English for Information Technology Engineers. Учебно-методическое пособие

•you/re-watch/old/your/do/films

•tell/can/you/me/a joke

Watching. You are going to listen to and watch an interview with a famous person (73 questions to Emily Blunt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWHN7pBRzIo).

Answer the questions you have written in the previous exercise.

Compare your answers with your fello-stident.

Choose any video “73 questions to … (a famous person)” on the Internet and watch it. White down all the questions asked in it.

4.2. 3-D Printing

Warming up

What do you know about 3D printers? What spheres are they used in?

Read and translate the words and phrases

•thrilled

•additive manufacturing

•set of concentric geodesic structures

•milling

•integrated circuits

•arise out of a puddle

•eliminate the defects

•permeable to oxygen

•self-curing materials

•invariant with print direction

•digital thread

•game-changing speed

Read the definitions and choose the words from the list above to suit the definition.

a)newly introduced, changing an existing situation or activity in a significant way;

b)the manufacturing of solid objects by the deposition of layers of material (such as plastic) in accordance with specifications that are stored and displayed in electronic form as a digital model;

c)a tiny complex of electronic components and their connections that is produced in or on a small slice of material (such as silicon);

d)to put an end to or get rid of.

Read and translate the sentences.

a)It's a set of concentric geodesic structures with linkages between each one. In its context, it is not manufacturable by traditional manufacturing techniques.

b)Now, 3D printing is actually a misnomer.

c)Think about inkjet printing where you lay down ink on a page to make letters, and then do that over and over again to build up a three-dimensional object.

d)Now, we were inspired by the "Terminator 2" scene for T-1000, and we thought, why couldn't a 3D printer operate in this fashion, where you have an object arise out of a puddle in essentially real time with essentially no waste to make a great object?

e)Our approach is to use some standard knowledge in polymer chemistry to harness light and oxygen to grow parts continuously.

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Listening

Before listening match the words into the phrases.

Watching. You are going to listen to the speech about the advances in 3D printing (https://www.ted.com/talks/joseph_desimone_what_if_3d_printing_was_100x_faster)

Read the introduction. What problems of this technology will the speaker present?

What we think of as 3D printing, says Joseph DeSimone, is really just 2D printing over and over ... slowly. Onstage at TED2015, he unveils a bold new technique -- inspired, yes, by Terminator 2 -- that's 25 to 100 times faster, and creates smooth, strong parts. Could it finally help to fulfill the tremendous promise of 3D printing?

A.Listen up to 7:40. Write down all the words connected to 3D printing and its process. Put the sentences in the order of their appearance in the speech.

a) 3D printing is actually a misnomer.

b) The approach is to use some knowledge in polymer chemistry to jarness light and oxygen to grow parts continuously. In microelectronics, they use something called lithography to do the same sort of thing which is considered to be 2D printing.

c) The work of the presented printer is 25 to 100 times faster than traditional 3D printers, the parts are monolithic. d) The problem with 3D printing: is takes forever. The layer-by-layer process leads to defects in mechanical properties.

B.Answer the questions:

a)What 2D printing technology does the speaker tell about?

b)What is the speaker`s team inspired by?

c)What main disadvantage does the speaker tell about?

Continue listening up to 5:50. Follow the text and fill in the necessary gaps. Read and translate the passage.

Now, the key is that this window in the bottom of this reservoir, it's a composite, it's a very special window. It's not only 1. … to light but it's permeable to oxygen. It's got characteristics like a 2. … . So we can see how the process works. You can start to see that as you lower a stage in there, in a traditional process, with an 3. …, you make a two-dimensional pattern and you end up gluing that onto the window with a traditional window, and so in order to introduce the next layer, you have to separate it, 4. … , reposition it, and do this process over and over again. But with our very special window, what we're able to do is, with oxygen coming through the bottom as light hits it, that 5. … , and we form a dead zone. This dead zone is on the order of tens of microns thick, so that's 6. … of a red blood cell, right at the window interface that remains a liquid, and we 7. … , and as we talked about in a Science paper, as we change the oxygen content, we can change the dead zone thickness. And so we have a number of key variables that we control: oxygen content, the light, the light intensity, the dose to cure, the viscosity, the geometry, and we use very sophisticated software to control this process.

Listen up to 7:40. Answer the questions:

How much faster is the presented printer than a traditional 3D printer?

What advantages of the presented printer are described?

