English for Future Lawyers. Учебное пособие для студентов СПО, обучающихся по специальности 40.02.01 – «Право и организация социального обеспечения»
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7.Are there many political parties in Russia?
8.What are the most well-known parties?
9.Can you compare Russian and American political systems?
10.Would you like to become the President of Russia? Why?
VI. Use the chart to speak about Russian political system.
Russian Federation presidential republic
legislative |
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executive |
judicial |
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Federal Assembly |
the Federal |
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courts |
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Government |
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the |
the |
the |
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the |
the |
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the |
Federation |
State |
Prime |
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Cabinet |
Supreme |
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Constitutional |
Council |
Duma |
Minister |
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Court |
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Court |
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Speaker, |
Speaker, |
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civil |
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laws) |
178 |
450 |
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cases, |
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the |
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deputies |
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criminal |
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Constitution |
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cases |
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QUESTIONS
I. Make questions with who and what. In these sentences who/what is the subject.
1. |
Somebody broke the window. |
Who broke the window? |
2. |
Something happened. |
What happened? |
3. |
Somebody is coming. |
Who ……… ? |
4. |
Somebody took my umbrella. |
……… your umbrella? |
5. |
Something made me angry. |
……… you angry? |
6. |
Somebody wants to see you. |
……… me? |
7. |
Somebody told me about the accident. |
……… you ………..? |
8. |
Something went wrong. |
……… ? |
II. Make questions with who and what. In these sentences who/what is the object.
1. |
I met somebody. |
Who did you meet? |
2. |
I'm doing something. |
What are you doing? |
3. |
I'm reading something. |
What ……… you …….? |
4. |
I saw somebody. |
Who ……… ? |
5. |
I want something. |
……… ? |
6. |
I phoned somebody. |
……… ? |
7. |
I'm going to cook something. |
……… ? |
8. |
I bought something. |
……… ? |
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III. Make questions with who and what. Sometimes who/what is the subject, sometimes who/what is the object.
1. |
Somebody lives in that house. |
Who lives in that house? |
2. |
Tom said something. |
What did Tom say? |
3. |
They have lost something. |
What |
4. |
Somebody cleaned the kitchen. |
Who |
5. |
I asked somebody for money. |
Who |
6. |
Somebody asked me for money. |
Who |
7. |
Something happened last night. |
What |
8. |
Jack bought something. |
What |
9. |
Somebody telephoned me yesterday. |
Who |
10. I telephoned somebody yesterday. |
Who |
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11. Somebody knows the answer. |
Who |
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12. Something woke me up this morning. |
What |
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13. Somebody has got my pen. |
Who |
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14. Tom and Ann saw something. |
What |
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15. Somebody saw the accident. |
Who |
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16. Somebody did the washing-up. |
Who |
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17. Jill did something. |
What |
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18. This word means something. |
What |
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TAG QUESTIONS
IV. Complete these sentences with a question tag (isn't it? / haven't you? etc.).
1. |
It's a beautiful day, isn’t it? |
Yes, it's lovely. |
2. |
They're on holiday,………? |
Yes, they're in Portugal. |
3. |
She was angry, ………? |
Yes, very angry. |
4. |
You've been to Paris, ……? |
Yes, many times. |
5. |
You smoke, ………? |
Yes, but not often. |
6. |
He looks very tired, ………? |
Yes, he works too hard. |
7. |
You'll help me, …………? |
Yes, of course I will. |
V. Complete these sentences with a question tag, positive (is it? / do you? etc.) or negative isn’t it? / don't you? etc.).
1. |
You haven't got a car, have you? |
No, I can't drive. |
2. |
You aren’t tired, …………? |
No, I'm fine. |
3. |
Carol is a very nice person, ……? |
Yes, I like her very much. |
4. |
You can play the piano, ……? |
Yes, but not very well. |
5. |
You don't know Mr. Bond, ……? |
No, I've never met him. |
6. |
Sally went to university, ……? |
Yes, she studied history. |
7. |
The film wasn’t very good, ……? |
No, it was terrible. |
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VI. Put a question tag at the end of these sentences.
1. |
Tom won't be late, will he? |
No, he's never late. |
2. |
You're tired, aren't you? |
Yes, a little. |
3. |
You've got a camera, …? |
Yes, why? Do you want to |
4. |
You weren't listening, …? |
borrow it? |
5. |
Sue doesn't know Ann, …? |
Yes, I was! |
6. |
Jack's on holiday, …? |
No, they've never met. |
7. |
Ann's applied for the job, …? |
Yes, he's in Portugal. |
8. |
You can speak German, …? |
Yes, but she won't get it. |
9. |
He won't mind if I use his phone, …? |
Yes, but not very fluently. |
10. |
There are a lot of people here, …? |
No, of course he won't. |
11. |
This isn't very interesting, …? |
Yes, more than I expected. |
12. |
I'm too impatient, …? |
No, not very. |
13. |
You wouldn't tell anyone, …? |
Yes, you are sometimes. |
14. |
I shouldn't have lost my temper, ...? |
No, of course not. |
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No, but never mind. |
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UNIT 11
COURT SYSTEM IN RUSSIA
A.
