English for Information Technology Engineers. Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdfМИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ» Трехгорный технологический институт – филиал НИЯУ МИФИ
Кафедра гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин
О.О. Захарова
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERS
Учебно-методическое пособие
Трехгорный
2024
УДК 378.14
ББК 6/8
З38
Захарова О.О. English for Information Technology Engineers: учебно-методическое пособие.
Трехгорный: ТТИ НИЯУ МИФИ, 2024. 52 с.
Предлагаемое учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 3-4 курcов, обучающихся по специальности «Вычислительные машины, комплексы, системы и сети».
Цель пособия – подготовить будущих специалистов к иноязычной профессиональной коммуникации. В пособии предлагаются тексты по тематике, близкой для специалистов в области информационных технологий, содержатся задания к ним, грамматические упражнения, проверочные работы. Пособие разработано в соответствии с рекомендациями обучения английскому языку для специальных целей (ESP) и включает тексты профессиональной направленности, заимствованные из аутентичных учебников.
Система предлагаемых упражнений нацелена на совершенствование умений студентов в различных видах чтения, письменной и устной речи, на овладение студентами необходимым объемом лексического запаса в рамках изучаемых тем.
Рецензенты:
директор ТТИ НИЯУ МИФИ, канд. пед. наук Т.И. Улитина; старший преподаватель кафедры гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин ТТИ НИЯУ МИФИ Е.В. Миронова
ISBN 978-5-7262-3083-2 |
© О.О. Захарова, 2024 |
Подписано в печать 22.08.2024. Формат 60х84 1/8. Уч.-изд. л. 6,5. Печ. л. 6,5.
Изд. № 021-1. Трехгорный технологический институт.
456080, г. Трехгорный Челябинской области, ул. Мира, 17
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Содержание
Предисловие ......................................................................................................................................................... |
4 |
Unit 1. Computers: Living in the Digital Age......................................................................................................... |
5 |
1.1. The Digital Age: its Main Aspects .................................................................................................................. |
5 |
1.2. Connected, but Alone? ..................................................................................................................................... |
6 |
Unit 2. Computers ................................................................................................................................................. |
12 |
2.1. Computer Hardware ....................................................................................................................................... |
12 |
2.2. How Computer Memory Works .................................................................................................................... |
13 |
2.3. Types of computers ....................................................................................................................................... |
15 |
2.4. Quantum Computers ...................................................................................................................................... |
18 |
Unit 3. Storage Devices ........................................................................................................................................ |
21 |
3.1. Magnetic Storage ........................................................................................................................................... |
21 |
3.2. Hard Disk Drive ............................................................................................................................................. |
22 |
3.3. Flash Memory ................................................................................................................................................ |
25 |
3.4. A New Way to Store Data ............................................................................................................................. |
26 |
Unit 4. Output devices ......................................................................................................................................... |
29 |
4.1. Printers ........................................................................................................................................................... |
29 |
4.2. 3-D Printing.................................................................................................................................................... |
31 |
Unit 5. Basic Software .......................................................................................................................................... |
34 |
5.1. What is a Software? ...................................................................................................................................... |
34 |
5.2. Operating Systems ......................................................................................................................................... |
35 |
5.3. Windows Operating System........................................................................................................................... |
39 |
Unit 6. Database Communication ......................................................................................................................... |
43 |
6.1. The Internet ................................................................................................................................................... |
43 |
6.2. How We Need to Remake the Internet........................................................................................................... |
44 |
6.3. Using the Internet........................................................................................................................................... |
46 |
Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................... |
50 |
Exit Test ................................................................................................................................................................ |
52 |
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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Предлагаемое учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для организации работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности» студентов-бакалавров, обучающихся по специальностям, связанным с информационными технологиями. Пособие нацелено на развитие комплекса иноязычных навыков студентов в контексте сферы их профессиональных интересов.
