English for Civil Engineers. Part 1. Учебное пособие
.pdfother architects on the United Nations Headquarters (5)… New York City. His exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of reinforced concrete (6) … highly influential in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Both lauded and criticized (7)…being a "sculptor of monuments", Niemeyer was hailed as a great artist and (8)… of the greatest architects of his generation by his supporters. He said (9)… architecture was strongly influenced by Le Corbusier, but in an interview, assured that (10)… "didn't prevent architecture from going in a different direction". Born in Rio de Janeiro, Niemeyer was schooled (11)… the city's Escola Nacional de Belas Artes, and after graduating worked at his father's typography house, and as a draftsman for local architectural firms. In the 1930s, he interned (12) … Lúcio Costa, with the pair collaborating (13)…the design for the Palácio Gustavo Capanema in Rio de Janeiro. Niemeyer's first major project was a series (14)…buildings for Pampulha, a planned suburb north of Belo Horizonte. His work, especially on the Church (15)… Saint Francis of Assisi, received critical acclaim and drew international attention. Throughout the 1940s(16)…… 1950s, Niemeyer became one of Brazil's most prolific architects, working both domestically and overseas. (17)…included the design (18)… the Edifício
Copan (a large residential building in São Paulo) and a collaboration (19)….. Le Corbusier (and others) on the United Nations Headquarters, which yielded invitations to teach at Yale University and the Harvard Graduate School (20) … Design.
2.9.2 For questions 21-39, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the world
____21 In 1956, Niemeyer a was invited by Brazil's new president, Juscelino Kubitschek,
____22 to design the civic buildings for Brazil's new capital, which was to be built in the
____23 centre of the country, far from any existing cities. His designs for the National
____24 Congress of the Brazil, the Cathedral of Brasília, the Cultural Complex of the
____25 Republic, the Palácio da Alvorada, the Palácio do Planalto, and a the Supreme
____26Federal Court, all it completed by 1960,were experimental and linked by common
____27 design elements. This that work led to his appointment as inaugural head of
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____28 architecture at the University of Brasília, as well as honorary membership of
____29 the American Institute of all Architects. Due to his largely leftist ideology, and
____30 involvement with the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), Niemeyer left the
____31country after on the 1964 military coup and opened an office in Paris.He returned
____32 to Brazil in 1985, and was awarded the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prizein
____33 1988. A socialist and atheist from an the early age, Niemeyer had spent time in
____34 both Cuba and the Soviet Union during his exile, and on his return served as the
____35PCB's president from 1992 to1996.Niemeyer were continued working at the end
____36the 20th and early 21st century,it notably designing the Niterói Contemporary Art
____37 Museum (1996) and a the Oscar Niemeyer Museum (2002). Over a career of 78
____38 years he designed approximately 600 projects. Niemeyer died in Rio de Janeiro
____39 on December 5, 2012, at the age of the 104, ten days before his 105th birthday.
2.9.3 For questions 40-61, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the same line
The Pampulha Project |
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|
In 1940, at 33, Niemeyer (40)____ Juscelino Kubitschek, who |
MEET |
|
was at the time the mayor of Belo Horizonte, capital of the state |
|
|
of Minas Gerais. Kubitschek, |
together with the state's |
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(41)______Benedito Valadares, wanted to develop a new suburb |
GOVERN |
|
to the north of the city called Pampulha and commissioned |
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|
Niemeyer to design a series of buildings which would become |
|
|
known as the "Pampulha (42)_____ complex". |
ARCHITECT |
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The complex included a casino, a restaurant/dance hall, a |
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|
yacht club, a golf club and a church, all of which would be |
|
|
distributed around a new (43) ___ lake. A weekend retreat for the |
ARTIFICE |
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mayor was built near the lake. |
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|
The buildings were completed in 1943 and received |
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|
international |
acclaim (44) ____ the 1943 |
FOLLOW |
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'Brazil Builds' exhibition, at the New
York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).
Most of the (45) _____ show Niemeyer's particular approach
to the Corbusian language.
In the casino, with its relatively rigid main façade, Niemeyer departed from Corbusian principles and (46)_____ curved
volumes outside the confinement of a rational grid.
He also expanded upon Corbusier's idea of a promenade
architecturale with his designs for (47) _____
catwalk-like ramps which unfold open vistas to the occupants.
The small restaurant (Casa do Baile), which is perhaps the least bourgeois of the complex, is built on its own artificial island and (48) ______ an approximately circular block from which a
free-form marquee follows the contour of the island. |
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|
||||
Although |
free |
form |
had |
been |
(49) |
____ |
even in Corbusier's and Mies's architecture, its application on an outdoors marquee was Niemeyer's innovation.
This (50)______ of free-form, together with the butterfly roof used at the Yacht Club and Kubitschek's house became extremely fashionable from then on.
