.Extra supplies will be on … , should they be needed.

2.If the police carry on like this, they’ll have a riot on … before long.

3.On … , I’d like more money, but on … , I’m not prepared to work the extra hours in order to get it.

4.Ms. Sharp will be on … to answer questions later about the film.

5.With four kids I suspect she’s got enough on … .

6.On … , I’m delighted my work won the prize, but on … , I know I could have done it better.

7.If the president doesn’t take an interest in the economy, he could well have an economic disaster on … .

8.The coach was a little surprised to have this tall, talented athlete on … .

9.The new store has extra staff on … to help customers pack their shopping.

10.On … , you complain that you’re lonely, and on … you won’t come to parties with me.

11.There has always been a struggle between the reformers on … and the conservatives on …

TASK 14 a) Study the following definitions:

by hand – without the help of a machine: Roll out the pasta into a long, wide strip, either by hand or using a machine.

out of hand – if you refuse something out of hand, you refuse it completely without thinking about it or discussing it: “I don’t know if this is necessarily the best way forward, but I certainly don’t think that politicians should dismiss it out of hand,” she added.

get out of hand – if a situation gets out of hand, it cannot be controlled any more: But we all know, it’s all got out of hand and it’s just got to stop.

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be out of someone’s hands – the person is not responsible for it any more, it’s not under his/her control: It could be that the kids are now out of your hands so you’ve decided to start dancing, you’re learning to play a musical instrument or even learning how to fly.

at hand – likely to happen soon; close to you and available to be used; needing to be dealt with now: Language differences can be a barrier at times, but there is now some help at hand. You’ve got to focus on the task at hand.

close/near at hand – very near: The exception to this rule is if there is another trained operator close at hand to deal with any emergency.

at the hands of someone – because of someone’s actions:

“But it was a period in which I suffered at the hands of people who I believed loved me,” he said.

off someone’s hands – the person is not responsible for it any more. Usage notes: also used with take (=to take control or ownership of something — AmE): Now they want to repeat the formula at Swansea, and take the club off the hands of its muchderided chairman.

with your bare hands – without using any type of tool or weapon: “Trying to build a better society via government action alone is like trying to mend a cobweb with your bare hands”, she said.

with your own fair hands (humorous) – without any help:

According to his words, it wasn’t only Christmas decorations that were handmade – all presents were crafted with their own fair hands.

b) Fill in the gaps:

1.Decisions about how the money is spent are totally … our hands.

2.‘Did you buy this cake?’ ‘No, I made it … my own fair hands.’

3.Moving to London is certainly a possibility. I wouldn’t dismiss it … hand.

4.I’ve got a lot of freedom now the kids are … my hands.

5.The court heard how Roberts strangled the woman … his bare hands.

6.The list includes 21 legal cases, but none of them deal with the issue … hand.

7.Ross was willing to take the merchandise … their hands but at a very low price.

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