В пособии предлагается аутентичный текстовый материал, отобранный из зарубежных статьей и учебных пособий («Infotech», «Oxford English for Information Technology»). Текстовый материал направлен на усвоение обучающимися базовых лексических единиц в рамках тематического раздела. Помимо текстовой работы дается комплекс лексических, грамматических, аудитивных и коммуникативных упражнений, что позволяет обеспечить развитие целого ряда иноязычных навыков обучающихся в ходе практики разных видов речевой деятельности. Для углубленной практики языка представлены задания, разработанные на основе видеоматериалов (лекции Ted Talks), охватывающих разные аспекты развития и использования информационных технологий. Включение видеоматериалов в процесс аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов позволяет развивать их познавательный интерес в рамках преподаваемой дисциплины, а также разнообразить иноязычный материал. Задания, разработанные на основе материалов рекомендуется использовать для работы с более подготовленными студентами, обеспечивая дифференциацию процесса изучения языка.
Пособие состоит из шести тематических разделов:
1.Computers: Living in the Digital Age
2.Computers
3.Storage Devices
4.Output Devices
5.Basic Software
6.Internet
Каждый раздел включает несколько взаимосвязанных подразделов. Структура подраздела содержит следующие материалы:
•упражнения, нацеленные на актуализацию лексических знаний студента по предлагаемой теме или упражнения для парной работы, мозгового штурма,
•текст, лексические единицы по теме, лексические упражнения, упражнения, ориентированные на проверку понимания содержания текста, сжатие текстового материала,
•грамматические упражнения,
•аудитивные задания на основе видео TED Talks или YouTube,
•коммуникативные задания.
Постепенная работа с подразделами позволит обучающемуся развить комплекс иноязычных навыков в рамках изучаемой тематики.
Для проверки знаний студентов по каждому из разделов предусмотрены задания для повторения (Revision). В конце пособия приведен глоссарий с ключевыми лексическими единицами по текстовому материалу разделов. По завершении работы с разделами учебного пособия представлен итоговый тест
(Exit test).
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Unit 1. Computers: Living in the Digital Age
1.1. The Digital Age: its Main Aspects
Warming up
What is digital age? What words are associated with it?
Look at the following words and expressions. Translate them. What can you say about digital age?
(For example: In digital age computers have become an essential part of our life)
•essential part of our lives
•digital generation
•perform mathematical operations
•enroll for courses via the website
•store information
•a four-digit personal identification number
•display data about fuel consumption
•manage radar systems and regulate air traffic
•to pay for goods and services
Reading
Read and translate the text
The Digital Age
We are now living in what some people call the digital age, meaning that computers have become an essential part of our lives. Young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations and improve their maths skills. They are used to access the Internet, to do basic research and to communicate with other students around the world. Teachers use projectors and interactive whiteboards to give presentations and teach sciences, history or language courses. PCs are also used for administrative purposes – schools use word processors to write letters, and databases to keep records of students and teachers.
A school website allows teachers to publish exercises for students to complete online. Students can also enroll for courses via the website and parents can download official reports.
Mobiles let you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos, ringtones or games. With a built-in camera you can send pictures and make video calls in face-to-face mode. New smartphones combine a telephone with web access, video, a games console, an MP3 player, a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a GPS navigation system, all in one. In banks, computers store information about the money held by each customer and enable staff to access large databases and to carry out financial transactions at high speed. They also control the cashpoints, or ATMs (automatic teller machines), which dispense money to customers by the use of a PINprotected card. People use a Chip and PIN card to pay for goods and services. Instead of using a signature to verify payments, customers are asked to enter a four-digit personal identification number (PIN), the same number used at cashpoints; this system makes transactions more secure. With online banking, clients can easily pay bills and transfer money from the comfort of their homes.
Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic. On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computer. Travel agents use computers to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and many other details.
Answer the questions:
•What professions are mentioned in the text?
•What devices / gadgets does the author speak about?
•What spheres of the gadgets use are mentioned?
Complete the columns using the information of the text. Then use your idea to add into the table: think about the spere the devices are used and mention the functions they perform there.
Functions of use
Sphere that uses modern devices
Education
Personal communication Entertainment
5
Business communication
Transportation
Complete the sentences according to the text.
•Digital age means that …
•Computers help students to …
•Students can enroll for …
•With built-in cameras …
•In banking computers carry out … and control …
•For pilots monitors display …
Have a look at the Russian text. Render it in English.