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Read the transcript and summarize the speech in several sentences. https://www.ted.com/talks/joseph_desimone_what_if_3d_printing_was_100x_faster/transcript

Use the text of the speech and make up a dialogue with the other student. Ask questions about the technology of 3D printing and answer them.

Cover the issues form the video:

•the difference between 2d and 3d printers;

•the drawbacks of 3d printers;

•the new 3d printing technology;

•the advantages of 3 D printing.

Revision

1. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the right phrases:

a.in order to identify three different approaches

b.to provide information in a permanent and much more human-readable form

c.ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second

d.on computers of all sizes

e.is affected by magnetic fields of the printer

f.used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems

Several devices are used for outputting information from the computer, but printers are sure to be the most commonly used output devices and to be components of almost all computer systems. We consider printers 1_____________ than any other means. Printers vary greatly in performance and design.

We will classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers 2 _______________ to printing, each with a different speed range. In addition, printers can be described as either impact or non-impact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Non-impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A typewriter is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with all microcomputers as well as 3 ________________ whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Such a printer has speeds 4 ________________. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers are stated to have a lower quality of type. But they are generally faster printers than the first ones - in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays 5 to form printed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which 5_______________. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines 6_________________. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be printing a line at a time. They are impact printers. The speeds of them vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute.

2. Make up questions and write them.

1.what / the / of / three / are / types / printers

2.of / printer / what / systems / type / the most common / with / microcomputer

3.is / what / an impact printer

4.distinguish/ a letter-quality / and / do / you / between/ printer / a dot-matrix printer

5.what / types / character /you /of /printers / do / know?

3. Answer the questions above using the text.

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Unit 5. Basic Software

5.1. What is software?

Warming up

What is the difference between hardware and software engineers? What are the objects of their work? What is software?

Name the elements associated with hardware / software:

RAM, operating system, spreadsheet, hard drive, files, support programs, input devices, computer memory, data file, file extensions, applications.

Reading

Read the text and give the definition of the software.

Computer software determines the types of tasks a computer can help you to accomplish. Some software helps you to create documents; while other software helps you to edit home videos, to prepare your tax return or design the floor plan for a new house. The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out a task are referred to as a computer program. These programs form the software that prepares a computer to do a specific task, such as document production, video editing, graphic design or Web browsing.

In popular usage the term “software” refers to one or more computer programs and any additional files that are provided to carry out a specific type of task. Whether it's on a CD or downloaded from the Web, today's software is typically composed of many files. You might be surprised by the number of files that are necessary to make software work. At least one of the files included in a software package contains an executable program designed to be launched, or started, by users. On PCs, these programs are stored in files that typically have. exe file extensions and are referred to as “executable files”. Other files supplied with a software package contain programs that are not designed to be run by users. These “support programs” contain instructions for the computer to use in conjunction with the main user-executable file.

A support program can be activated by the main program as needed. Support programs often have file extensions such as . dll and . docx. In addition to program files, many software packages also include data files. As you might expect, these files contain any data that is necessary for a task, but not supplied by the user, such as Help documentation. The data files supplied with a software package spot file extensions such as . txt, . bmp, and

. hlp: The use of a main user-executable file plus several support programs and data files offers a great flexibility and efficiency for software developers. Support programs and data files from existing programs can usually be modified by developers for other programs without changing the main executable file. This modular approach can reduce the time required to create and test the main executable file, which usually contains a long and fairly complex program. This modular approach also allows software developers to reuse their support programs in multiple software products and adapt preprogrammed support modules for use in their own software. Modular programming techniques are of interest mainly to people who create computer programs; however, these techniques affect the process of installing and uninstalling software.

It is important, therefore, to remember that computer software consists of many files that contain userexecutable programs, support programs, and data. Software is categorized as application software or system software. The primary purpose of application software is to help people carry out tasks using a computer. In contrast, the primary purpose of system software your computer's operating system, device drivers, programming languages, and utilities is to help the computer to carry out its basic operating functions. Computer software or just software is a general term used to describe the role that computer programs, procedures and documentation play in a computer system.

Find the English equivalents to the phrases using the text:

определить типы заданий, выполнять, относиться к, выполнять определенное задание, состоящий из, в дополнении к, гибкость и эффективность, модульный подход, требуемое время, исполнимый файл, одновременно с.

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Complete the phrases according to the text:

•Computer software determines the types of tasks …

•The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out a task are referred to as …

•The “support programs” contain …

•This modular approach also allows software developers to …

•The main purpose of application software is …

•Software consists of many files that …

Fill in the gaps with the right word.

create, consists of , edit, stored, referred, refers, modified

1.Some software helps you to … documents; while other software helps you to … home videos.