The Saint Francis of Assisi church is considered the masterpiece of the complex. When it was built, (51) _____
concrete was used in traditional ways, such as in pillar, beam and slab structures.
Auguste Perret, in Casablanca and Robert Maillart in Zurich had (52) ______ with the plastic freedom of concrete, taking advantage of the parabolic arch's geometry to build extremely thin shells.
Niemeyer's decision to use such an (53) _____ approach, based on the inherent plasticity allowed by reinforced concrete was
BUILD
DESIGN
FLOAT
COMPRISING
USE
APPLY
REINFORCE
EXPERIMENT
ECCONOMY
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revolutionary.
According to Joaquim Cardoso, the unification of wall
and roof into a single element was (54) _____ for fusing vertical and horizontal elements. The church's exuberance added to the integration between architecture and art.
The church is (55) _____ by Azulejos by Portinari and tile murals by Paulo Werneck. It led to the church being seen as
baroque.
Though some (56)_____ purists condemned its formalism, the fact that the form's idea was directly linked to a logical, structural reason placed the building in the 20th century, while refusing to
break completely from the past.
Niemayer (57)_____that Pampulha offered him the opportunity to 'challenge the monotony of contemporary
architecture, the wave of misinterpreted
(58)_______ that hindered it and the dogmas of form and function that had emerged, counteracting the plastic freedom that
reinforced concrete introduced.
I was (59) ____ by the curve – the liberated, sensual curve
suggested by the possibilities of new
technology yet so often recalled in venerable old baroque churches.
I deliberately disregarded the right angle and (60) _____
architecture designed with ruler and square to boldly enter the world of curves and straight lines offered by reinforced concrete. The experience also (61) _____ the first collaborations between Niemeyer and Roberto Burle Marx, considered the most important modern landscape architect. They would be partners in many projects in the next 10 years.
REVOLT
COVER
EUROPE
CLAIM
FUNCTION
ATTRACT
RATION
MARK
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2. 10 Listen to the text from the book “LISTEN TO BBC” by G.V. Terekhova.
It can be found in OSU electronic library
3 Unit 3. The world we live
3.1 Text 1 A Town like Davis
3.1.1 Read the words and mind their meaning
obsession |
Навязчивая идея, одержимость |
to tame |
приручить |
comprehensive |
всесторонний |
to steer away |
Держаться далеко |
sprawl |
разрастание |
afflict |
сокрушать |
quaint |
странный |
sort out |
Улаживать, приводить в порядок |
drastically |
решительно |
density |
Плотность, удельный вес |
allotment |
Распределение, выделение |
to plough |
Пахать, вкладывать |
restrict |
ограничивать |
premise |
Предпосылка, недвижимость |
slum |
трущобы |
to gain |
добиваться |
conviviality |
Праздничное настроение |
allotment |
Небольшой участок, доля |
tumble |
Падение, беспорядок |
3.1.2 For questions 1-6, you must choose which of paragraphs A-G fit into the numbered gaps in the following newspaper article. There is one extra paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps
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(1)DAVIS, near Sacramento, in California, has a population of forty thousand. It also has forty thousand bicycles and just nine thousand cars. Cyclists have right of way everywhere in the town, seventy kilometres of bike lanes all to themselves, and their own unit of specially trained cycle police. The American obsession with the motor car would seem to have been tamed, at least in this one small corner of the USA.
(2)As a university town, Davis has always had more than its fair share of bicycles - and of ecological awareness too. It is home to the University of California's Faculty of Agriculture, and back in the early seventies, a group of students and local people got together to draw up a comprehensive environmental and social plan of action to steer Davis away from the terminal urban sprawl that afflicts so many other American cities.
(3)Energy saving is at the top of this local agenda, and by the year 2000, the people of Davis expect the Californian sun to be providing half of all their energy needs. In pursuit of this objective, the town council has introduced many regulations which are designed to keep energy use to the absolute minimum.
(4)This is a very quaint custom by American standards! The majority of people have taken to sorting out their household waste into different piles, separating paper, metal and plastic, for example, so that specially designed dust carts can take it away for recycling.
(5)The size of building plots has been drastically reduced, so housing densities are high and there is enough room left over to make cheap allotments available to all flat owners without a garden.
(6)There are popular street markets twice a week where locally grown produce is bought and sold, giving everyone a chance to enjoy fresh food and to plough profits straight back into neighbouring farms.
Two long-term residents of the town, Jan and Jim Hogan, told an interesting story of how, when their daughter was in her teens, she could hardly wait to head out of Davis and make a life for herself in the big city. But now she is back in the town where she grew up, with her husband and small son in tow, because she could not think of a better place to raise her own family.
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(7) Given such a track record, it should not come as a surprise that the vast majority
of people in Davis support the changes that have been made.
APlanning by-laws in Davis are based on the premise that a 'green city' is not a contradiction in terms. Houses are restricted to two storeys and business premises to four.