Russia belongs to the continental legal system, and a written law is the, main legal source. So, the supreme law in Russia is the Constitution. Other major legal sources include federal constitutional laws and federal laws. Any law cannot contradict the Constitution.
The Russian court system is composed of three independent parts. They are:
−the Courts of General Jurisdiction;
−the Commercial (Arbitrazh) Courts;
−the Russian Federation Constitutional Court.
The Courts of General Jurisdiction include justices of the peace, District
courts, Regional courts and the Supreme Court.
Justices of the peace resolve small claims at the local level. District (rayon) courts function as courts of the first instance and courts of appeals for decisions of justices of the peace. These courts make initial decisions in the majority of criminal and civil cases. Regional (oblast) courts serve as trial courts in more serious crimes and civil matters, and as appellate courts reviewing district court’s judgments.
As a result of the judicial reform of 2014, the Supreme Commercial Court of the Russian Federation has ceased to exist and its powers have been passed to the newly formed Supreme Court of Russia. The new Supreme Court is the highest judicial instance for both courts of general jurisdiction and the commercial courts. It can hear cases by way of supervision and for newly discovered circumstances. The Supreme Court may issue explanations on questions concerning judicial practice.
B.
The military courts are included into the system of courts of general jurisdiction. They include garrison, district (navy) courts and the Military Chamber of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
The Commercial Courts adjudicate commercial and economic disputes between business entities. These courts are organized at the level of constituent components of the Russian Federation.
The RF Constitutional Court adjudicates matters governed by the RF Constitution. Rulings of the Constitutional Court are binding and final. Some subjects of the Russian Federation have their own «subject» constitutional courts (14 courts) and also charter courts (4 courts).
In all courts cases are tried in public. The participants in the trial (the prosecutor, the lawyers, the plaintiff, the judge, the defendant and the others)
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speak in the open court. The accused is guaranteed the right to defense. The press has the right to be present.
During the hearing of a case any citizen may enter the courtroom and be present during the trial from the beginning to the end. The hearing of cases in closed sessions is allowed only in exceptional cases. Closed sessions are only allowed if it is in the interests of both sides or for the necessity to keep state secrets. Trial without participation of both sides is not allowed. The judges are independent and they must obey the law.
Vocabulary notes A.
supreme – верховный, высший; to contradict – противоречить; to be composed – состоять, быть составленным;
justice of the peace – мировой судья;
trial court – суд первой инстанции; judgment – решение;
supervision – надзор, контроль; circumstances – обстоятельства, условия;
to issue – выпускать;
B.
garrison – гарнизон;
to adjudicate – судить, выносить решение;
legal entity – юридическое лицо; ruling – постановление, судебное решение;
binding – обязательный; charter – устав, договор; prosecutor – обвинитель; plaintiff – истец;
defendant – ответчик, обвиняемый, подсудимый, подзащитный;
trial – судебное разбирательство; participation – участие.
I. Translate into Russian: |
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A. |
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B. |
1) |
the supreme law; |
1) |
military courts; |
2) |
legal sources; |
2) |
to adjudicate; |
3) |
the Court of General Jurisdiction; |
3) |
legal entity; |
4) |
the Commercial Court; |
4) |
ruling; |
5) |
the RF Constitutional Court; |
5) |
trial; |
6) |
justice of the peace; |
6) |
case; |
7) |
District Court; |
7) |
participant; |
8) |
Regional Court; |
8) |
prosecutor; |
9) |
The Supreme Court; |
9) |
plaintiff; |
10)claim; |
10)defendant; |
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11)Court of the first instance; |
11)the accused; |
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12)initial decision; |
12)hearing of the case; |
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13)court judgment; |
13)courtroom; |
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14)the highest judicial instance; |
14)the right to defense; |
15)circumstances. |
15)state secret. |
II. Answer the questions.
1.What’s the main legal source in Russia?
2.What does the Russian court system include?
3.Name the courts of General Jurisdiction. What do they deal with?
4.What are the duties of Commercial Courts?
5.What is the Constitutional Court responsible for?
6.Who are the participants in the trial?
7.Who can be present during trials/ hearings?
8.What right does the accused have?
9.When are closed sessions allowed?
10.What is not allowed?
III. Fill in the gaps. Use these notes to speak about court system in Russia.
Supreme law: the C______________________________
legal sources: federal ____________________________
1.Courts of General Jurisdiction
justices of the peace – small _________________
district courts – a_______________
regional courts – serious _______________
the Supreme Court – the highest _______________
military courts
2.Commercial Courts – commercial and ______________
3.The RF Constitutional Court –matters ___________________
PASSIVE
I. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ). All the sentences are present.
1.(this room / clean / every day) This room is cleaned every day.
2.(how often / the room / clean?) How often is the room cleaned?
3.(glass / make / from sand) Glass ……………………
4.(stamps / sell / in a post office) ………………………
5.(football / play / in most countries) ……………………
6.(this machine / not / use / very often) ……………………
7.(what language / speak / in Ethiopia?) What …………?
8.(what / this machine / use / for?) ………………………?
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II. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ). All the sentences are past.
