English for Civil Engineers. Part 1. Учебное пособие

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования

«Оренбургский государственный университет»

О.В. Кабанова, Г.В. Терехова

ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS.

PART I

Рекомендовано ученым советом федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования "Оренбургский государственный университет" в качестве учебного пособия для студентов, обучающихся по программам высшего образования по направлению подготовки 08.03.01 Строительство

Оренбург

2016

УДК 811.111 (075.8)

ББК 81.432.1я73

К 12

Рецензент – доцент, кандидат педагогических наук М.Ю. Романюк

Кабанова, О. В.

К12 English for Civil Engineers. Part I: учебное пособие /О. В. Кабанова, Г. В

Терехова; Оренбургский гос. ун-т. – Оренбург: ОГУ, 2016. – 120 с.

ISBN 978-5-7410-1656-5

Учебное пособие состоит из 3 разделов, в которых представлены аутентичные тексты строительной тематики на английском языке, и приложения с грамматическим и лексическим справочным материалом. Пособие направлено на развитие аналитических, переводческих и коммуникативных умений студентов в области строительства.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2 курса направления подготовки 08.03.01 Cтроительство, профили: «Автомобильные дороги и аэродромы, Городское строительство, Производство строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций, Промышленное и гражданское строительство, Теплогазоснабжение и вентиляция, Экспертиза и управление недвижимостью, Автодорожные мосты и тоннели».

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Содержание

Список использованных источников………………………………………….. 62

Приложение А Грамматические правила и упражнения…………………….. 63

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Введение

Данное учебное пособие (1 часть) составлено в рамках ОП по дисциплине

«Иностранный язык» и предназначено для обучения студентов чтению, пониманию оригинальных текстов строительной тематики на английском языке, направлено на развитие аналитических, переводческих и коммуникативных умений студентов в области инженерного дела.

Целью пособия является освоение компетенций по направлению подготовки

«Строительство». Текстовый материал пособия знакомит студентов с различными видами строительных материалов, их техническими характеристиками, этапами строительства зданий различного назначения, творчеством архитекторов, внесшими значительный вклад в науку о градостроительстве.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2 курса по направлению подготовки 08.03.01 Строительство, по профилям: «Автомобильные дороги и аэродромы», «Городское строительство», «Производство строительных материалов,

изделий и конструкций», «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»,

«Теплогазоснабжение и вентиляция», «Экспертиза и управление недвижимостью»,

«Автодорожные мосты и тоннели» (бакалавриат).

Пособие состоит из 3 разделов, каждый из которых включает аутентичные тексты на английском языке, предтекстовые и послетекстовые задания и список слов к текстам, обязательных для изучения. В пособии имеются грамматические упражнения для самостоятельной работы, которые отражают некоторые типичные ошибки студентов. В каждом разделе есть упражнения на аудирование, которые выделены в самостоятельные методические указания Тереховой Г.В. “ LISTEN TO BBC”, изданные в электронном виде в Оренбургском государственном университете.

Практическая ценность пособия заключается в наличии аутентичного материала, системы разнообразных упражнений на развитие аналитических и коммуникативных умений , с использованием профессиональной терминологии как в аудитории под контролем преподавателя, так и самостоятельно.

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1 Unit 1 The History of Construction

1.1Text 1 From the early History

1.1.1 Answer the following questions

1.Do you think that knowing the history of construction is important for a civil engineer?

2.When did the construction begin its history?

3.What famous historical structures do you know?

1.1.2Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts

fascinating – обворожительный, очаровательный pylon – опора, столб

incredible feat – невероятное мастерство log - бревно

hut – лачуга, шалаш tent - жилище

shelter – кров, убежище

conjecture – гипотеза, предположение nomadic – кочевой, кочующий herdsmen – пастух, скотник

remote – далекий, отдаленный

elaborate – искусно сделанный, тонкой работы ingenuity - искусность

mould – форма (формовать) excavations - раскопки

evidence – доказательство, свидетельство slab - плита

sophistication - изысканность contrary to – несмотря на

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1.1.3 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning

to cover - охватывать

to grant – считать само собой разумеющимся to relate to – быть связанным

to amaze – поражать, удивлять to rely on - полагаться

to survive – выжить, сохраняться to place - размещать

to suit – удовлетворять требованиям, устраивать to leave - оставлять

to unearth – раскапывать, выкапывать to extend to – простираться

1.1.4 Choose the proper English word

10. удовлетворять требованиям a) to belong; b) to govern; c) to suit

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1.1.5 Read the following word combinations and translate them into Russian

To give just a few examples; have the ability to amaze; structural engineering; simple huts; shelters meant to suit the basic needs; leave no traces behind them; the absence of metal tools; to build quite elaborate stone structures; dry stone walling techniques; post holes; purely conjectural; rectangular bricks; sophistication; clay tablets.