Цифровой век означает, что компьютеры стали важной частью нашей жизни. Молодых людей, выросших среди компьютеров и мобильных телефонов, называют цифровым поколением.
Компьютеры используются для доступа к Интернету. Студенты могут записываться на онлайн курсы
иулучшать свои навыки. Мобильные телефоны позволяют нам совершать звонки, делать фото и видео, отправлять сообщения. Компьютеры важны в банковской сфере для контроля за терминалами и счетами
ибыстрой оплаты товаров и услуг. Водители используют бортовые компьютеры для контроля за транспортным средством. Бортовые компьютеры отражают информацию об оставшемся топливе и погодных условиях.
What positive effect of digital technologies does the text present?
What effect does technology have on your life?
Can you give examples of negative effect of digital technologies?
1.2. Connected, but Alone?
Warm up
What are negative effects of digital technologies? List them.
Read the following list of negative effect. Rank it in the order from the most distracting factor to the less distractive.
•Texting is very impersonal and it can't take the place of human contact. The lack of human contact can cause depression.
•The more time we spend hanging out on YouTube and Instagram, the less time we spend outside doing other things.
•Social media and other digital things distract us: we lose focus on what else we may be trying to do.
•Technology impacts our sleep. A lot of people stay up late texting friends or scrolling through social
media.
•It's difficult to sit up straight in front of a cell phone or a laptop. Many people today are suffering from back and neck pain as a result of not sitting up straight.
•“Phone thumb” is another serious result of the influence of our devices causing health problem.
•The anonymity provided by the Internet caused cyberbullying.
•The use of devices requires electricity to run, which means it costs more to enjoy all of this tech.
Share your ranking result with the other students. Tell what is the most / the lest negative effect of using digital technology for you.
Grammar Practice: Degrees of comparisons
Revise the rule
6
Short adj. |
small |
smaller |
the smallest |
|
cheap |
cheaper |
the cheapest |
|
big |
bigger |
the biggest |
Adj. ending in – y |
early |
earlier |
the earliest |
|
easy |
easier |
the easiest |
Two syllables or |
expensive |
more expensive |
the most expensive |
more |
interesting |
more interesting |
the most interesting |
Irregular adj. |
good |
better |
the best |
|
bad |
worse |
the worst |
|
much/many |
more |
the most |
|
little |
less |
the least |
|
far |
further/farther |
the furthest |
We use comparative adjectives (+ than) to compare people and things with other people and things.
Paying by card is more convenient than paying by cash. Children are more sociable than adults.
We use superlative adjectives (usually with the) to compare people and things with the whole group.
It is the most useful device in the world. I am the least shy student in the class.
We use not as + adjective + as to say that two things or people are not equal in some way: I'm not as happy as Amy. (Amy is happier than me.)
We use (just) as ... as to say two things or people are equal in some way: Alan is (just ) as creative as David. (They are equally creative.)
Write the adjective in the correct form. |
|
|
|
• |
funny |
• |
confusing |
• |
pretty |
• |
dangerous |
• |
sweet |
• |
dark |
• |
wet |
• |
clean |
•I heard some polite laughter when I told my jokes, but everyone laughed loudly when Janet told hers. Her jokes are always much __________ than mine.
•Many more people die in car accidents than in plane accidents. Statistics show that driving your own car is
__________ than flying in an airplane.
•Professor Sato speaks clearly, but I have trouble understanding Professor Larson's lectures. Her lectures are much __________ than Professor Sato's.
•Is there a storm coming? The sky looks __________ than it did an hour ago.
•That tablecloth has some stains on it. Take this one. It's _________ _
•We're having another beautiful sunrise. It looks like an orange fireball. The sky is even_________ than yesterday.
•If a cat and a duck are out in the rain, the cat will get much __________ than the duck. The water will just roll off the duck's feathers, but it will soak into the cat's hair.
Make up sentences with … adj. as …
Catherine is 30. Brigita is 28. Lara is 50 and Tanya is 50.
•Lara … Tanya.
•Catherine … Lara.
•Catherine and Brigita …Tanya.
•Brigita … Catherine.
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• Brigita … Catherine.
Look at the picture with the highest towers of the world. Compare them.
Which is the oldest?