BThis kind of personal story is not surprising: Davis has no slums, no ghettos, very little unemployment and the lowest crime rate in the United States. People leave their doors unlocked. It actually works!
CIt is we 'townies' who are the ones with the most to gain by putting the notion of 'the environment' firmly at the centre of our lives - in terms of the air we breathe, the water we drink, the quality of our food and the conviviality of our communities.
DThe fact that one hundred and fifty bicycles take up the same space as twenty cars means that they have been busily turning car-parks into green oases rather than the other way around.
EAt forty square metres, one of these allotments can provide seventy per cent of all fruit and veg for a two-person household if properly managed. Organically managed, that is - for Davis is pretty much a pesticide-free town.
FThree of the students got themselves elected to the city council and initiated a flow of legislation that has affected every aspect of local life since then. One of those students, Bill Carter, is the current mayor of the town.
GStrict building standards are enforced and thousands of trees have been planted to discourage people from installing air-conditioning. The trees provide shade exactly where it is most needed. People in Davis even hang out their washing to dry instead of throwing it in the tumble dryer.
3.1.3Read and translate the text
3.1.4Give back translation of paragraph 1
3.2 Text 2 Bicycle Town
3.2.1 For questions 1-15, complete the following article by writing each missing word in the correct place. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: than
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Where better for a bicycle enthusiast to live (0)…than…within the boundaries of one of the bike capitals of Britain - Oxford. The city is thought to be home (1)…… as many as a quarter of Britain's bicycles; the train station alone having secure facilities for five hundred.(2)…….. to the town's history and its layout of narrow streets, cycling has long
(3)…………seen as a convenient and safe way of getting (4)……..in the city. And today, whether in the town itself (5)…………in the surrounding countryside, the cyclist feels relatively secure (6)…………….the knowledge that local car drivers are accustomed to coping (7)……..thousands of cyclists on the roads. But in much of the surrounding countryside, even this is (8) …. really such a problem because the area has its own network of special cycleways. Designed to keep cyclists and other road users (9)…….a safe distance from one (10)………..these routes are, for the (11)………………part, used by students and commuters heading to and from the city centre. But this is not (12)………only function. As well as providing a safe venue for leisure cycling, they also make it easier to combine cycling with other public transport services on longer journeys. The Oxford to London coach service, for example, has a specially-adapted luggage compartment (13)…….. that bicycles can be carried, a service made all (14) . more popular by the fact that it is offered free to passengers. Lucky indeed is the cyclist (15)……….lives in Oxford.
3.3Text 3 The Brooklyn Bridge
3.3.1Memorize the following words and word-groups from the text
caisson excavation – кесонный котлован novel – новый
to cripple – травмировать ногу subsequently – впоследствии debilitating – вызывающий слабость firsthand – из первых рук
to stepp in – вмешиваться catenary curve – цепная линия
intricacy – запутанность, сложность persuasive – убедительный
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gullible – доверчивый, наивный rumor – слух
stampede – паническое бегство to squelch – подавить
inferior – худший (по качеству) to stiffen – усиливать, укреплять enduring – бессмертный
3.3.2 Find out what the following words mean matching two parts
1. |
tower |
1. |
The thing or things that someone |
2. |
immigrant |
owns |
|
3. |
sale |
2. |
To become invisible or to move out |
4. |
property |
of view unnoticed |
|
5. |
to collapse |
3. |
Someone or something that represents |
6. |
attraction |
a particular quality or idea |
|
7. |
fortunate |
4. |
The state or condition of being useful; |
8. |
to vanish |
usefulness |
|
9. |
celebration |
5. |
Something interesting or enjoyable to |
10. |
utility |
see or do |
|
11. |
symbol |
6. |
A person who comes to a country |
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|
from another country in order to |
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|
|
permanently settle in the new country |
|
7.If a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged
8.When you sell something
9.Presaging happiness
10.A structure, usually taller than it is wide, often used as a lookout, usually unsupported by guy-wires
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11. The act, process of showing appreciation, gratitude and/or remembrance, notably as a social event
3.3.3 Read and translate the text
This steel-cable and stone-tower suspension bridge was the outstanding American engineering achievement of the late nineteenth century for three reasons: its towers were based on foundations built up from underwater caisson excavations, it made novel use of steel cables, and its main span was 486 m in length.
Built between 1869 and 1883 from a design by German immigrant John Roebling and his son Washington, and costing $15 million, it served as the first bridge across the East River and connected Brooklyn and New York. An accident took John Roebling's life early during construction, and Washington was severely crippled subsequently. After Roebling's debilitating condition left him unable to physically supervise the construction firsthand, his wife Emily stepped in and provided the critical written link between her husband and the engineers on site. Under her husband's guidance, Emily studied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and the intricacies of cable construction. She spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling helping to supervise the bridge's construction.
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