English for Future Lawyers. Учебное пособие для студентов СПО, обучающихся по специальности 40.02.01 – «Право и организация социального обеспечения»

II. Find the words as they occur together in the text.

III. Mark the sentences true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.

1.There are 66,000 solicitors and barristers in England and Wales.

2.The solicitor listens to the client and presents cases in the higher courts.

3.Barristers prepare documents for the case.

4.Barristers and solicitors have the right of audience.

5.Solicitors get salaries and extra money every month.

6.Barristers can become judges after 8 years of work.

IV. Answer the questions.

1.What is the main difference between a barrister and a solicitor?

2.What kind of lawyers can become judges?

3.Is it better for a company to have an in-house lawyer or to invite a lawyer in case of necessity? Give your reasons.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

I.

a) Write the comparatives and superlatives.

clean, early, beautiful, soft, intelligent, dirty, good, careful, cheap, bad, strong, far, hot, warm, expensive, much, thin, nice, boring, old.

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b) Put in as or than.

1.Athens is older than Rome.

II. Adjectives: positive, comparative or superlative. a)

1.Mike is older (old) than Bill.

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UNIT 7

US GOVERNMENT

A.

The USA is a presidential republic. The legislative branch of the US Government, or the Congress, represents all of the American states. It consists of two parts: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state has two senators, who are elected every 6 years. A senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and live in the state he or she will represent. A representative must be at least 25 years old, a citizen for 7 years, and live in the state.

The job of the Congress is to make laws. The President can veto a bill. The Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two-thirds majority vote. The Congress can also declare war. The House of Representatives can also impeach the President. This means that the House can charge the President with a crime. In this case, the Senate will put the President on trial. The Senate votes to approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.

B.

The executive branch of the government puts the country's laws into effect. The President of the United States is a member of the executive branch. The President must be at least 35 years old and be a natural citizen of the USA. In addition, he must have lived in the US for at least 14 years, and be a civilian. The President is elected every four years and cannot serve more than two terms. The Vice-President of the USA is president of the Senate. When the President receives a bill from the Congress, he must sign it, and then the bill becomes a law. However, if he disagrees with the law, he can veto it. The President can also ask the Congress to declare war. He also appoints the justices to the Supreme Court. He must do his job according to the Constitution, or he may be impeached.

The judicial branch of the government is the system of courts in the United States. Its job is to enforce laws. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. It consists of 9 justices: one Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. The President appoints the justices, but the Senate must approve them. The justices are appointed for life. The Supreme Court makes sure that people obey the laws. The Supreme Court can also decide if a law is constitutional, that it is in agreement with the Constitution. The judicial branch works together with the legislative and executive branches to protect the Constitution and the rights of people.

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Vocabulary notes A.

the legislative branch of the government – законодательная власть; to represent – представлять;

the House of Representatives – Палата представителей; the Senate – Сенат;

to elect – избирать; election – выборы;

to make laws – создавать законы;

to enforce a law – проводить закон в жизнь; to obey a law – исполнять закон;

to pass the law – провести закон;

to veto a bill – наложить вето на законопроект; majority/minority – большинство/меньшинство; to declare war – объявить войну;

to impeach the President – подвергнуть президента импичменту; to charge – обвинить в каком-либо преступлении;

to vote – голосовать.

B.

executive branch – исполнительная власть; a term – срок полномочий;

the Supreme Court – Верховный Суд; justice – судья;

Chief Justice – Главный судья;

Associate Justice – Член Верховного Суда; to appoint – назначать;

the judicial branch – судебная власть.

I. Match the words as they occur together in the text.

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II. Find the English equivalents in the text.

III. Answer the questions.

A.

1.How many branches are there in the US Government?

2.What does the Congress include?

3.What are the requirements for the senators and representatives?

4.What is the job of the Congress?

5.What else can it do?

B.

6.Who represents the executive branch?

7.What are the requirements for the President?

8.What is the judicial branch of the Government? What is its job?

9.Who does the Supreme Court consist of?

10.What is the aim of three branches of the US Government?

IV. Use the chart to speak about the US Government.

Branches of the government

V. Do the crossword.

1.The President has a right to ......... the justices to the Supreme Court.