1.(the room / clean / yesterday) The room was cleaned yesterday.
2.(when / the room /clean?) When was the room cleaned?
3.(this room / paint / last month) This room ………………
4.(these houses / build / about 50 years ago)………………
5.(Ann's bicycle / steal / last week) …………………………
6.(three people / injure / in the accident) ……………………
7.(when / this church / build?) When …………………?
8.(when / television / invent?) ……………………………?
9.(how / the window / break?) ……………………………?
10.(anybody / injure / in the accident?) ……………………?
11.(why / the letter / send / to the wrong address?) ………?
III. Turn from Active into Passive.
A.
1.The gardener has planted some trees.
Some trees have been planted by the gardener.
2.Doctor Brown will give you some advice.
3.A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.
4.Steven Spielberg directed "Е.T."
B. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.
1.Someone has broken the crystal vase.
The crystal vase has been broken. (omitted)
2.His parents have brought him up to be polite.
3.Fleming discovered penicillin.
4.They will advertise the product on television.
C.
1.You must leave the bathroom tidy.
The bathroom must be left tidy.
2.You should water this plant daily.
3.People must obey laws.
4.You can find such berries everywhere.
5.I have to return these books to the library.
D.
1.He gave me a present.
I was given a present. (more usual)
A present was given to me. (less usual)
2.The waiter will bring us the bill.
3.The Queen presented him with a medal.
4.Her mother gives Mary some sweets every Sunday.
5.Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
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E.
1.Someone is helping her with the housework.
She is being helped with the housework.
2.A pickpocket robbed me.
3.You must extinguish your cigarettes.
4.The mail-order company sent Mrs. Green a parcel.
5.Someone will pay you within the next few days.
6.You can improve your health with more exercise.
7.We turn on the light when it is dark.
8.The students finished their translation in time.
9.Betty often took her younger brother for a walk.
10.Mother has made some coffee.
11.They have told her the truth.
12.She promised us an interesting entertainment.
13.One uses chalk for writing on the board.
14.I will finish my work at seven.
15.My friends took me to the cinema last week.
4.
A. Use Passive.
1.The letter (to post) in half an hour.
2.He (to send) to a sanatorium soon.
3.Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech.
4.The lectures (to attend) by all of us since September.
5.Your report must (to divide) into chapters.
6.Music often (hear) from the next room.
B. Use Active or Passive.
1.Nobody (to see) him yesterday.
2.The telegram (to receive) tomorrow.
3.He (to give) me this book next week.
4.The answer to this question can (find) in the encyclopedia.
5.We (to show) the historical monuments to the delegation.
6.You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book.
7.Budapest (to divide) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest.
8.Yuri Dolgoruki (to found) Moscow in 1147.
9.Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov.
10.We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.
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ADDITIONAL READING
GREAT BRITAIN
Great Britain (official name – the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is situated on two large islands, the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland. In addition to these two islands Great Britain includes over five hundred small islands. The total area of Great Britain is 240,000 sq. kms, its population is over 59,000,000 people.
In the north-west and west the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, in the east – by the North Sea. The island of Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel. Northern Ireland, which is a part of Great Britain and which is situated on the island of Ireland, is separated from Great Britain by the North Channel.
The island of Great Britain is divided into two parts: mountainous (in the north and west of the island) and lowland (in the south and east). There are no very long rivers in Great Britain. The most important rivers are the Thames (the deepest) and the Severn (the longest). The rivers seldom freeze in winter. Due to moderating influence of the sea Great Britain has an insular climate, rather humid and mild, without striking discrepancy between seasons.
Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 55 counties. The biggest cities of Great Britain are London, Birmingham Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen (or the King). However, the power of the Queen in Great Britain is not absolute. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. There is no written constitution in Great Britain.
Parliament in Great Britain has existed since 1265 and is the oldest Parliament in the world. It consists of two Houses – the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1,000 peers who are not elected by the people. The House of Commons is a nation-wide representative body which is elected by the people at a general election not less frequently than once in 5 years. After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government – the Prime Minister. As a rule the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the election. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.
There are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour party. The Conservative party came into being in the 19th century as a result of the evolution of the Tory party. The Labour party
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was founded in 1900. Since 1906 it has borne the name of the Labour Party. For the first time the Labour Party won the election in 1945.
Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country. The main fields of British industry are machine-building, ship-building, metallurgy, electronics, etc.
I. Answer the questions.
1.What are the main parts of Great Britain?
2.How many islands does Great Britain consist of?
3.When was the British constitution adopted?
4.Who is the head of the state in Great Britain?
5.What is the official name of Great Britain?
II. Fill in the chart.
GREAT BRITAIN
________________________________ islands total area ______________________________
population _____________________________
washed by _____________________________
separated from France by _________________
the most important rivers _________________
4 main parts ___________________________
55 ___________________________________
the main cities _________________________
the type ______________________________
the head of the state _____________________
no written ____________________________
Parliament
2 Houses: the House of ______ (1,000 ______, not elected by _____)
the House of ______ (elected by ________ , once in ______)
the head of the Government ______________
2 main political parties __________________
the main fields of British industry __________
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