2.The term “software” refers to one or more computer programs and any additional files that are provided to carry out a specific type of task.

3.On PCs, these programs are … in files that typically have. exe file extensions and are … to as “executable files”.

4.Support programs and data files from existing programs can usually be … by developers for other programs without changing the main executable file.

5.Computer software … many files that contain user-executable programs, support programs, and data.

Make up a plan for the text. Use it to retell the text.

5. 2. Operating Systems

Reading

Read the description of the Mac OS X on the basis of the table below. Write a similar description of Linux.

Mac OS X is a Unix-based operating system designed for use on Apple Mac computers. It includes memoryprotection, pre-emptive multitasking and symmetric multiprocessing support. Graphics are provided by a graphics engine known as Quartz. It has advanced PDF standards support, Open GL and Quicktime integrated into the OS. The operating system features are accessed through a graphical user interface called Aqua.

Write the description of the operating system you personally use.

Read the text about Linux.

Put the parts of the text into the right order.

A. Annoyed by the shortcomings of Minix (a compact Unix clone written as a teaching aid by Professor Andy Tannenbaum) Linus set out to write his own 'kernel' — the core of an operating system that handles memory allocation, talks to hardware devices, and makes sure everything keeps running. He used the GNU programming

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tools developed by Richard Stallman's Free Software Foundation, an organization of volunteers dedicated to fulfilling Stallman's ideal of making good software that anyone could use without paying. When he'd written a basic kernel, he released the source code to the Linux kernel on the Internet.

B.Linux has its roots in student project. In 1992, an undergraduate called Linus Torvalds was studying computer science in Helsinki, Finland. Like most computer science courses, a big component of it was taught on (and about) Unix. Unix was the wonder operating system of the 1970s and 1980s: both a textbook example of the principles of operating system design, and sufficiently robust to be the standard OS in engineering and scientific computing. But Unix was a commercial product (licensed by AT&T to a number of resellers), and cost more than a student could pay.

C.There's a term for this model of software development; it's called Open Source (sec www.opensource.org/ for more information). Anyone can have the source code — it's free (in the sense of free speech, not free beer). Anyone can contribute to it. If you use it heavily you may want to extend or develop or fix bugs in it – and it is so easy to give your fixes back to the community that most people do so. An operating system kernel on its own isn't a lot of use; but Linux was purposefully designed as a near-clone of Unix, and there is a lot of software out there that is free and was designed to compile on Linux. By about 1992, the first 'distributions' appeared.

D.Source code is important. It's the original from which compiled programs are generated. If you don't have the source code to a program, you can't modify it to fix bugs or add new features. Most software companies won't sell you their source code, or will only do so for an eye-watering price, because they believe that if they make it available it will destroy their revenue stream. What happened next was astounding, from the conventional, commercial software industry point of view – and utterly predictable to anyone who knew about the Free Software Foundation. Programmers (mostly academics and students) began using Linux. They found that it didn't do things they wanted it to do – so they fixed it. And where they improved it, they sent the improvements to Linus, who rolled them into the kernel. And Linux began to grow.

E.A distribution is the Linux-user term for a complete operating system kit, complete with the utilities and applications you need to make it do useful things — command interpreters, programming tools, text editors, typesetting tools, and graphical user interfaces based on the X windowing system. X is a standard in academic and scientific computing, but not hitherto common on PCs; it's a complex distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces like KDE and Gnome.

As more and more people got to know about Linux, some of them began to port the Linux kernel to run on non-standard computers. Because it's free, Linux is now the most widely-ported operating system.

Find the answers to the following questions:

•What were the shortcomings of Unix Linus Torvalds faced?

•What advantage of the GNU programming tools is called in the text?

•What did the creator of Linux realize when he he'd written a basic kernel?

•What is the X windowing system?

•What are the advantages of Linux over Unix?

Look through the text once again and find the words with the following meanings:

•capable of performing without failure under a wide range of conditions;

•defects, faults;

•storage distributions;

•the central part or aspect of something under consideration;

•enormous;

•to carry out effectively;

•causing a strong emotional reaction because of unexpectedness.

Tell any 5 facts that you know about Linux.

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Listening

Before listening

You are going to watch an interview with Linux creator and learn more.