2.The period in which the Government and the President have power is a

......... .

3.The ......... is a part of the US Congress.

4.To speak or act officially for another person or people.

5.They ......... him with a serious crime.

6.The larger number or part of something

7.A time when people vote to choose someone for an official job.

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PRESENT PERFECT

I. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list. Use the present perfect (have/has + the past participle of the verb).

break buy finish do go lose paint read take

1.Are they still having dinner? No, they have finished.

2.I ......... some new shoes. Do you want to see them?

10. Do you want the newspaper? No, thanks. I ......... it.

II. You are asking Ann questions beginning Have you ever... ? Write the

PRESENT PERFECT / PAST SIMPLE

III. In these sentences the verbs are underlined. Are they right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.

1.Tom arrived last week. RIGHT

2.Have you seen Pam last week? WRONG: Did you see ?

3.I have finished my work. …………………………………

4.I have finished my work at 2 o'clock. ……………………

5.When have you finished your work? ……………………

6.George has left school three years ago. …………………

7.Where's Ann? She's gone to the cinema. ……………

8.Napoleon Bonaparte has died in 1821. ……………………

9.Have you ever been to Britain? …………………………

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10.I haven't seen you at the party on Saturday. ………………

11.The weather has been very bad last week. ………………

IV. Put the verb in present perfect (I have done) or past simple (I did).

1.My friend is a writer. She has written(write) many books.

2.We didn’t have(not / have) a holiday last year.

3.Did you see (you / see) Alan last week?

4.I ......... (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.

V. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

1I’ve lost my key. I can't find it anywhere. RIGHT.

2Have you seen the news on television last night? WRONG: Did you see

3I’ve bought a new car. Do you want to see it? ..........................................

4I’ve bought a new car last week. ..............................................................

5Where have you been yesterday evening? ...............................................

6Jenny has left school in 2019. ..................................................................

7I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him? .............................................

8I’m very hungry. I haven't eaten anything today. ....................................

9Diane hasn't been at work yesterday. .......................................................

10When has this book been published? .......................................................

VI. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.

1 (it / not / rain / this week) It hasn't rained this week.

2(the weather / be / cold / recently) The weather

3(it / cold / last week) It .............................................................................

4(I/ not / read / a newspaper yesterday) I ...................................................

5(I/ not / read / a newspaper today) ............................................................

6(Ann / earn / a lot of money / this year) ...................................................

7(she / not / earn / so much / last year) .......................................................

8(you / have / a holiday recently?) ...................................................................................................

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VII. Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

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UNIT 8

STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE USA

A.

The fifty states are quite different in size, population, climate, economy, history, and interests. The fifty state governments often differ from one another too. Because they often approach political, social, or economic questions differently, the states have been called "laboratories of democracy". However, they share certain basic structures. The individual states all have republican forms of government with a senate and a house. All have executive branches headed by state governors and independent court systems. Each state also has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that contradict those of the other states. Likewise, cities and local authorities must make their laws and regulations so that they fit their own state's constitution.

The Constitution limits the federal government to specific powers, but modern judicial interpretations of the Constitution have expanded federal responsibilities. There has always been a battle between federal and state's rights. The traditional American district of a too powerful central government has kept the battle going over the years. The states and local communities in the US have rights that in other countries generally belong to the central government.

B.

Local governments are different from state and federal governments because they do not have constitutions. Local governments receive a charter (a plan of government) from the state government. There are different types of local governments: city, county, town and village. The local charter tells us about the organization of the government.

One of the most important functions or duties of local government is the provision of public schools. People often want to take part in making decisions about the schools because they want their children to get a good education. There are special school boards where parents are the members. The school board makes decisions about teacher's salaries, the curriculum and other administrative aspects. They give their opinions about what needs to be done at school.

Local governments have a court system which considers local problems, such as traffic laws and small disputes. Sometimes cases maybe appealed to the state courts. Judges in local courts are sometimes called justices of peace or judge and magistrate. Local courts usually specialize in one area of law, for example, family law, to be sure that a judge is very competent on the subject. Local courts provide efficient legal service.

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