Which is the highest?
Which is the lowest?
Which is furthest from Russia?
Which is the costliest?
Which of the towers took more years to be completed than the others?
Which is the most famous?
Answer the questions.
•Which is the most important device for you?
•Do you depend more time texting messages than talking to people?
•What is the most essential thing for you to use technology for study?
Listening Practice
We are going to discuss the negative effect of digital technology connected with communication. What is the negative aspect of digital technology for communication? Explain it using the phrases form the last lessons.
The most essential part distract lack of contact impersonal impact on
We will watch and listen to a person suggesting her own opinion on the problem.
As we expect more from technology, do we expect less from each other? Sherry Turkle studies how our devices and online personas are redefining human connection and communication -- and asks us to think deeply about the new kinds of connection we want to have.
Before watching and listening: read and translate the words and phrases.
•Heady days
•Unplugged
•Odd and distributing
•Corporate board meeting
•Making eye contact
•Be together
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•Goldilocks effect
•Short change ourselves
•Interrupt
•Hug
•Bottom line
•Relate to
•Have full attention
•Have a conversation
•Sit in the front row
•The cover of the magazine
Which of the phrases relate to live/on-lune interaction?
Read the definition and guess the word:
•giddy, exhilarated;
•to be disconnected from the world of electronic gadgets;
•the concept of "just the right amount";
•the essential point;
•cheat oneself.
Read the phrases from the speech and think what effects of digital technology use the speaker will talk about.
•I'm a woman who loves getting texts who's going to tell you that too many of them can be a problem.
•My daughter sleeps with her cellphone, so do I.
•Our little devices, those little devices in our pockets, are so psychologically powerful that they don't only change what we do, they change who we are.
•They text and shop and go on Facebook during classes, during presentations, actually during all meetings.
•An 18-year-old boy who uses texting for almost everything says to me wistfully, "Someday, someday, but certainly not now, I'd like to learn how to have a conversation."
Listen and watch https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_connected_but_alone
Answer the questions:
Up to 02:51
•What central paradox does the speaker embody?
•What message did she get from her daughter?
•When did she give her first TED talk?
•What did she study over the last 15 years?
Up to 05:00
•Why are people alone together?
•What does she mean when she says “being together but not being together”?
•How do people want to customize their lives?
Up to 07:00
•What is Goldilocks effect?
•What is wrong with having conversation?
Read the transcript to check yourself: https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_connected_but_alone/transcript What conclusion does the speaker make?
Summarize the speaker`s main ideas. Use the following plan:
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The video has the title …
The speaker discusses an essential problem of …
She says that …
The problem is …
She concludes that …
I agree/disagree with the speaker because …
Homework: write an essay on one of the topics
•The use of digital technology in the modern world.
•The negative effects of the modern technologies.
•The positive and negative effects of computers and mobile phones on my life.
•“Being together but not being together”: the problems of virtual communication.
Revision
1. Match the words. Make up three sentences with any of the phrases.
essential |
days |
digital |
part |
enroll for |
depression |
send |
generation |
have an |
line |
bottom |
messages |
short |
impact on |
heady |
courses |
cause |
change |
2. Complete the sentences using the key vocabulary of the unit.
Digital age means …
Mobile phones let us. New smartphones combine … … becomes an essential part of our life.
In vehicles computers … Technology impacts our …
The negative effects of digital technology use are …
3.Explain the phrase “being together but not being together” about the use of digital technology instead of real communication.
Give examples.
4.Write the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives:
long, gentle, small, slow, quick, cheap, young, noble, low, clean, ugly, big, light, muddy, fat.
5. Write the correct form of the adjective.
1)Mike found himself а _______ job somewhere out of town (safe).
2)We prefer the Palm Beach though it is _______ from the center (far).
3)This detailed map is ________ the atlas (useful).
4)Safari parks are ________ places of all to keep animals (good).
5)This computer is ________ advanced than the old model (many).
6)6. They talked about ____________ developments in agriculture (late).
7)The situation is_____________ now and there isn't an easy solution (complicated).
8)People stay indoors during the _________ part of the day (hot).
6. Make comparison sentences with more/-er. Use the adjectives below:
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