1.1.6 Read and translate the text

Few things are more fascinating than how humans have changed the world around them. Mankind has constructed buildings and other structures since prehistory. The History of Construction is not limited to buildings but covers bridges, amphitheatres, dams, electricity pylons, road and canals to give just a few examples. Today we take the incredible feats of engineering very much for granted but virtually all of the building materials we use today have a long history and some of the structures built thousands of years ago without the aid of modern technology still have the ability to amaze. The history of construction is related to, but not identical with, the history of structural engineering. To understand why things were constructed the way they were, we also need to rely on archaeology to record the form of the parts that survive and the tools they used, economic history to inform us of how much they cost, social history to tell us about how the builders lived, and architectural history to tell us about the books and writings of the builders.

The first bridges made by humans were probably wooden logs placed across a stream. The first buildings were simple huts, tents and shelters meant to suit the basic needs of protection from the elements, built by their inhabitants. The very simplest shelters, tents, leave no traces behind them. Because of this, what little we can say about very early construction is mostly conjecture and based on what we know about the way nomadic hunter-gatherers and herdsmen in remote areas build shelters today. The absence of metal tools placed limitations on the materials that could be worked, but it was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures with ingenuity using dry stone walling techniques. The first mud bricks, formed with the hands rather than wooden moulds belong to the late neolithic period and were found in Jericho. One of the largest structures of this period was the Neolithic long house. In all cases of timber structures in these very

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early cultures, only the very lowest parts of the walls and post holes are unearthed in archaeological excavations, making reconstruction of the upper parts of these building purely conjectural.

The History of Construction is of interest to anyone who wants to know how and why things have been constructed the way they are. There is no established academic discipline of construction history but there are a growing number of researchers and academics working in this field who are structural engineers, archaeologists, architects, historians of technology and architectural historians. Although the subject has been studied since the Renaissance and there were a number of important studies in the nineteenth century, it largely went out of fashion in the mid-twentieth century. In the last thirty years there has been an enormous increase in interest in this field, which is vital to the growing practice of building conservation.

The earliest large scale buildings for which any real evidence survives have been found in ancient Mesopotamia. The smaller dwellings only survive in traces of foundations, but the later civilisations built very sizeable structures in the forms of palaces, temples and ziggurats and took particular care to build them out of materials that last.

The chief building material was the mud brick, formed in wooden moulds (adobe). Bricks varied widely in size and format from small bricks that could be lifted in one hand to ones as big as large paving slabs. Rectangular bricks are found but square format bricks were also common. They were laid in virtually every bonding pattern imaginable and used with considerable sophistication. Drawings survive on clay tablets from later periods showing that buildings were set out on brick modules. By 3500BC bricks were also being fired and records survives showing a very complex division of labour into separate tasks and trades. Life in general was governed by complex ritual and this extended to rituals for setting out buildings and moulding the first bricks. Contrary to popular belief the arch was not invented by the Romans, but was used in these civilizations. The later Mesopotamian civilizations, particularly Babylon and thence Susa, developed glazed brickwork to a very high degree, decorating the interiors and exteriors of their buildings with glazed brick reliefs, examples of which survive in the archaeological museum in Tehran, the Louvre Museum in Paris and the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.

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The major technical achievements are in the construction of great cities such as Uruk and Ur. The Ziggurat of Ur remains one of the most outstanding surviving buildings of the period, despite major reconstruction work. Another fine example is the ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil in modern Iran.

1.1.7 Fill in the blanks. Use the words and phrases from the text

1.The History of Construction is not limited to buildings but covers … , amphitheatres, dams, … , road and canals.

2.All of the building materials we use today have a long history and some of the structures built thousands of years ago without the aid of … still have the ability to amaze.

3.The history of construction is related …, but not identical …, the history of structural engineering.

4.The first buildings were … huts, tents and shelters meant to suit … of protection

from the elements, built by their inhabitants.

5.The very simplest shelters, tents, leave no … behind them.

6.The absence of … placed limitations on the materials that could be worked, but it

was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures with ingenuity using … .

7. Only the very lowest parts of the walls and … are unearthed in archaeological excavations, making reconstruction of the upper parts of these building purely conjectural.

8.… are found but square format bricks were also common.

9.Drawings survive on … from later periods showing that buildings were set out on

brick modules.

10. The later Mesopotamian civilizations developed … to a very high degree, decorating … of their buildings with glazed brick reliefs.

1.1.8 Divide the words and word combinations from the text into three columns

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1.1.9 Answer the following questions in written form

1.Why should we know the history of construction?

2.How did people build structures without metal tools?

3.Where have the earliest large scale buildings been found?

4.Who invented glazed brickwork?

5.Where can we see the most outstanding surviving buildings of that period?

1.1.10 Get ready to speak about the first constructions and building materials

1.2 Text 2 Ancient architectural structures

1.2.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the passages

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