Color and Design. Tutorial

Blue color

Blue color may affect nerves, larynx, appendages, eyes, ears, and

nose.

During healing meditation blue color:

•soothes pain;

•has a refreshing and vasoconstrictive effect;

•suppresses inflammatory processes;

•has an antiseptic and antipyretic effect;

•has a beneficial effect on nervous disorders, fatigue, insomnia;

•has a positive effect on the respiratory system, especially effective in bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma.

Colors play a big role in human life. They can heal and hurt. Therefore, designers should use colors correctly as well as they should know the main principles of color theory to combine them.

LECTURE QUESTIONS

1.What is fashion design?

2.What is the main task of a fashion designer today?

3.What are requirements for modern fashion design?

4.What are functional requirements?

5.What are aesthetic requirements?

6.What are economic requirements?

7.What are the most important requirements for fashion design?

8.How can colors affect the human health and organism?

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3. COMPOSITION DESIGN

Composition design principles

The composition aims to convey the necessary information to people without causing rejection in them. Using associative thinking, inherent in all people, you can make your eyes slide in a certain direction, perceive information quickly and easily, and remember your work among many analogues.

The composition is characterized as a whole, with naturally interconnected elements, in which nothing can be moved or replaced, from which nothing can be taken away and to which nothing can be added without damaging the artistic image.

The composition does not play an independent role. As if speech has the meaning of a transmitter of thought, composition serves only as a means for expressing the author's idea.

Any composition has certain characteristics and qualities. The most important characteristics of the composition are proportionality, scale, compositional balance, and unity of the nature of forms, coloristic and tonal unity. This group of characteristics provides a kind of complex quality of the composition - the harmonious integrity of the form.

There are other important characteristics of the composition: the unity of style and the figurativeness of form. The stylistic unity is not provided only by ordinary, “classical” means of composition (proportions or rhythm, contrast, nuance, etc.). Its achievement depends largely on the artist’s ability to convey the spirit of the time.

The composition can also be characterized by the rhythm or metrical repetition of any elements. The most important quality of such a composition will be rhythm. In another case, the composition is characterized by the color or tonal contrast between the dark and light parts of the figures. In the third, the composition is based on a subtle

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nuanced of all elements of the work. In the fourth, the composition is based on the opposition of the complex and the simple.

Laws of composition

If the proportional system is based on the gradual enlargement upwards of the main volumes, visually the form becomes heavier. If it decreases upwards, the form becomes lighter.

The laws of the interaction of forms in a composition are determined by symmetry or asymmetry.

Symmetrical forms are divided according to the types of symmetry:

•mirror symmetry;

•portable symmetry;

•axial symmetry;

•helical symmetry;

•ornamental symmetry.

Typically, asymmetry is considered as mess. However, it is true if we mean accidentally asymmetric shapes. However, an asymmetric form can also be highly organized, if this organization is based on certain patterns that determine the compositional balance of the asymmetric form. Asymmetry, based on compositional balance, can be considered as the leading feature of the form systematization.

Generally, symmetry is considered as a state of rest, while asymmetry is considered as visual movement. The eagle, spreading its wings, depicted in front, is a symbol of inviolability. However, the same eagle in profile is an example of an asymmetric and dynamic form.

Composition structure

To create an aesthetically defined composition, it is necessary to know about the laws of the interaction of space with form.

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The most common and simple forms are cubes, pyramids and cylinders. The simplicity of an object makes it possible to clearly present its invisible parts, i.e. form as a whole. However, the form simplicity is not the main feature, which allows you to present an object in the given space more simply. The main feature is the form regularity.

The most important of the regularities of a well-organized threedimensional structure is the organic nature of the connections between individual elements of the structure. To show the composition integrity, we should present that the form does not develop by chance, but naturally. For example, an active oblique line should be supported by other elements of the composition structure.

Let us consider the structure based on elements placed around a single center. Here all connections of the elements are equidistant from the center and are carried out along a conditional spherical surface. If we

connection in such a system is possible only along arcs or radii.

Thus, an important condition for the integrity of a threedimensional structure is its general orderliness.

Orderliness makes the structure harmonious. Orderliness is a conscious or subconscious structure principle.