Make sure you know all the words and expressions:

•testament

•collaborative project

•buffer

•get involved into a project

•source-code maintenance

•scale to

•singly-linked list

•give a clue

•take off

•let go

•stubborn

•stranded on an island

Fill in the gaps. Use some of the phrases above.

•Linux wasn`t started as a ….

•I found nothing odd or distinctive that could … to identify our target.

•Three people … were rescued after 30 days.

•something presented in support of the truth or accuracy of a claim is called a … .

•… tracks a running history of changes to a code base and helps resolve conflicts when merging updates from multiple contributors.

Watch the interview with Linus Torvalds “The mind behind Linux”.

What questions are asked to the famous software engineer?

Watch up to 5:37 and give the answers to the following questions:

•How do Linux headquarters look like?

•What is the thing that worry Linus Torvalds in his computer?

•Where does Linus Torvalds work?

•How did he start Linux?

•What was important for Linus Torvalds when working at Linux?

Watch up to 9:01 and give the answers to the following questions:

•What was the big point in Linus Torvalds` project development?

•What is Git?

•What does he say about CVS?

Watch up to 14:17 and give the answers to the following questions:

•What does Linus Torvalds say about his childhood?

•What personal qualities does Linux creator have?

•How many years has he lived in Silicon Valley?

•Is he a people person?

•What does he say about working with people/ with commercial people?

•Can he make a pretty UI?

Watch up to 15:53. Fill in the gaps.

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Linus Torvalds: The most interesting part to me is the last 1 …. Because what happens in a singly-linked list -- this is trying to remove an existing entry from a list -- and there's a difference between if it's the 2. … or whether it's an entry in the middle. Because if it's the first entry, you have to change the pointer to the first entry. If it's in the 3. …, you have to change the pointer of a previous entry. So, they're two 4 ….

The interviewer: And that's better.

Linus Torvalds: And this is better. It does not have the if statement. And it doesn't really 5. … -- I don't want you understand why it doesn't have the if statement, but I want you to understand that sometimes you can see a problem in a 6. … and rewrite it so that a special case goes away and becomes the normal case. And that's good code. But this is simple code. This is CS 101. This is not important -- although, 7. …. To me, the sign of people I really want to work with is that they have good 8. …, which is how ... I sent you this stupid example that is not 9. … because it's too small. Good taste is much bigger than this. Good taste is about really 10. … and kind of instinctively knowing what's the right way to do things.

Watch up to 19:22 and give the answers to the following questions:

•What kind of person is Linus Torvalds?

•How does he relate to Tesla and Edison?

•What famous Edison`s saying does he quote?

•Does it annoy him that other IT companies get money of his software?

Watch up to the end and answer the questions:

What is the advantage of open source for science?

What kind of person is Linus Torvalds according to this interview?

Tell about the main ideas of the interview. Cover the points:

The creation of Linux.

The main points of project development for Linus Torvalds?

The key features of Linus Torvalds.

The idea of the open sources.

Grammar Practice

Tenses Revision

Follow the script (https://www.ted.com/talks/linus_torvalds_the_mind_behind_linux/transcript). Find examples of different tenses used in Linus Torvalds` speech.

Complete the sentences. Use the simple past of any irregular verb that makes sense. More than one answer may be possible.

a)Julia walked to the office today. Rebecca … her car. Mary …her bike. Yoko … the bus.

b)It got so cold last night that the water in the pond … .

c)Melany had a choice between a blue skirt and a brown one. She finally … the brown one.

d)My husband gave me a big box for my birthday. It … in yellow and orange colours.

e)Last night when I was sound asleep, somebody … the door.

f)The sun … at 6:05 this morning and … at 6:59 last night.

g)Ms. Brown … Literature at the local high school last year.

h)Oh, my gosh! Call the police! Someone … my car!

i)The police … the car thieves quickly and … them to jail.

j)A bird … into the store through an open door.

k)My dog _______ a hole in the yard and buried his bone.

l)I don't have any money in my wallet. I _______ it all yesterday. I'm flat broke.

Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.

a)(it / not / rain / this week) It …

b)(the weather / be / warm / recently) The weather …

c)(it / cold / yesterday) It …

d)(I / not / eat / any fruit yesterday) I …

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e)(I / not / eat / any vegetables today) I …

f)(Jim / earn / a lot of money / this year) Jim …

g)(Angelina / not / earn / so much / last month) Angelina …

Read the sentences. Correct if it is necessary.

a)I`ve never been in France.

b)How much has your phone cost?

c)Did your sister come back yet?

d)We booked our tickets on-line.

e)He`s finished his English course a month ago.

f)Have you ever wasted much money on something?

g)They didn`t call me back yet.

h)Have you seen the Batman film on Channel 7 yesterday?