Harmonious integrity and element subordination

The main feature of form interaction is the organic connection of the form elements. Without element subordination, there is no composition integrity.

The harmonious integrity of the composition results from a special subordination of all its elements.

The integrity of the form with a complex silhouette depends greatly on the main shaping lines. The precise interaction of the shaping lines leads to the subordination of the form elements. The contour line of

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one element, precisely developing, continues in the line of another one. This is overflow of the main shaping elements. There is a number of other ways, which are used to create such element overflow.

When a number of important shaping elements converge at one conditional point, we can see that something organizes invisibly the entire composition. Moreover, vice versa, if two oblique shaping lines intersect, and the third one (or several lines) is not coordinated with them, the subordination of elements will be incomplete.

Thus, the integrity of the form and the subordination of its elements are interconnected with a cause. If the artist fails to subordinate the main shaping elements, he does not achieve the composition integrity.

Composition tools

1. Line. The main idea of line as a tool of composition is to make the eye move in a certain direction. In addition, lines are used to limit space, create a form, and a background (Fig. 1a).

Lines have a certain psychological impact on the viewer. Smooth lines soothe people. Broken lines act as an irritant. Diagonal lines makes a composition more dynamic.

2. Spot. Spots are used to highlight the main element of the composition, to emphasize the semantic center. It can be a bright illuminated object on a dark background, a colored object on black and white background, an element with rich details against a background. This principle is based on contrast principles (Fig. 1b).

3. Element repetition. Repetition is a tool of composition. It is based on a numerous repetition of an element with the same interval. Repetitions can be of a diverse nature, depending on what these elements are, what their size and step are, whether one element is repeated, or two or several different elements are repeated at the same time, each with its own alternation step (Fig. 1c).

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Fig. 1. Composition tools: a – lines;

b – spots;

c – element repetition; d – rhythm;

e – color

e

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Compositions based on a single module, where entire chains of elements are repeated, are of great importance. Often, in one system, several element series are placed in parallel, which are built on a complex alternation of two or more elements.

The element repetition can be:

•simple (it is based on the repetition of one element);

•more complex (when a series is coordinated with another one);

•complex (when a composition has several series of element

repetitions simultaneously).

In these cases, it is necessary to identify the main and secondary series, so that the main one is added to the secondary ones and supported them. An example of such a compositional element repetitions is the classical colonnade (Fig. 1c).

Here, a large step of the columns is accompanied by a smaller step of the frieze decorations and, finally, a very small step - in the modules of the cornice and its ornamentation. All these elements create the most complex harmonic system of interconnected repeating elements.

The element series must have a beginning and an end. Otherwise, it will look like a random fragment of incomplete system. For example, such a beginning and end can be distant fields, which are wider than a step series.

Series of repeating elements can be built on the contrasting highlighting of some elements that are more significant, and the nuanced comparison of other elements. It can be done by using colors and tones (Fig. 1b).

4. Rhythm. Unlike element repetition, rhythm is based on gradual quantitative changes in a series of alternating elements (increase or decrease in elements, volume or area; thickening or rarefaction of structure, tone strength, etc.). Thus, rhythm is a regular change in element order. It is not metric. It is rhythmic.

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As a tool of composition, rhythm is used for creating tone, color, and plasticity. Rhythm can be expressed weakly, when changes in the alternations or the element repetitions are barely noticeable. It can also

A short row is not able to have an organizing role. The rhythmic series assumes the presence of at least four or five elements, although some works indicate that both the metric and rhythmic series can be created using only three elements (Fig. 1d).

5. Color. Color is used to create a logical complement and completion of the entire composition. Creating a harmonious color ensemble of the composition is very important (Fig. 1e).

LECTURE QUESTIONS

1.What is composition?

2.What is the purpose of composition?

3.What are the main features of composition?

4.What types of symmetry do you know?

5.What is an important condition for the integrity of a threedimensional structure?

6.What tools of composition do you know?

7.Why do you need to use a spot in the composition?

8. What are the main principles of element repetition in

a composition?

9.What is the difference between rhythm and metric repetition of elements?

10.What is the purpose of color for creating a composition?

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