5.3. Windows Operating System

Warming up

Fill in the gaps with the right preposition:

compatible … numerous programs, designed … advanced home computing, support … the latest technologies, redesigned … new icons, protects your computer … internet attacks, … the moment.

Reading

Read the interview with Bill Thompson, a program developer.

Interviewer: Without doubt, Windows has revolutionized the way computers are used today. Can you explain just why it is so popular?

Bill: Well, very simply, people find Windows very easy to use because everything is presented in graphic images. It`s also compatible with numerous programs.

Interviewer: The big news at the moment is the launch of Windows Vista, the successor to Windows XP. I understand that there are several versions of Vista available. Could you give us some advice on which one to get? Bill: Right, there are four main editions: Home Basic, Home Premium, Business and Ultimate. Home Basics is developed for users with basic needs, like e-mail and internet access. Home Premium is designed for advanced home computing and entertainment including movie-maker, and Media Centre. The Business Edition suits business organizations offering new back up technologies and networking capabilities. Ultimate Edition combines the features of all the editions. It has everything you need to enjoy the latest music, games, digital photography and high-definition TV.

Interviewer: And what other factors make Windows Vista so attractive?

Bill: The UI has been redesigned with new icons and a new visual style. The system gives you more flexibility when you search and organize your files, and it offers support for the latest technologies.

Interviewer: What about internet connection? Have they been improved?

Bill: Internet Explorer is more reliable and secure. The Security Centre includes an anti-spyware program called Windows Defender and a firewall that protects your computer from internet attacks.

Interviewer: What sort of application software can you use with Windows?

Bill: The most popular still is Microsoft Office, a suite including the word processor, a e-mail program, the Excel spreadsheet program, and the presentation graphics program, Power Point.

Why is Windows so popular?

Make up a similar dialogue discussing the latest edition of Windows. Search for the information and present the dialogue.

Choose any of the operation systems and write a short essay about it including such points as the history of creation, main technical features, advantages and disadvantages, your conclusions of its use.

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What are spreadsheet programs used for? Read the text presenting a person explaining the basics of Excel at training course. Fill in the missing words:

to keep record, keyed, number alignment, calculates, values, cells, line graphs divided into

OK, everyone. Let`s begin with the basics. A spreadsheet program is normally used in business for financial planning – … of accounts, to analyze budgets or to make specific calculations. It`s like a large piece of paper … columns and rows. Each column is labelled with a letter and each row is labelled with a number. The point where a column and a row intersect is called a cell. For example, you can have … A 1, B 6 and so on.

A cell can hold three types of information: text, numbers and formulae. For example, in this sample worksheet, the word “Sales” has been … into cells B2, B3 and B4 respectively. So, when the formula B2+B3+B4 is keyed into cell B5, the program automatically … and displays the result.

Formulae are functions or operations that add, subtract, multiply or divide existing values to produce new …: we can use them to calculate totals, percentages or discounts. When you change the value of the cell, the values in other cells are automatically recalculated. You can also update the information in different worksheets by linking cells. This means that when you make a change in one worksheet, the same change is made in the other worksheet.

The format menu in a spreadsheet usually includes several commands allowing you to choose the font, …, boarders column width and so on. Most spreadsheet programs can also generate graphic representations. The value of cells is shown in different ways, such as … , bar or pie charts. There are even three-dimensional options. Some spreadsheet programs also have a database facility which transforms the values of the cells into a database. In this case each column is a field and each row is a record.

Read the statements and decide if they are true or false:

•In a spreadsheet you can only enter numbers and formulae.

•It`s impossible to change the width of the columns.

•Spreadsheet programs can generate a variety of charts A spreadsheet displays information in the form of a table with columns and rows.

•and graphs.

•Spreadsheets can`t be used as a database.

Make up an answer: give the short characteristic of Excel.

Imagine you give a lesson at a course. Explain to the beginners any function of word-processing program. Use the text above as an example.

Writing

Business Communication

Use the words to make up phrases describing the usual business communication.

Listen to the telephone conversation, follow the link: https://soundcloud.com/soulichanh-luangsombuth/28- 28?in=soulichanh-luangsombuth/sets/business-result-elementary-audio

Answer the questions

•What types of correspondence are mentioned?

•What questions are asked by the speakers?

•What problem is being solves?

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